Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU SELF LEARNING MATERIAL B.A. SEMESTER-VI SUBJECT : HISTORY UNIT -IV COURSE NO. : HT-601 LESSON NO. 1–16 DR. ANURADHA GOSWAMI COURSE CO-ORDINATOR http:/www.distanceeducationju.in Printed and Published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, DDE, University of Jammu, Jammu 1 MODERN WORLD 1860 TO 1945 COURSE CONTRIBUTORS CONTENT EDITING Ms. Purvaiya Hans Dr. Hina S. Abrol Mr. Abhinav Sharma Dr. Jagmeet Kour Khajuria PROOF READING Prof. Neelu Gupta Dr. Hina S. Abrol Dr. Hina S. Abrol © Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu 2021 * All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. * The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson / script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsbility. • Printed by : Ajanta Art Press / 2021 / Qty _____ 2 HISTORY VITH SEMESTER DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR THE EXAMINATION 2017, 2018 AND 2019 Course Title : Modern World 1860 to 1945. Contact Programme - 90 Lectures Credit : 4 Maximum Marks : 100 (a) Semester Examination : 80 (b) Sessional Assessment : 20 (c) Minimum Pass Marks : Duration of Examination : 3 Hours. SYLLABUS UNIT-I 1. Bismarck’s Foreign Policy-Basic objectives, relations with France & Russia. 2. Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894. 3. Anglo-French Entente of 1904. 4. Anglo Russian Entente of 1907. UNIT-II 1. Causes of Russian Revolution of 1917. 2. Causes of Bolshevik Revolution (October, 1917). 3. Causes of Bolshevik Success & Immediate Consequences. 4. Contribution of Lenin (1917-1924). 3 UNIT-III 1. Causes of First World War & Peace Settlement of 1919. 2. League of Nations : Achievements : Political & Socio-Economic. 3. Failures of League of Nations & Causes of the failures of the league. 4. Modernization of Japan (1868-1905) UNIT-IV 1. Rise of Chinese Nationalism & Role of Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen. 2. Modernization of Turkey under Mustafa Kamal Pasha. 3. Foreign Policy of Hitler (1933-39) 4. Causes of World War II and its Immediate Consequences. Note for Paper Setting : The question paper will contain two questions from each Unit (total eight questions) and the candidates will be required to answer one question from each Unit (total questions to be attempted, will be four) i.e., there will be internal choice within the Unit. Internal Assessment (Total Marks 20) There shall be two Written Assignments of 10 marks each. BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1. David Thompson : Europe since Napoleon. 2. D.M. Ketelbey : A History of Modern Times. 3. Grant and Temperly : Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries. 4. Raghuvir Dayal : A Text Book of Modern European History. 5. K.L. Sachdeva : A History of Modern Europe. 6. Clyde & Bears : Far East in Modern Times. 7. H.M. Vinayacke : A History of the Far East in Modern Times. 8. Arjun Dev & Indra : History of The World Arjun Dev Internal Assessment : 20 Marks i) Class Test : 10 marks ii) Two Written Assessment : 10 Marks (5 Marks each) 4 MODERN WORLD 1860 TO 1945 B.A. VI SEMESTER CONTENTS Lesson Title Script Writer Page No. Nos. 1. Bismarck’s Foreign Policy-basic Purvaiya Hans 5-19 Objectives, Relations With France and Russia 2. Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894 Abhinav Sharma 20-30 3. Anglo-French Entente of 1904 Abhinav Sharma 31-37 4. Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 Abhinav Sharma 38-43 5. Causes of The Russian Revolution of Dr. Jagmeet Kour 44-54 1917 6. Causes of The Bolshevik Revolution Dr. Jagmeet Kour 55-63 (October-1917) 7. Causes of The Bolshevik Sucess and Dr. Jagmeet Kour 64-73 Immediate Consequences 8. Contribution of Lenin (1917-1924) Dr. Jagmeet Kour 74-88 9. Causes of First World War & Peace Abhinav Sharma 89-116 Settlement of 1919 10. League of Nations: Achievements : Abhinav Sharma 117-132 Political And Socio- Economic 11. Failures of League of Nations & Abhinav Sharma 133-144 Causes of The Failure of The League 5 Lesson Title Script Writer Page No. Nos. 12. Modernisation of Japan (1868 – 1905) Prof. Neelu Gupta 145-169 13. Rise of Chinese Nationalism and Role Kashab Kumar 170-186 of Dr. Sun-yat- Sen 14. Modernisation of Turkey Under Kashab Kumar 187-196 Mustafa Kamal Pasha 15. Foreign Policy of Hitler (1933-39) Kashab Kumar 197-216 16. Causes of World War Ii and Its Dr. Hina S. Abrol 217-228 Immediate Consequences 6 LESSON NO. 1 UNIT - I BISMARCK’S FOREIGN POLICY-BASIC OBJECTIVES, RELATIONS WITH FRANCE AND RUSSIA STRUCTURE 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Bismarck’s Early Life 1.1.2 His Early Career 1.1.3 Bismarck as Chancellor 