Stars, and rising stars, among the candidates. See page 3. • Contents

European elections 3 Stars, and rising stars, among the candidates Personalities 4 Jean Monnet, the Father of Europe, dies, aged 90 Reducing barriers 4 Putting your best metre forward Environment 5 All is not lost in the world of the wastemakers Consumers 6 Community-wide ban on killer lamps sought Taxation 6 Italian taxman sets a premium for drivers Social affairs 7 Unequal treatment of women may lead to legal showdown Helping the needy: a question of national priorities 8 Finding work for the handicapped Youth 8 Chance to find out how the other 8/9ths live and work Energy 9 Joint efforts can pave the way to high technology European gas production not so natural Uranium prospection beginning to yield encouraging results 10 New projects may point the way to economies Agriculture 11 Farmers are closing income gap with industrial workers New proposals to help Europe's poorer farmers For the delectation of our palates 12 Learning more about the CAP Money 12 More protection urged for the small saver Third world 13 Distribution poses problems for food aid programmes 'Catastrophic' lack of investment, says Cheysson 14 Solar power can it help bridge the energy gap? Terrorism 14 Action against hijackers urged Focus 15 Where there's smoke there's fire

Euroforum is published by: The contents of Euroforum-which do not necessarily reflect the Directorate-General for Information, opinions of the European Commu­ Commission of the nity Institutions-may be quoted or European Communities, reproduced without further permis­ Rue de Ia Loi 200, sion. An indication of Euroforum B-1 049 Bruxelles, as the source would be appreciated, Belgium as would a copy of any article Tel. 735.0040/8040 published. Editor-in-chief: Peter Doyle m c EUROPEAN ELECTIONS :::0 .,0 0 c:::0 wide groupings, campaign programmes Heinz Oskar Vetter and Eugen 3:::: have been drawn up and the mass Loderer on the ballot, along with ~ media are devoting more and more Hanz Katzer, former Minister of ! !S attention to this unusual event. In Labour, and Martin Bangemann, who CD some countries, such as the United is already one of the most active mem­ Kingdom and France, the subject of bers of the present European Par­ the European Parliament elections has liament. already become a lively and spirited national issue. Other former Prime Ministers in the running include Emilio Colombo, in But it will be candidates as much as Italy; Leo Tindemans, in Belgium, anything that will provide the spark and the current Prime Minister and for the elections themselves as well Foreign Minister of Luxembourg as determining the nature of the new Gaston Thorn. Holland will have European Parliament. While the current members of the Parliament newly-elected Parliament will not have such as Cornelis Berkhouwer, one of any additional powers that the exist­ its former Presidents, and Piet Dan­ ing appointed Parliament lacks, many kert, and Ireland has former Ministers observers feel that this new breed of Richie Ryan and Mark Clinton on European political figure will at least the ballot. Denmark also has its plunge with enthusiasm into the task share of well-known personalities such Stars, and rising of exercising their role as the demo­ as Poul M!Z)ller and Niels Haagerup. cratic representatives of the public in stars, among the European Community machinery. While these familiar names may attract the candidates the most attention at this stage of the And with candidates of the calibre of campaign, there is also ample re­ former heads of government like presentation of new names and faces, Former Prime Ministers, fresh faces Willy Brandt, Jacques Chirac, Emilio either on the main party tickets or in politics, ecologists and a number Colombo and Leo Tindemans standing among the new parties. There are of other attractive candidates are now as candidates for the elections and also a number of civil servants from in the running for the 41 0 seats in the probably sitting in the ;parliament, the the Community institutions standing new European Parliament. institution should be blessed with as candidates. articulate, prestigious and powerful It won't be until after the votes are members. One of the most interesting political counted in June that the voters developments in recent years has been throughout Europe will know who In the coming final weeks of the cam­ the emergence of the so-called 'Green will represent them in the first directly­ paign efforts the electors will become Parties' whose members are devoted elected Parliament. But it is already increasingly familiar with the lists to the cause of preserving the environ­ clear that they will have a lot to their parties-and some new ones­ ment. After surprising successes in chose from when they cast their will be presenting. a number of local and national elec­ votes from June 7 to 10, in what is In virtually all cases there is a wel­ tions, a number of national ecological probably the first such international come blend of the well-known and parties have also indicated they will election in history. ilustrious, and the new blood that be fighting for seats in the European make politics such an exciting pastime. Parliament as well. This unique political campaign is now in full swingthroughout the Nine The big Community countries have All these men and women, once European Community countries. included some of both. Among the elected will then become the re­ Colourful posters have begun to draw candidates in Britain are Sir Henry presentatives of their constituencies, attention to the elections, major poli­ Plumb, who formerly was the head of just like members of any other Par­ tical parties have closed ranks with the farmers' organization; Basil de liament. How they perform will be their neighbours to form Community- Ferranti, the industrialist who is the watched not only by the press and the past President of the Community body politic in their home countries Economic and Social Committee, and and in Europe, but should also be a If you wish to receive additional former Labour Minister Barbara matter of direct concern to the voters cop:es (or fewer in the case of Castle. who elected them. duplication due to the amalgamation of different mailing lists), please In France, the party lists will be write to the following address, enc­ headed by some of most popular party losing the envelope in which you leaders, such as Jacques Chirac, have received the current issue. New former Prime Minister and now Mayor eaders are most welcome. of Paris; Socialist leader Fran<;ois IN BRIEF Mitterrand; Communist leader Georges Euroforum (Circulation), Marchais; current Health Minister Berl. 2/68, Simone Veil, and a number of other The European Parliament has Commission proven vote-getters. re-elected Emilio Colombo as its of the European Communities, president until the new elected mem­ Rue de Ia Loi 200, . Germans will find former Chancellor bership takes its seats after the June B-1 049 Brussels. Willy Brandt and trade union leaders elections. 3 · PERSONALITIES REDUCING BARRIERS

::E ::> a: 0 ~ Jean Monnet, the m Father of Europe, dies, aged 90

Jean Monnet, the man most often described as the 'father of the European Community' has died at the age of 90. Following the death of Mr Monnet, who made the construc­ tion of the Community virtually his life's work, Roy Jenkins, President of the European Commission, said that the Community was his greatest memorial.

