Value Chain Matrix for Gold Source Country Extraction Points Internal

Home , Going for Gold, Narino Department, Paisa (region), Putumayo Department

Value Chain Matrix for Gold

Source Extraction Internal Domestic Export Processing & Primary Country Points Marketing Exit Points Destination Refining Retailer Colombia: Antioquia Department *Traders: Esmeraldas *Official export US: Unknown (most illicit mining Barranquilla: PraxIT Ltd. Province: data (2014): Republic Metals Gold Belts: occurs in this region) – – Contact: Dao Hawkinsiv border smuggling USA (63%)xiii Corp. (receive Uses: Segovia Segovia, Buritica, El into Ecuador then Switzerland (34%) 40% of gold)xvi; Banks Belt Bagre, Zaragoza, Nechi, Bogota: Serexoil out of Ecuador on xiii Metalor Jewelers Choco Belt Rionegro, Venecia, Naesk PLC- Contact: Jose commercial air India (2%) xiii Technologies Electronic Middle Anori, Yarumal, Titiribi, Ignacio Pena flightsxi Turkey (0.23%)xii USAxvi – linked s Cauca Belt Caldas Department- Castellanosv to Goldex Case Antioquia Marmato, Ro-Ma Commodities – Air Transport: Illicit known to go Batholith Choco Department CEO: Wilson Rodriguezvi Illegal gold to: Switzerland: (Urabenos most Villegas y Cia. – CEO: transferred via air Miami, Zurich, Metalor (receive prominent herei) Carlos Villegasvii with legal Rome, Dubai 20% of gold)xv Valle del Cauca documents Department Medellin: EJL Ingeniera Exporters: (play UAE: Risaralda Department – Ltdacitation needed Corrupt crucial role by Kaloti xvi Quinchia Dimco – CEO: Sebastian politicians/judges introducing illegal Guainia department Ospinaviii allow for illegal gold into legal Italy: Tolima Department – transport/don’t market) Italpreziosixvi La Colusa Pereira: Torres & Torres prosecute Goldexxiii North Santander – CEO: Noberto Torresix Giraldo y Duquexiv India Department Gramalote Most exporters Cauca Department Smuggled INTO based in Medellin, Suarez Colombia from: closer to mines Amazonas Department Venezuelaxi Caqueta Department Panamaxi Cordoba Department Mexicoxi Huila Department Chilex Santander Department Narino Department Issues: Huila Department Extortion by Putumayo Department criminal/armed groups Fake intermediaries and ASM: front companies supply Drug traffickers, illegal gold terrorist organizations, Paramilitary groups ~80% of gold exportedii

LSM: Canadian: Aticoiii; Gran Colombia; Continental Goldiii; Colombian Mines Corporation; Bateroiii; B2Goldiii; Sunward Resources; Bellhaven; Eco Oroiii; Seafieldiii; Red Eagle Miningiii

Colombian: Mineros SA, Minincol, Torrebruma & Realmonte (both owned by Piedro Rengel) citation needed

South African: AngloGold Ashanti (ASA)