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Unification of Germany under Bismarck 1.3.1 His Aims 1.3.2. His Policy of Blood and Iron 1.4 Bismarck’s Dimplomatic Preparations 1.4.1 His Measures to isolate Austria 1.4.2 Bismarck frustrates Austria’s attempts at Federal reforms 1.5 Aims of Bismarck’s Foreign Policy 1.5.1 Ascendency of Bismarck 1.6 Foreign Policy of Bismarck (1871-90 A.D.) 1.6.1 Chief aim to isolate France diplomatically 1.6.2 Three Emperor’s League or Dreikaiserbund 7 1.6.3 Dual Alliance 1.6.4 Triple Alliance of 1882 1.6.5 Treaty with Rumania 1.6.6 Reinsurance Treaty 1.6.7 Relations with England 1.7 Let us sum up 1.8 Criticism of Bismarck’s Foreign Policy 1.9 Glossary 1.10 Lesson End Exercise 1.11 Suggested Readings 1.1 INTRODUCTION Otto Von Bismarck who was called upon by Willian I to form the ministry at a crucial time in the history of Prussia was a man of brutal forthrightness. He was a post- master in diplomacy and was not worried over scruples and for him the end justified the means. 1.1.1 Bismarck’s Early Life : He was born in a noble, conservative family in the year 1815, which marked the downfall of Napoleon. After completing his education he joined the civil service, but was dismissed on account of “deficiency in regularity and discipline”. During the revolutionary years of 1848-49, he had no sympathy with the Liberals and voted against the constitution of 1850. He also supported King Frederick William IV in rejecting the offer of the crown made by Frankfurt Parliament. In 1847, he was married to Johanna Von Puttkamer. Unpretentious and deeply religious, Johanna was loyal friend and an essential support throughout her husband’s career. Johanna’s considerable influence on her husband’s politics is documented by their voluminous correspondence as Prussian representative at the Federal Diet at Frankfort in 1851. 1.1.2 His Early Career : Bismarck entered politics in 1847 when he was elected a member of the Joint Prussian Diet and got an opportunity of becoming a member of 8 the National Assembly and the Constitutional assembly. In 1851, the Emperor William I appointed Bismarck a respresentative of Prussia for eight years, i.e. From 1851 to 1859. As such he got an insight into the working of the confederation and also the weaknesses of Austria and he was convinced that Prussia alone was capable of achieving German unity. In 1859, Bismarck was sent to St. Petersburg as an ambassador. By dint of his intelligence, he established personal friendship with Czar Alexander II of Russia. It was his first diplomatic achievement which proved very advantageous in future. At the time of Crimean War, he remained neutral and won the pleasure of Russian Emperor. He made good use of Russia’s friendship during the war against France. In 1862 he was transferred to Paris in the same capacity. As an ambassador in France, he availed himself of the opportunity of strengthening relations with Napoleon III and his ministers and making close study of their policies. So he was able to correctly assess the weakness and strength of both Russia and France and made use of his knowledge to the best advantage of Prussia later on. 1.1.3 Bismarck as Chancellor : At the time of taking oath as chancellor, Bismarck declared, “I will not give up the company of the Emperor even at the cost of my life in this parliamentary strife.” His views were in perfect consonance with those of his king William I. Refuting the ideals of liberalists, Bismarck clarified his policy in these words, “Germany has focused its attention on its power rather than on liberalism of Prussia. Prussia has to preserve its strength for an apppropriate occasion. The grave problems of own times can be solved by following the blood and iron policy rather than having a recourse to speeches and majority votes.” 1.2 OBJECTIVES The objective of the lesson is to enable you to understand the basic objectives of Bismarck’s foreign policy and its impact on world history. The present lesson will help you to know the repercussions of Bismarck’s foreign policy and relation of Germany with other countries. 1.3 UNIFICATION OF GERMANY UNDER BISMARCK 9 1.3.1. His Aims : These were two-fold :- (1) Prussia must take the lead in the matter of German unification and oust Austria from the German confederation by force. (2) Germany must be conquered by Prussia, that is, Germany must be Prussianized, rather than that Prussia should lose its identity in Germany. Prussian culture, Prussian traditions, her administrative machinery and her armed might should extend to the whole of Germany. 1.3.2. His policy of Blood and Iron : He knew well that his aims could not be achieved by peaceful means.