With the exception of a few years spent overseeing his family's renowned cognac business in France, Mr Monnet spent practically his entire life in the cause of international cooperation.

In both world wars he served as an intermediary between France and its allies striving to organize supply and production efforts. Shortly after both wars he also helped nations in their rebuilding effort-firstly with Austria, Poland and Romania after the first war and in his native France after the second. At one point he held the post of Assistant Secretary­ General of the League of Nations. Putting your best However, during the transitional metre forward period the units to be phased out will It was in the 1940s and 1950s that he appear alongside the others, although set in motion some of his main ideas generally in smaller print. concerning international integration. What do the letters kg, mol, cd and After the war, he drafted and pro­ ft have in common? They are all Sadly, the curie and rontgen, tributes moted the concept of the creation of symbols for units of measurement, of to two famous scientists, will dis­ a European coal and steel pool, which course. Every schoolboy knows kg appear by 1985. But units dear to was subsequently proposed by French and ft. Mol (mole) and cd (candela) British hearts, such as the inch, Foreign Minister Robert Schuman measure the amount of substance and fathom and troy ounce, could be and which became the forerunner of luminous intensity respectively. around in the 1990's. the European Communities. But if the Community's Council of The Commission is not inventing its He eventually became the first head Ministers adopts a European Com­ own system of measurements, of of the European Coal and Steel mission proposal only the first three course. The units which it hopes to Community, a post he later resigned will continue to be legal; poor old ft make legal throughout the Community to return to private life in order to will have to give way eventually to are international, in fact, having been work on his ideas for closer European m (metres). adopted by the General Conference integration. He was the founder and on Weights and Measures, of which head for many years until his recent What the Commission wants to do all nine Community countries are retirement of the Action Committee is to introduce the same units of members. for the United States of Europe. measurement throughout the Com­ munity. Not in order to satisfy its The UK, for example, decided to bureaucratic instincts but to make switch over to this international, or IN BRIEF life easier for housewives and SI, system well before it joined the manufacturers and safer for industrial Community. Scotch whisky is currently helping the workers. Community's balance of payments to This will not be the first Community the tune of around £ 335 million. The use of a single system of measure­ law harmonizing units of measure­ Many hangovers separate it from ments in all member countries will ment; the first was adopted in 1971, cognac, the second biggest spirit seller make trade between them easier. It before the enlargement in 1973 which abroad, which is currently earning will also do away with complicated brought the UK, Ireland and Denmark 4 around £ 94 million. conversion operations. into the Community. m c ENVIRONMENT :0 ,0 0 :0 c Nor are the benefits of recycling - there should be procurement ~ confined to import savings. The policies to increase the proportion report maintains that considerable of secondary materials used in ± energy savings can be achieved by products; ~ making use of secondary raw materials while at the same time reducing the - industry should be asked to co­ environmental damage arising from operate in laying down specifi­ the extraction of primary resources cations for reclaimed materials and the disposal of waste. and products and the categories All is not lost of uses to which these could be in the world of But the report warns that, in the ab­ put. At the same time there sence of fiscal or regulatory measures should be publicity to inform the wastemakers designed to increase the financial industrial and domestic users attractions of recycling, a large pro­ about these standards; In a world in which many raw portion of potentially valuable waste materials are in short supply. and the materials will continue to be discarded. - there should be financial cost of commodities is on the incentives to encourage further increase, it makes sense to conserve At present, many obstacles stand in reclamation and the possibility materials such as metal, paper, rubber, the way of greater and more effective of discriminatory taxes should be glass and plastic. recycling. To begin with, European considered; industry in general is not geared to And yet, despite the fact that a high accepting secondary raw materials. - information on the incidence of proportion of waste materials arising In addition, technical considerations waste, methods of recovery, etc. from the manufacturing industry is often mitigate against the use of should be collated and already reclaimed, the Nine European secondary raw materials or prevent • disseminated. Here the report Community countries together discard their efficient reclamation. recommends that the European annually between 49 and 66 million Commission set up information tons of assorted industrial materials. Organizational difficulties also loom centres to assist waste producers, large: it is difficult to persuade indi­ handlers, secondary materials This figure does not even include the vidual householders to separate processors and users. These 40-60 million tons per annum (tpa) recoverable materials from domestic centres would provide information of food waste arising from domestic waste while waste handlers themselves on collection schemes, recovery kitchens, agriculture and the food (local authorities and private con­ methods, availability of materials industry, or residues from mining tractors) have historically been for recovery, etc. such as .colliery spoil (approx. primarily interested in waste disposal 160 million tpa), metal mine tailings rather than recycling. the Commission should promote (30-35 million tpa), metallurgical slags research into materials recovery, (5-1 0 million tpa) and pulverised fuel The report makes a number of including separation and upgrading ash-PFA (approx. 10 million tpa). recommendations to encourage further techniques and uses for secondary reclamation in Europe: materials. Waste on this scale not only poses major environmental problems but can also give rise to balance of payments problems in view of Europe's dependence on imports to satisfy many of its raw material needs.

Would it not be possible to recover and re-use much of this waste material or is the cost of reclamation prohibitive?

A report, 'The Economics of Recycling', just published by the European Commission shows that, for most materials, there is at least one recovery route where the poten­ tial value of the material recovered is likely to exceed the costs involved.