DRC: Illicit Mining Locations: Illicit Gold Market *Airport: Uganda: *Refiners: Swiss North Kivu Locations: New CongoCom Kampalaxxiii, UAE: Dubai Banks: Eastern: Ping North Kivu: Air (owner Evariste Ariwaracitation needed UBSxxviii; North Kivu Lubero Manguredjipa Shamamba) Switzerland Credit South Kivu Beni Kasugho Suissexxviii Katanga Rutshuru Bunyatenge *Border Crossings: Burundi: mostly sent to Maniema Walikale Ndjingala Uvira → Bujumburaxxiii UAE, but some UAE: Mubi Bujumbura, may still go to Dubai Orientale South Kivu Kibua Burundi South Sudan: Juba Switzerland souksxxviii Province: Shabunda Butembo Ituri Kalehe Goma Bungana → Kisoro, Tanzania: Kigoma, Others linked to Users: Mwenga Rwanda Dar Es Salaam DRC illicit gold: Banksxxviii Fizi South Kivu: Almalyk Mining Electronic Mulungu *Exporters by Rwanda: Kisoroxxiii and sxxviii Maniema Bukavu location: Metallurgical Dentistry Punia Uvira Kinshasa: Kenyaxxi Complex; xxviii Lubutu SatisRessources Asaka Riken Co Jewelersx Maiko National Park Maniema: Centauris *Airport: Ltd.; xviii Salambila Metal Aurum Entebbe Airport, Bangko Sentral Katanga Bikenge Eda Velma Ugandaxxii ng Pilipinas; India & Kalemie Caridad; China: Mitwaba Ituri: Bukavu: Exporter, Sibtein Cendres & A Pweto Djalasigaxviii DTA Alibhai – Métaux SA; significant Maelmba Aruxviii Mining Congo considered to be a Chugai Mining; amount of Nkulu Namukaya key channel Colt Refining; manufactur Manono *Trading Companies: Cavichi behind illicit gold Daejin Indus Co. ing is done Ituri Farrel Trade & exports from Ltd; in India and Irumu Investment Corporation Kisangani: Africa and Dubai. DaeryongENC; China for Mambasa & Metal Arum Owns AR Gold, Do Sung Corp.; sale to Armed Groups in Machanga Ltd. (both Centauris Alfa Gold (DRC), FSE Novosibirsk jewelry control of mining sites: owned by Rajendra Vaya Eda Velma Alfa Gold Corp Refinery; manufactur Kumar. His trading Divas (Dubai) & Alfa Hwasung CJ Co. ers and North Kivu: associates are Jigar Butembo: Gems Corp Ltd.; retailers in FARDC; Kumar, Jamnadas Glory Minerals (Mozambique)xxiii Inner Mongolia the US and FDLR; (Leader: Sylvestre Vasanji Lodhia and his Qiankun Gold Europe.xxv Mudacumura); son Kunal); Bunia: and Silver Mai Mai/Sheka aka NDC Ntahangwa Mining MetauxPrecieux Refinery Share (Leader: Sheka Ntabo (Burundi - owned by Co. Ltd.; Ntaberi); Mutoka Ruganyira); Silver Minerals (Uganda *Exporters tied to Jiangxi Copper South Kivu: owned by Madadali DRC gold: Company Ltd.; FARDC; Sultanali Piran); Mineral Korea Metal Co. Raïa Mutomboki; Impex Uganda Uganda: Ltd.; Mai Mai Yakutumba; (associated with Westcorp Kyrgyzaltyn JSC; FDLR Rajendra Vaya Kumar); Miningxxii; Lingbao Jinyuan Mining Congo; Treasure Highland Tonghui Refinery Katanga: Cavesxxii Co. Ltd.; FRPI *Trading Companies: Kenya: Moscow Special FARDC Glory Mineralsxx; Skyhawk Alloys Processing Mai Mai Bakata AR Gold - (owned by International Plant; Katanga Sibtein Alibhai)xix xx; Ltd.xxii; Etablissement Ushindi Exports Others linked to Maniema: Namukaya aka Ltd.xxii DRC illicit gold: FARDC; Congocom (owned by Burundi: Navoi Mining Mai-Mai Simba Evariste Shamamba)xvii Berkenrode and (General Mando) Midas All Minerals (owned by Mutoka Metallurgical (owned by Sameer Ruganyira who is Combinant; Ituri: Bhimji)xviii associated with OJSC Kolyma FRPI Rajendra Kumar) Refinery; FARDC Conflict-Free Trading xxii; Prioksky Plant of Mai Mai Bakata companies: Golden Gold Non-Ferrous Katanga Banro Corporationxxi; (owner- Karim Metals; AngloGold Ashanti/ Somji, exports on Sabin Metal Randgold Resourcesxix behalf of AR Gold, Corp; owner - Sibtein SAMWON Alibhai) xxii; METALS Corp.; SCEEMB xxii; So Accurate Ntahangwa Mining Group, Inc.; xxii; SOE Shyolkovsky Etablissement Factory of Jean-Jbeilixx Secondary Precious Metals; The Great Wall of Gold and Silver Refinery of China; Tongling nonferrous Metals Goup Co., Ltd; Torecomxxiv