Waste arising in the Community each year has a potential value which is probably in excess of £ 5 billion. Overall, the report estimates, savings in imports could be in the order of £2.5-3.5 billion out of a total Community import bill of some £ 100 billion, a not insignificant amount. 5 Given the strategi.c and trade The warning signal from the French It has therefore asked the Council of implications of reclamation to authorities was also sent to the Ministers to add the chemical sub- individual Member States and for European Commission in Brussels . stances in the products involved to the Europe as a whole, the report con­ with the recommendation that a list of prohibited substances through­ cludes that the Community should similar crackdown be applied through­ out the Community. The lamps, set up a Waste Reclamation Com­ out the Community countries. The ashtrays and other decorations con­ mittee with the task of drawing up European Commission is now asking tain either tetrachloride, tri- or and implementing a Waste Reclama- for just that. tetrachloroethylene. tion Programme. While proper procedures, such as the Because there already exists a Com­ The Community in fact has a consultation of the Economic and munity-wide law on the books which Committee on Waste Management Social Committee and the European which has been active in bringing restricts the sale of certain dangerous Parliament still have to be observed, together 'waste exchanges' from the products or substances, the Com­ the Commission wants the Council of Member States. These exchanges mission feels that action could be Ministers to complete action and provide a forum for buyers and sellers taken quickly in view of the urgency adopt the prohibition by June 30 of of industrial waste and give advice to involved. this year. companies on waste disposal.

The Community is currently funding TAXATION research in the field of waste paper recycling and re-use and also in the motorist is only slightly better field of packaging (use of more easily Italian taxman off-68% of the price of petrol is recyclable material, development of made up of taxes. packaging products with lower sets a premium material/unit volume ratios, re-use for drivers Our table shows the tax percentage in and recycling of containers, etc.). W.hen motorists complain about the the final retail price of 4 Star price of petrol they usually blame the (Premium) petrol, as well as the cost oil sheikhs. Yet in seven of the of 100 litres. Nine Community Member States government taxes account for over Cost Country % CONSUMERS half the price. EUA £ The two exceptions are the United Italy 71.2 44.16 29.58 Kingdom and Luxembourg but even France 67.9 48.24 32.32 there the share of taxes in the retail Denmark 61.7 42.60 28.54 Community-wide price of petrol is only marginally Belgium 58.5 43.00 28.81 ban on killer under 50%. Netherlands 57.7 42.59 28.53 Germany 57.6 37.56 25.16 lamps sought The Italian motorist is the worst hit. Ireland 56.2 30.23 20.26 Taxes in the form of excise duty and United Kingdom 49.3 25.77 17.27 VAT make up 71% of the cost of Luxembourg 47.3 33.62 22.52 European customers who bought premium grade petrol. The French a certain make of attractive liquid­ filled lamps or ashtrays naturally had no idea that these bright, decorative additions to their homes would prove to be dangerous and even lethal.

It was not until a number of cases occurred in various European coun­ tries in which the containers were broken, the liquid escaped and gave off fumes leading to unconsciousness or death that investigators connected the cause and effect.

By then one Belgian youth had already died as a result and a number of other victims had been injured.

Moving quickly, the French Govern­ ment in August 1978 imposed an urgent ban of one year on the sale, production or importing of the potentially deadly lamps, ashtrays and other decorations. A Belgian decree in November also struck out against the lamps after they had claimed one life. The German Government is also looking into the need for similar 6 restrictions. cm SOCIAL AFFAIRS :II ..,0 0 c:II s:: + The other major item of expenditure ~ Unequal treatment in any social security scheme is of women may lead sickness benefit-an area to which to legal showdown Ireland in particular appears to attach great importance, spending 35% of its benefits in this area. Most other countries show a Women may, in law, be equal to men, remarkable similarity, with between but some are less equal than others. 24 and 30%. The inequality of treatment suffered by many working women was spot­ If, however, you are a surviving lighted in a recent issue of EURO~ dependent, then you might prefer to FORUM (2/79). be in Germany or Luxembourg. Each country spends 15% ·of its Now the European Commission, which benefits under this heading. For is responsible for monitoring the other Member States the figure varies application of Community laws, has between 1 % (Denmark, Ireland and decided to begin the first stage of Belgium) and 6% (France and legal proceedings against Member So what happens now? In both cases, Italy). States which are not facing up to the Commission writes to the govern­ ments concerned, inviting them to their obligations to working women. Belgium and France, however, are the reply within 60 days. The Com­ countries that attach the greatest mission may then, if it considers it The two Community laws in question importance to children, spending necessary, issue a reasoned opinion are one which came into force in 14% and 13% respectively on family 1976 and which was designed to detailing the action that the govern­ allowances. Elsewhere in the guarantee women the same pay as ment should take to conform to Com­ Community the figure varies between men for the same work or for work munity law. If this action is not 9 and 11%. of equal value; and a second which taken within a specified time the was due to be incorporated into the Commission can take the matter The emphasis placed on unemploy­ nine national laws last August before the Court of Justice. ment benefits also shows considerable guaranteeing women the same oppor­ differences from country to country. tunities as men when they look for Both the Member State governments It takes up 10% of the social security a job, for promotion or for training, and the Commission are generally budget in Ireland and Denmark, 8% as well as guaranteeing them com;.. anxious to avoid allowing a matter in Belgium, but only 2% in Italy, 3% parable working conditions. to go so far and differences are fre­ in Germany and 4% in France. For quently settled at an early stage of the Netherlands and the UK the The Commission has now decided the proceedings. If a matter does go figure is 6% . that as many as seven out of the as far as the Court, all parties con­ Nine Member States are not applying cerned naturally accept its judgment One of the greatest disparities between the first law properly. These coun­ as final. the Nine occurs on invalidity. Italy tries are Denmark, the Netherlands, and the Netherlands consider state help Germany, Luxembourg, France, so important that they spend Belgium and the United Kingdom. respectively 18 and 13% of their total The exceptions are Ireland and Italy. Helping the needy: social security budget under this heading. In all other countries According to the Commission, differ­ a question of spending ranges between 5 and 8% . ent countries fall down on their obliga­ national priorities · tions in different ways. For example, But how is all this expenditure the Danes recognize equal pay for funded? Generally, three major equal work but not for work of equal Social security systems offering a wide sources-firms, central government value. In the Netherlands, women range of benefits exist in every and the citizens themselves-provide in the public service are excluded. European Community country, but the vast majority of the funds. This In a number of other countries some have different priorities than is topped up by local government, special allowances such as 'head of others. social security and miscellaneous household' are paid to men but not finance. to women. The United Kingdom spends a higher share on pensions (43% of total" It is undoubtedly the firms themselves In the case of the second law, action social security benefits) than any that make the greatest contributions, ·.s to be taken against Germany and other country. Belgium with 38%, with an average throughout the the Netherlands which have not yet France (3 7%) and Luxembourg Community of 36%, which is expected incorporated the Community law into (3 7%) also distribute sizable amounts to increase to 38% in 1980. The national law. While the other Mem­ under this heading. On the other range is from 6% in Denmark to ber States have done so, the Com­ hand, in Germany the figure is just 52% in Italy and 46% in France. mission is examining each national 28% .- All other countries devote Belgium and Germany are around law in detail to ensure that it con­ just under a third of their benefits to the Community average, while the forms with the Community law. helping their old people. Netherlands, United Kingdom and 7 Luxembourg hover around the 28% mark. YOUTH