Ghana: Regions *Traders: Transport: *Official export Switzerland: Unknown Kyebi Greater Accra: Kotoka data: PAMPxxxix; Note: East Region Ghana Gold Trading International Switzerland Metalorxxxix Uses: Ghana’s Offin River Centerxxix Airport (exporting (69%)xxxv Banksxxxix; gold belt Central Region Jopaf Gold Limitedxxx; gold without India (25%) xxxviii UAE: Jewelersxx encompass Birim River Ghana Gold Purexxxiii; official Australia (4.8%) Kaloti Jewelry xix; es the Kibi Township Soda Icexxxiii; documentation is xxxviii Internationalxxxix; Electronic Eastern Africa Gold Brokers daily United States Emirates Goldxxxix sxxxix portion of Towns Consult Ltd.xxxiii; occurrence)xxxiii (0.5%) xxxviii the Dunkwa-on-Offin Commerz General Ghana South Africa: country, Twifo Praso Ltd.xxxiii; Ghana Imports Randgoldxxxix cities Bempong Agya Deco Metal Miners Gold from: include: Appiah Ghana Ltd.xxxiii; Guinea (98%)xxxvii India: Bolgatanga Nikwanta EMCIP Towers Ltd.xxxiii; Benin (1.6%)xxxiv Kundanxxxvi , Wa, Cape Kyekyewere Harbour Equity Partners Coast, Diaso (exports to US Accra, Bawdie market)xxxiii; Sunyani, Bibiani Impex Gold Company Kumasi, Tarkwa Ltd. (buys direct from Sekondi- Obuasi local miners, local kings Takoradi Prestea and authorities)xxxiii; Dumasi Jopaf Gold Limited (buy Mines: Jacobu from small scale miners, export to US, Japan, Ashanti Government owned: Korea, Australia, UK, Goldfields’ PMMC – POSSIBLE good Switzerland, France, Obuasi pressure point due to Israel)xxxiii; mine control of other Karmans Holdings produces companies Ltdxxxiii; over 50% Keegan Resourcesxxxiii; of Ghana’s *Smaller Companies: West Africa Precious gold Geodrill Ltd.; Metals (WAPMIDA)xxxiii; Hagnela Mining Niza Mining Groupxxxiii; Other Company Ltd.; Kwalas Spongy Goldxxxiii mining Mining Enterprise; sites: La Source Ashanti: Nkroful, Development, Nana Obausidia Gold Mining Ashanti Adaku Adai Mining Limitedxxxiii; Iduapriem, Group, Red Back Maxcue Company Bibiani, Mining, Adamus, Ltd.xxxiii Nsutu, Chirano, Ghana Tarkwa, Manganese, Goldfields, Kumasi: Bogoso, Golden Star, Newmont, Solid Rock GH Ltd.xxxiii Akyempim, Perseus Kenyasi, Kasoa: Brong Issues: Christian Quaoxxxiii Ahafo, 90% of Ghana’s gold New mines are not Nkwakaw: Abirem, formalized and operate Purity Gold Limitedxxxiii Ayanfuri, illegallyxxvi Nkwakaw Tarkwa: Police corruption – Mospacka Gold Ltd.xxxiii being paid off by illegal minersxxviiadditional citation Unknown: needed E-Aryeetey Enterprise xxxiii Only Ghanaians can get Kobiprime Enterprises licenses for small-scale xxxiii gold mining  Tension between local people Four largest exporters: and foreign workers AA Mineralsxxxiv can lead to violencexxviii Asankaxxxiv Asap Vasaxxxiv Guldrestxxxiv

Many gold buying agents loan galamseys money/equipmentxxxi

PMMC (has about 700 licenses buying agents)– no procedures around human right criteria when buyingxxxii

Peru Mining Towns: Trade Center: Lima, Peru (air); *Official export *Refiners: Unknown Madre de Dios Cusco Callao, Peru (sea) dataxliv: US Puno South Africa (45%) Atomic Goldxlix; Uses: Arequipaxxxvii Trade Companies under Airports: UAE (27%) Republic Metals Banks investigation: Jorge Chávez Switzerland (21%) Corp.xlix; Jewelers *Mining companies: Minera Tambopata Airport, Lima Hong Kong (2.8%) NTR Metals xlix; Electronic Empresa Minera SACxliv; Netherlands (2.3%) Kaloti Metals & s Especial Tintayaxli; Minerales del Surxliv; Madre de Dios Lebanon (1.3%) Logisticxlix Suwit Mining Information-stelle Peru Airport Turkey (.93%) Companyxli; e.V.xliv; India (.73%) Canada Hydrocarbonsxxxviii; E&M Company SAC: Highways & Johnson (Owned by Miguel Border crossings Matthey xlix In some areas, Russian, Zinanyuca)xliv; for smuggling: Chinese and Brazilian Universal Metal Trading Interoceanic Italy armed groups purchase (Director: Luis Zavaleta Highway; Italpreziosi Vargas)xliv; S.p.A.xlix concessions and force AS Peru & CIA SACxliv; Highway from individuals to work.xxxix Akam Assetxliv; Altiplano in Puno Switzerland Menor Gold Tradingxliv; to Bolivia.xliii Valcambi xlix; Individuals involved in Los Poderososxliv; Argor-Heraeus illicit mining: Royal Goldxliv; xlix; Oleg Lipin: owner of Oro Finoxliv; PAMP (owner: Empresa Minera y de Giovanni Goldxli; MKS)xlix; Servicios Suwit S.A.C.xliii; Empresa Metalorxlv Gregoria Casas & Casas- Comercializadora de Baca family xliii; Minerales Riveroxliv xlv; Yi Yuanguang xliii; C.G. Koeningxliv xlv; and Mining & Energy David Ebenezer-George Solutionsxliv xlv, Holding Boissonxl Minero del Peruxliv xlv; Ares Gold xliv xlii