~ ::::> Central government is the largest a: 0 u.. contributor in the three newest 0 a: Community countries, providing 59% ::::>w in Ireland, 56% in Denmark and 41% in the United Kingdom. In the remaining members its contributions range from 22% in the Netherlands to 38% in Belgium and Luxembourg.

The only country to depend to any significant extent on local government finance is Denmark, where it supplies 32% of social security receipts. In no other country is it more than 7%, while in Ireland it is only 1 % .

The heaviest burden on the individual is in the Netherlands where he pro­ vides about one third of total social security income. Contributions are also fairly hefty in Germany, (27% ), Luxembourg (25% ), France (22%) and Belgium (21% ). In Italy, Ireland and the United Kingdom, it is they did not know the language or had around 15%, while in Denmark it is Chance to find out not been briefed about the host no more than 2%. how the other country. 8/9ths live and work Over the past two years the European Commission has carried out a number of test projects to see how the pro­ Building a united Europe depends not gramme could be improved. Armed only on closer contacts between with these results it has now pro­ politicians and bureaucrats but also posed a second joint programme to between young working people whose take effect from 1 July 1979. vote at election time could be decisive. £435 000 would be provided this Finding work for year. This amount would be doubled the handicapped Since a first programme was adopted in 1980 and tripled in 1981. in 1964 more than 1500 young workers have taken part in Community The new programme will consist of exchange schemes. At the same time long courses lasting from 4-8 months Six of the Nine European Com­ about 25 000 have taken part in and short courses from 3 weeks to 3 months. munity Member States have laws private exchange schemes. In the second half of obliging e'mployers to take on handi­ 1979 the Commission will organize capped workers, the European Parlia­ 200 long and 250 short courses. ment was told at a recent sesion. The Treaty of Rome specifically pro­ This will be increased to 500 and vided for the launching of a Com­ 1 000 respectively in 1981. Commissioner Henk Vredeling, who munity programme to provide voca­ is responsible for social affairs, said tional training, improve job prospects The Commission will provide £ 100 that the proportions of the total work and encourage the free movement of per month for each trainee on a long force varied between 2% in Luxem­ workers within the Nine Member course and £57 for each trainee on bourg and 15% in Italy. States. a short course. In addition the Com­ mission will provide £83 per week However, the quotas are not fully The first exchanges lasted up to six for each trainee taking a language respected in any Member State. The months which was generally longer course. It will also pay 7 5% of travel strictest application of the law is in than the private exchange schemes. expenses. Germany. They thus enabled people to gain a better idea of living and working con­ Many more pepole will be encouraged Apart from Luxembourg, Germany ditions in the other Member States. to take part in the new programme and Italy, the other three Member wich will be open to young workers States which have passed laws to However the results of the Commun­ aged 16 to 28. So as to favour ensure that a certain proportion of ity's first programme were disap­ workers who have not benefitted from handicapped workers are given jobs pointing. There was not enough higher education the courses will only are the United Kingdom, France and publicity. Only a small number of be open to those who have not studied the Netherlands. people took part and the impact was beyond the age of 20. In the first slight. Because of the economic prbgramme farm workers and savings Mr. V redeling said that Belgium had recession young people were cautious and credit bank staff were the main a law imposing an obligation on about risking their jobs by going away participants. Many other types of employers in principle but he said that on a six months course. They were workers are expected to take part in 8 he knew of no fixed quota. also often at a disadvantage because the new programme. m c: ENERGY :0 ,0 0 :0 c: 3: which have been the focus of atten­ Only German gas production increased 1oint efforts can tion for the Community's researchers last year-by 9%. A decline in tave the way to in recent years. British gas production had no repercussions on other Member States high technology In the field of nuclear safety, which because the UK gas network is not is certainly something most of us connected to the Continental grid. · High technology may not be the stuff worry about, work would concentrate that dreams are made of. Nor do on light water reactors and fast There was a small decline in French most of us lie awake at night worrying breeder reactors, as well as the pluto­ and Italian output. An increase in whether or not our scientists are nium fuel cycle, the problems of the Belgian production of gas extracted keeping ahead of the opposition. permanent storage of radioactive waste from coal mines is not significant at and the improvement of the manage­ Community level. Yet, in this highly-competitive world, ment of fissile materials. the knowledge that our society holds Community Gas Production 1978 a lead in the field of technology could The development of solar energy (in % be just the pill that will in the future would be a feature of the programme thousands help us all to get a good night's sleep. covering new energy sources. This Change of '77-'78 includes the improvement of solar TeraJoules) With the industrialisation in recent power plants, assisting industry to years of developing countries which make use of the new technology, new Germany 734.9 + 9.2 have lower labour costs and cheaper processes for the conversion and France 294.3 1.5 raw materials than are available in storage of solar energy, and 'Project Italy 510.5 2.9 Europe, it is becoming increasingly Habitat' which would study the use Netherlands 3 110.7 8.7 obvious that we cari only hope to sur­ of solar energy all the year round in Belgium 1.5 + 15.4 vive by developing, to borrow a phrase, industry, agriculture and in the home. United Kingdom 1 515.0 4.4 'good old European know-how.' Community 6 166.9 - 5.0 The four-year programme would also Yet it is not as easy as it sounds look at better ways of protecting the nowadays. Technology only comes Community's environment, and work as the result of research. And on making more use of computers Uranium prospection esearch is costly, particularly for in industry. small countries. beginning to yield encouraging results That is where the European Com­ Faced with a bleak future on the munity can help. Its Nine Member European gas States, big and small, can, by pooling energy front, the European Commun­ their research funds, effort and production not ity has been investing a great deal knowledge, take on bigger and more so natural of capital and effort into developing complicated projects which they could alternatives to imported oil. Among not contemplate tackling alone. these is nuclear energy for which Declining production at the Dutch uranium, preferably produced within Groningen gas field coupled with the Community, is needed in increas­ For this purpose, the Community has increasing demand has meant that the ing. quantities. HS own Joint Research Centre (JRC) European Community is becoming with four permanent research faciJ... increasingly dependent on gas imports Since 197 6 the European Community ities at Ispra (Italy), Karlsruhe from third countries. has spent some £ 7.2 million on 29 (Germany), Geel (Belgium) and Petten projects to evaluate and discover (Netherlands). According to preliminary figures for uranium resources in the Nine Mem­ 1978 Dutch production fell by nearly ber States. Meanwhile, as we For a number of years these centres 9% while Community imports reported in our last issue, it has just have been carrying out their own from third countries rose by 7 6% . issued another invitation to tender research, particularly in the field of worth £ 3 million for projects be­ energy, and have been helping to Nearly all the extra gas imported tween 1979 and 1981. coordinate research being done in came from Norway, which is now the individual Member States. Community's second most important The European Commission, which supplier just behind the USSR. The administers the aid, believes it has To enable this valuable work to Community also imports gas from played an important role in helping continue, the European Commission Algeria and Libya but in much to evaluate the Community's uranium has just proposed to the Council of smaller quantities. However, imports resources, and that the programme tfinisters which must agree to make from Algeria are expected to expand to date has resulted in the extended he funds available a new four-year rapidly over the next decade. evaluation of known resources and the programme for the 1980-83 period. discovery of new resources. In 1978 the Community imported The main thrust of the programme nearly 19% of its natural gas The Commission's programme started would be in helping to ensure greater compared with only 8% in 197 6, modestly in 1976 when it backed nuclear safety and in discovering thus clearly reflecting the change in seven projects lasting one year with new forms of energy, both subjects its domestic supply structure. a total of £ 670 000. 9 The European Commission has been studying ways of saving energy. It has selected another 36 energy saving :e ::> demonstration projects and wants the a: 0 u. Community to provide £10.4 million 0 a: to help finance them. ::> w The purpose of the projects is to demonstrate that new energy saving techniques are applicable for industrial purposes. For instance they could lead to important economies in the steel and chemical industries.

Other projects involve economies in urban heating systems. For example, there is a project in the United Kingdom to recycle ·swimming pool air.

There are also projects using heat pumps and industrial waste in new ways so as to use less energy. For instance, there is a Dutch project to recuperate energy using domestic refuse and sewage.

Last December the Community's Energy Ministers agreed to a first Three of these were in Ireland since Western Italy, when the exploration list of 17 energy saving projects and both Commission experts and the licence was withdrawn by regional to provide £3.9 million. However, Commission's advisory geologists authorities in 1978. these projects have been delayed but considered the country to have un­ it was hoped that both lists would tested uranium possibilities. This led 1977 saw the Community's support receive the green light wheh Energy to the first comprehensive evaluation stepped up with an extension of the Ministers met in Brussels at the end of uranium potential in Ireland, al­ financial aid to the Irish and Green­ of March. though it is too early to comment on land projects. Two regional uranium the economic significance of these exploration programmes were backed The demonstration projects are part finds. in Italy and four in Germany, al­ of a four-year programme costing though these were modified when the £37 million. A major drilling programme took results of two of them no longer place at K vanefjeld in the South West justified further work. Exploration of Greenland. As a result the was also initiated in Northern Ireland uranium resources of the area rose and Belgium. from 5 800 tons of 27 000 for IN BRIEF reasonably assured resources and from Many of the 1978 programmes are 8 700 to 16 000 tons for estimated only now getting underway, but additional resources. However, the the Commision considers initial results uranium content of the ore is low and in Bavaria and Northern Italy to be Despite two good harvest years in further progress in the treatment of encouraging. 1977 and 1978, the world food ore will need to be made for the situation is getting worse. The deposits to be economically viable. percentage of the world population which cannot satisfy its basic needs A broad regional reconaissance pro­ in calories has grown from 15 to gramme was started in Lower 18% and the self-sufficiency of the · Saxony in Germany and carried New projects may developing countries in food has through into 1978. Another pro­ point the way declined from 9 5 to 9 3 % . gramme in the upper part of the Val to economies Seriana Valley in Italy assessed the Food production has been increasing area's potential, which had been first by only 2.5% while an improvement noted in 1960, but was terminated would require an increase of some Oil will not always be a cheap and twice that amount. The annual food when it was found that it was not abundant source of energy. This was economically worth exploiting. trade deficit of the Third World has first made clear by the 1973 oil crisis nearly doubled in five years. when the oil exporting countries Not all programmes have had a smooth imposed an embargo on supplies and passage. Of the original seven quadrupled prices. The recent launched in 1976, one in the Orkneys stoppage of Iranian production and The European Commission has decided (Scotland) did not get underway, doubts about future deliveries have to grant £ 54 000 worth of emergency as the local Islands Council refused once again reminded us of our aid for victims of a recent cyclone planning permission. Powerful oppo­ vulnerability and brought home the in. Mozambique. The money will be sition by sections of the public also need to economize on the use of used to provide food, shelter and 10 halted work at Val Rendenain energy. other essentials. m c AGRICULTURE ::D 0 'TI 0 ::Dc in the other Member States. The These more stubborn pockets of ~ Farmers are closing report notes that incomes in the UK agricultural poverty range around the income gap with rose by 2.4%, but this is calculated map from the Mediterranean to the ndustrial workers on the basis of gross value added. West of Ireland, from Greenland to The 197 8 figures for all the other parts of France and the United European Community farmers are not countries are based on real net value Kingdom. Some are too moun­ doing too badly. Their real incomes added. tainous, others are too dry, but all per head are estimated to have risen suffer from the handicap of not being on average 3. 9% a year since 1968. Despite this overall picture of farming as naturally-endowed with the condi­ The corresponding figure for the total prosperity painted by the report, there tions necessary for a good harvest or economy is 3.4%. The United are noticable differences in agricultural herd. Kingdom is not included in this incomes between Community regions. estimate. To help remedy this situation, the Taking one of the nine countries with Commission is proposing a five-year The figures come from a report made the largest agricultural sector, France, programme that would cost between public by the European Commission the report shows that farmers in the £382 million and £460 million. and are considered important in the rich Ile de France area earn on context of the price negotiations for average 4.6% more than their The funds would be specifically the coming year's farm products. colleagues in Lower Normandy. In aimed at certain Mediterranean Italy, almost the same ratio (4.4%) regions, the West of Ireland, Green­ The Commission is proposing a price exists between Lombardia and land, the Western Isles of Scotland, freeze on items covered by the Molise. But in Germany the gap is the Loreze region of France, South­ Common Agricultural Policy. It less marked. Farmers in east Belgium and special sectors in argues that this is neGessary to prevent Schleswig Holstein earn only 1. 