i Michael Lohmuller. “Arrests Point to Urabenos’ Evolving Role in Colombia’s Illegal Mining.” Insight Crime, December 7, 2015; insightcrime.org/news- briefs/arrests-point-to-urabenos-evolving-role-colombia-illegal-mining [Accessed March 1, 2016] ii Groups include: FARC, led by El Paisa; ELN; Los Urabenos gang, Rastrojos drug trafficking and paramilitary organization iii “Placing Bets on Colombia.” Mining.com, May 20, 2013; mining.com/web/placing-bets-on-colombia/ [Accessed April 21, 2016] iv TradeKey, “PraxIt Ltd.,” 2016; tradekey.com/company/PraxIT-Ltd-5094170.html [Accessed March 21, 2016] v TradeKey, “NAESK PRD,” 2016; tradekey.com/company/NAESK-PLC-6305459.html [Accessed March 21, 2016] vi TradeKey, “Ro Ma Commodities,” 2016; tradekey.com/company/RO-MA-COMMODITIES-5121820.html [Accessed March 21, 2016] vii Go for World Business, “Villegas y Sia,” 2016; colombia.go4worldbusiness.com/search/memberdetails.asp?objid=97037&objtype=ID [Accessed March 21, 2016] viii TradeKey, “DIMCO,” 2016; tradekey.com/company/dimco-873473.html [Accessed March 21, 2016] ix TradeKey, “Torres and Torres Ltd.,” 2016; tradekey.com/company/Torres-amp-Torres-LTDA-3566127.html [Accessed March 21, 2016] x Andrew Willis. “Gold Trading Firm Probed in Colombia Cocaine Laundering Case.” Bloomberg, May 26, 2016; bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05- 23/gold-traders-investigated-in-colombian-cocaine-laundering [Access March 1, 2016] xi Fabiola Torres Lopez. “Ecaudor’s dirty gold is transported to the US on commercial flights.” Ecuador Review, September 1, 2015; ecuadorreview.com/in-depth-ecuador/investigations/ecuadors-dirty-gold-is-transported-to-the-us-on-commercial-flights/ [March 21, 2016] xii The Observatory of Economic Complexity, “Colombia,” 2016; atlas.media.mit.edu/it/profile/country/col/ [Accessed March 1, 2016]