7% the United Kingdom. any increase in existing surpluses of more than those in the Rhineland­ commodities such as milk, butter, Pfalz or the Saarland. Part of this assistance would go for the cereals and sugar. development of more modern techni­ ques, some to encourage older or In addition the report notes that the New proposals unproductive farmers to leave or sell income of producers of milk, which their land, some for additional is heavily in surplus, rose more to help Europe's training of cooperative managers or quickly last year than the average for poorer farmers experts in processing, and some lrmers in general. especially for hill or mountain In some parts of Europe, rural farmers. COP A, the organization which communities have been seeking represents farmers at Community vainly for generations to scratch out a New actions would also be destined level, is requesting a 4% increase in living on land that is inhospitable to cope with the special character of prices this year. for crops or animals. Some of these farming in Italy, Ireland and Green­ regions continue with the odds against land. The proposal also contains Many factors can affect what a farmer them largely because they do not have recommendations for broader develop­ earns in a year, however. The the alternative of industrial develop­ ment of some of the other regions weather, size of harvests, special ment to turn to as a refuge from their through assistance to processing national subsidies and other variables struggle with the land. industries or perhaps activities that such as the energy crisis all combine would be appropriate to the rural to cause large annual variations. Mechanization of farming techniques personality of the regions, such as Good harvests in 1972 helped raise and the dramatic migration from the the development of tourism. real incomes by as much as 10 % , rural countryside to the urban while the 197 4 energy and protein industrial centres have not always Another part would improve the meat crises saw incomes fall 6% in some helped the situation in these commu­ processing system in France and Great cases. nities because this exodus has also Britain-from the slaughterhouse to weakened the infrastructure and the packing plants. The Commission report states that labour force. when certain special factors are eli­ These new measures are bound to get minated, farmers' incomes last year Since the early 1970's, the Community special attention in the near future rose by 4.1%, compared with 2.6% agricultural policy has been aiming from the Council of Ministers, which for the rest of the economy. at greater modernization and efficiency is already in the midst of an intense in these marginal farmlands. Major review of farm policy. Farmers in Denmark did best, as they programmes of assistance for farmers saw their earnings climb by 12.4% . who want to consolidate or modernize Belgium also did well with a 9.5% have been an integral part of the rise. Sizable increases were also policy, as has been aid for small For the delectation :gistered in France (5.4 % ), Ireland holders or older farmers who want of our palates :.3%); the Netherlands {4.8%) and to leave their unproductive land. Italy (4.4% ). In Luxembourg the figure was 3.4% , while in Germany A substantial expansion of such pro­ Who produces the most meat in the it was 2.5%. grammes has just been proposed by European Community? Answer: the European Commission in Brussels France (5.2 million tonnes in 1976). Data compiled in the United Kingdom to deal with the most difficult regions Who produces the least? Luxem­ is not comparable with that available needing special additional assistance. bourg with 22 000 tonnes. 11 According to recent Community statistics, Germany and France be­ MONEY tween .them produce almost half the ~ ;::) a: annual 20.6 million tonnes in the Some form of limited indexation 0 u. Community. They are particularly could be introduced so that the value 0a: strong on beef, veal-by far Euro­ ;::) of the savings could keep pace with w peans' two favourite meats-and inflation. The report is against full pork. indexation because it says that this would only make inflation worse. Britain in also a major producer of More protection This happened in Finland. beef and veal (1 million tonnes), while pig farming is favoured in the urged for the France and Germany have banned Netherlands (1 million tonnes of pork small saver indexation clauses. Other Community a year). Member States, while opposed to general indexation, have introduced On the other hand, few countries Inflation is no longer a nasty surprise special provisions to benefit small appear to go in for mutton and goat. but a fact of life and governments are savers. Only Britain and France are the major now resigned to trying to contain it producers-250 000 and 150 000 within single figures. The United Kingdom introduced two tonnes respectively. This represent­ schemes in 197 5 when the inflation ed 80% of total production of Inflation encourages people to spend rate was very high. Firstly, it issued 500 000 tonnes in the Community rather than save because the money national savings certificates for retired in 1976. in the bank account is steadily de­ people. Secondly, it launched the preciating. One of the main 'Save as you earn' scheme for small casualties of inflation is the small savers aged 16 or above. Only the saver such as the old age pensioner capital is indexed and there are whose life savings are being steadily maximum limits of £500 for bonds Learning more eroded. and £20 for monthly deposits. about the CAP Mr Andre Damseaux, a member of the Although the scheme was successful Liberal and Democratic Group in the the volume of savings was of necessity Each year the College of Europe in European Parliament, has just pro­ quite small. Moreover, some savers Bruges holds a symposium on the duced a report on how to protect are reluctant to buy bonds and there­ European Community. This year's savings. fore tie up their money for a long symposium will take place on 14-16 period. June, and the subject will be 'Pro­ He suggests that banks should spects for EEC Agriculture'. provide more information to savers The Irish have a similar scheme to about how to diversify their savings the British. In Luxembourg there is The present state of the common so as to earn more interest. a higher ceiling on deposits but only agricultural policy will be reviewed, partial protection against inflation. and special attention will be given Small savers could also be offered to the implications for the future of: some form of tax relief. For instance, Mr Damseaux suggests in his report income earned from bonds could be that some formula could be found to - technological development, exempted from tax up to a certain protect small savers and at the same productivity growth and structural ceiling. time give them access to their cash. change;

- the impact on Community agriculture of the accession of Greece, Portugal and Spain;

the outcome of the multilateral · trade negotiations in GATT;

- prospects for world agricultural markets, including food aid.

As on previous occasions, a large attendance is expected. Two Ministers of Agriculture-Mr Humblet (Belgium) and Mr Kofoed (Denmark)-have agreed to speak, as well as Mr Gundelach, Vice­ President of the European Com­ mission, who is responsible for agriculture.

Further information from the Secretariat of the Bruges Week, College of Europe, Dyver 11, B - 8000 Brugge (Belgium), 12 Tel. : (050) 33 53 34. m c THIRD WORLD :::0 . .,0 ~· 0 :::0 c tons of butteroil to be given later possess 40% of the reserves of the 3: this year. main minerals. Distribution poses ± •roblems for food The Commission points out that Mr. Cheysson, European Development ~ demands for food aid from developing Commissioner, recently drew attention aid programmes countries are much greater this year. to what he described as the 'catastro­ Demands for cereals aid amounted to phic' level of European investment 3.2 million tons this year compared in developing countries. He said that One of the ironies of the world in with 2.7 million tons last year. European companies invested only which we live is that certain privileged Even if the nine Community Member 120 million dollars in 1977 whereas areas produce so much food they do States accept the Commission's 1 billon dollars was necessary merely not know what to do with it while in proposals then the Community will to maintain production. Much more other areas people are dying in their only be .satisfying half the overall would be needed if the European thousands because of famine. demand. economy was to continue to grow.

In the USA some farmers are paid to The Community decides on the The situation was worst in Africa. let their land lie idle. Here in amount of food aid to give each Since 197 4 there has been practically Europe we have from time to time .country according to the recipient's no European mining and energy invest­ mountains of surplus butter and beef needs, its per capita revenue and ment. The only notable exception and lakes of wine to try and dispose the size of its balance of payments has been uraniuQ1 investment in Niger. of. deficit. Why have European companies been Why can't the food surpluses in the Most of the aid is given to countries in so reluctant to invest? Political USA, Canada and Europe simply be South East Asia. India, for example, instability coupled with the threat redistributed to the hungry millions will receive nearly half the powdered of nationalization are the main reasons. in Africa and Asia? milk allocation. Egypt will receive a lot of cereals aid while other Middle For example, the invasion of the There are numerous transport and East countries will receive a lot of copper rich Shaba province of Zaire distribution problems to be over­ butteroil. last May severely disrupted produc­ come before the food reaches the .tion and forced European managers right mouths. Often those in need Substantial amounts of Community and technicians to flee. Most have of food aid live in remote areas food aid is channelled through not yet returned because they are undreds of miles from the nearest international organizations such as afraid of more trouble. ort with inadequate road and rail the World Food Programme and the communications. United Nations Relief and Works At a recent press conference in Agency. Brussels Mr. Cheysson criticised the Checks are also needed to make sure 'complete silence' with which the that the food aid is not rerouted and Member States had greeted the Com­ sold for profit by unscrupulous traders. 'Catastrophic' lack mission's attempts to promote energy Sometimes the food goes rotten en of investment, and minerals cooperation with African, route or else is eaten by rats in ware­ Caribbean and Pacific countries which houses. Sometimes the food grown says Cheysson have signed the Lome Convention in the West is unsuitable for African for trade and cooperation with the and Asian diets more used to rice and Community. yams than high protein milk. European factories are heavily depen­ dent on imported energy and industrial The Commission has made various Nevertheless, bearing in mind these raw materials in order to keep pro­ proposals which it would like included problems, the European Community ducing. in the new Convention currently · gives a substantial amount of food aid being negotiated. But according to to developing countries although it Over 80% of the oil the Community Mr. Cheysson the Member States are meets only a small part of their uses is imported. So is over 7 5% not interested in a long-term Com­ growing needs. of the raw materials. It is almost munity investment policy. Some of entirely dependent on external sources the larger Member States, having close It is the largest international donor for copper, cobalt, tin and phosphates. traditional ties with certain ACP of food aid, contributing around 30% States, believe they can manage better of all cereals, 50% of skimmed milk Although a large share of the Com­ on their own. The most they will powder and nearly 95% of butteroil. munity's energy and raw material agree to are short-term aid measures. imports come from developing Mr. Cheysson pointed out that the This year the European Commission countries European companies have USA, which is only 15% dependent has proposed that the Community invested very little money there in on imported industrial raw materials, should give food aid totalling recent years in exploration or renew­ had invested more than twice as £ 362 million. The aid would ing production equipment. Future much as Europe in developing consist of 720 500 tons of cereals, supplies cannot therefore be guar­ countries. 150 000 tons of powdered milk and anteed. 45 000 tons of butteroil. The Commission has now revamped In 197 6, for example, only 10% of its proposals made last year to pro­ The Commission will ask the Council the exploration budget of mining mote investment in exploration of Ministers for approval for an extra companies was spent in developing and production in order to try and 615 000 tons of cereals and 10 000 countries even though these countries make the Member States take action. 13 It suggests that the Community could Developing countries are heavily Among the subjects the experts help organize and finance the setting dependent on energy imports and the discussed were ways of using solar up of national and regional mining cost is a crippling burden on their energy to replace wood for domestic ::E ::I exploration funds. The Community balance of payments. They are now cooking and heating, The heavy a: 0 making efforts to develop their own u. could also provide risk capital to dependence on wood has led to serious 0 a: finance prospecting carried cut by energy sources: not just traditional deforestation in certain areas of India ::I w mining companies. forms of energy but also alternative and West Africa and ruined the eco­ forms such as solar energy. logical balance. The European Investment Bank could provide more aid to finance The sun is one resource which even One of the attractions of solar energy energy and mining investment pro­ the poorest developing countries is that it can be used on a small scale jects. It could also encourage invest­ possess. However, until now they have and does not require massive support­ ments in a wider spread of countries. been unable to harness the sun's rays ing infrastructure. This makes it so as to provide mechanical force attractive for remote villages which Political risks could be reduced by (e.g. for industrial plant) or heating could use solar energy pumps to encouraging the host country to energy. provide water for drinking and participate in the fixed capital of new farming. mining firms. Codes of conducts The potential offered by solar energy could be included in agreements in meeting the energy needs of designed to protect investments. developing countries especially in rural areas was discussed at an inter­ Community guarantees against certain national conference organized by the types of non-economic risk could be European Commission at Varese in TERRORISM provided for investors in mining and Italy at the end of March. We hope energy projects in the ACP States. to carry a detailed report in our next At present bilateral guarantees given issue. by the Member States vary widely. About 300 experts from more than Action against 100 countries attend the conference hijackers urged whose subject was 'Solar Energy in Solar power: can the Service of Development'. Many it help bridge of the experts, who include agro­ The European Parliament has called nomists, engineers, industrialists and on the governments of the Nine Com­ the energy gap? financiers came from the Third munity Member States to take more World. action to combat hijacking.