xiii Elyssia Pachio. “Crime Ring Laundered $1 Billion in Colombia Gold Exports.” Insight Crime, January 19, 2015; insightcrime.org/news-briefs/crime- ring-laundered-a-billion-in-colombia-gold-exports [Accessed March 1, 2016] xiv James Bargent and Michael Norby. “Blood gold: from conflict zones in Colombia to jewelry stores in the US.” Al Jazeera, November 18, 2015; america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/11/18/blood-gold-colombia.html [Accessed March 1, 2016] xv Oscar Castilla C., Nelly Luna Amancio and Fabiola Torres Lopez. “Tracing Latin America’s Illegal Gold to the US.” Insight Crime, August 5, 2015; insightcrime.org/news-analysis/tracing-colombia-bolivia-ecuador-illegal-gold-to-us [Accessed March 21, 2016] xvi Ibid. xvii Ruben de Koning and the Enough Team, “Striking Gold: How M23 and its allies are infiltrating Congo’s gold trade,” Enough Project, October 2013; enoughproject.org/files/StrikingGold-M23-andAllies-Infiltrating-Congo-Gold-Trade.pdf [Accessed April 1, 2016] xviii Southern African Resource Watch (SARW). “Congo’s Golden Web: the people, companies and countries that profit from the illegal trade in Congolese gold,” SARW and OSISA, May 2014; sarwatch.org/sites/ sarwatch.org/files/Publications_docs/congogold3web.pdf [Accessed April 1, 2016] xix Badilemba, F. & Lezhnev, S. Enough Project, “Congo’s Conflict Gold Rush” 202015%20Congo%20Conflict%20Gold%20Rush%20reduced.pdf [Accessed March 1, 2016] xx Partnership Africa Canada, “All that Glitters is Not Gold” xxi Ruben de Koning and the Enough Team, “Striking Gold: How M23 and its allies are infiltrating Congo’s gold trade,” Enough Project, October 2013; enoughproject.org/files/StrikingGold-M23-andAllies-Infiltrating-Congo-Gold-Trade.pdf [Accessed March 21, 2016] xxii Partnership Africa Canada, “All that Glitters is Not Gold” xxiii Badilemba, F. & Lezhnev, S. Enough Project, “Congo’s Conflict Gold Rush” xxiii Partnership Africa Canada, “All that Glitters is Not Gold” xxiv KEMET, “Conflict Minerals Disclosure,” Rep. Washington, DC: United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2015. Print. xxvEnough Team. “From Child Miner to Jewelry Store: The Six Steps of Congo's Conflict Gold,” Rep. Enough Project. Enough Project, March 27, 2016. xxvi “Going for Gold – Short Documentary about Ghana’s illegal mining.” September 28, 2014. youtube.com/watch?v=GxonRUAGc0I xxvii Ibid. xxviii “The price of gold: Chinese mining in Ghana documentary – The Guardian Investigates.” YouTube, April 24, 2013. youtube.com/watch?v=ohrrE1rjzLo. xxix “Ghana Gold Trading Center.” Facebook. facebook.com/Ghana-GOLD-Trading-Center-177041745684336/. xxxbusinessghana.com/portal/directory/index.php?op=getSubDirectoryContents&category=Gold%20Mining&cat_id=14&subcategory=Gold%20Mining &id=136 xxxi Human Rights Watch, “Precious Metal, Cheap Labor” xxxii Ibid. xxxiii “Gold smuggling spikes as GRA seizes $18m worth of the commodity.” GhanaWeb, February 22, 2016. ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Gold-smuggling-spikes-as-GRA-seizes-18m-worth-of-the-commodity-417690. xxxiv The Observatory of Economic Complexity, “Ghana,” 2016; atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gha/ [Accessed April 1, 2016] xxxv Ibid. xxxvi Human Rights Watch, “Precious Metal, Cheap Labor” xxxvii Wells, Miriam. "Breaking Down the Chain of Illegal Gold in Peru." Insight Crime, October 2013; insightcrime.org/news-analysis/breaking-down- the-chain-of-illegal-peruvian-gold [Accessed February 10, 2016]

xxxviii Carlson, Olivia, et al. "Land and Livelihoods: NGOs, Conflict, and Extraction in Peru," 2015; https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33277 [Accessed March 11, 2016] xxxix Verite, "From the Field: Behind the Scenes of the Gold Report." September 2013; verite.org/vision/september2013/fromthefield [Accessed February 27, 2016] xl Society for Threatened Peoples (STP), “The responsibility of the gold refineries in human rights violation and illegal activities in Peru.” xli Society for Threatened Peoples (STP), “The responsibility of the gold refineries in human rights violation and illegal activities in Peru.” xlii Chase, Rachel. "Authorities Confiscate US$18 Million of Illegal Gold in Peru." Peru This Week. Living in Peru, January 8, 2014; peruthisweek.com/news-authorities-confiscate-us18-million-of-illegal-gold-in-peru-101923 [Accessed March 1, 2016] xliii JKC de Courcy, "REGION: Arrival of the Metal-smuggling Cartels?," Courcy’s Intelligence, January 2014; courcyint.com/component/k2/item/59291- arrival-of-the-metal-smuggling-cartels [Accessed March 21, 2016] xliv Ibid. xlv Society for Threatened Peoples (STP), “The responsibility of the gold refineries in human rights violation and illegal activities in Peru.”