Sun power does not appear to offer To prepare for the conference five It approved the broad lines of a mo­ much potential as a source of energy regional seminars had already been tion proposed by one of its members, in rainswept Northern Europe but held in Nairobi (for East African British Conservative Charles the situation is different in the countries), Bamako (West Africa), Fletcher-Cooke, calling on the gov­ Mediterranean region and in deve­ Amman (Arab countries), Caracas ernments to subscribe to the commit­ loping countries in Africa, Asia and (Latin America), and New Delhi ments on hijacking entered into by South America. (South and South East Asia). world leaders at a summit meeting in Bonn last summer.

These commitments include a pledge by the seven participating nations, including a number of Community countries, to cancel all flights to any country refusing to extradite or pro­ secute hijackers or to return hijacked aircraft.

PUBLICATIONS

I An English-language version of 'Explanatory notes to the Customs Tariff of the European Communities' has just been published. It is avail­ able from the Community's Office for Official Publications (see back cover), Catalogue No. CB-24-77- 205-EN-C, price £ 13.30. It already exists in Dutch, French, German an Italian (HFL 55, BFR 800, FF 116, DM 51.60, 14 LIT 21 600). m c :II I .,0 FOCUS will power stopped smoking his 0 regular three packs of cigarettes :IIc ~ a day. ~ i'" There is also the possibility of j anti-smoking campaigns, such as the one launched by these same American authorities, which will cost some 23 million US dollars. Its direct results are still to be registered and evaluated.

Up to now, the anti-smoking campaigns waged in Europe have had little impact. This is what the nine European Community Health Ministers meeting in Brussels had to admit a few months ago.

They had facts before them, however, which made the need for such action seem evident. The Where there's smoke smoking kills prematurely 35,000 public costs of smoking, in the there's fire persons each year there, 15,000 form of medical treatment, by lung cancer. Smoking has hospital space required and so been designated as a graver on, is far higher than the taxes While tobacco was introduced in menace than automobile acci­ collected on tobacco products. Europe from the New World in dents-killing four victims for For instance in Germany, it is the 16th century for its supposed every traffic fatality. estimated that expenses caused medicinal value, it is now the by smoking have reached subject of world-wide controversy The 49 poisonous substances 20 billion DM (or £ 2,3 billion), as a harmful substance. which have been identified as while the revenue from tobacco being contained in tobacco are taxes was only 9 billion DM (or Sir Walter Raleigh may have been regularly being consumed by the £5,3 billion). These propor­ an illustrious soldier, admin­ millions of smokers for whom a tions are just about the same istrator and man of letters, but he pack of cigarettes is a daily throughout the Community. was beheaded and the 'sotweed' necessity. Lung cancer, cardio­ he helped popularise has become vascular disturbances, heart The Ministers also had a report the scourge of many societies. attack, ulcers are all the hand­ indicating that smoking among maiden of the destructive habit. the male population, perhaps Another product of the New Innocent victims are also claim­ increasingly conscious of the World, the humorist Mark Twain, ed, as pregnant smokers are more health consequences, was going once remarked 'It's easy to give likely to give birth to sickly or down. In the meantime, how­ up smoking, I've done it at least retarded babies. In women over ever, the habit was increasing in · 800 times myself. But for those 40, the use of tobacco and birth the female population, perhaps as who can't kick the habit, scien­ control pills together may lead a result of the growing emancip­ tific research now indicates that to blood circulatory problems. ation and responsibilities of they are much more likely to women. succumb to lung cancer, heart Non-smokers are also condemned Even if there are already some disease or other ailments than are to inhale the smoke of the smok­ laws in all the Community non-smokers. ing population, which according countries prohibiting or limiting to some reports contains twice tobacco use in public places, in American authorities indicate that as much nicotine and tars as the schools or in hospitals, the nine in 1979 a quarter of a million hot smoke inhaled by the smoker Ministers agreed that they should Americans will die as a direct himself. study the results of these efforts. result of their consumption of Luckily there are various solu­ They also decided to cooperate tobacco, 72,000 of them from tions to the problem. There is on the campaigns they expect to iung cancer. And this pheno­ direct action, such as that taken undertake against smoking. mena isn't typically American. by the American Secretary of France has a population one­ Health, Education and Welfare But will laws and regulations be fourth the United States, but Joseph Califano, who of his own adequate? ~------~ 15 Press and information offices Sales offices for publications of the European Community of the European Community

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