Going for Gold a Unit of Work for 14 to 16-Year-Olds by Dr

Going for gold a unit of work for 14 to 16-year-olds by Dr. Grant Kleeman Macquarie University, Sydney

CONTENTS Overview of the unit and rationale Introduction Preparation and introductory activities Activity 1: Factors affecting sporting success in Olympic competition Activity Resource Sheet D1: Factors affecting sporting success in Olympic competition Activity Resource Sheet D2: The Summer Olympics—a truly global event • Table 1: Top five gold medal-winning nations 1988 to 2004 • Figure 2A: Number of countries participating in the Summer Olympic Games 1968 to 2004 • Figure 2B: Number of athletes participating in the Summer Olympic Games 1968 to 2004 • Figure 2C: Number of sporting events contested in the Summer Olympic Games 1968 to 2004 • Figure 3: Changing Summer Olympic Games gold medal distribution 1988 to 2004 Activity Resource Sheet D3: The relationship between gold medal tally and population size • Figure 4: Population and gold medal distribution by continent, Athens 2004 • Table 2: Top 10 gold medal-winning countries adjusted for population, Athens 2004 • Figure 5: Semi-logarithmic scatter graph showing the relationship between gold medal tally and population, Athens 2004 Activity Resource Sheet D4: The relationship between gold medal tally and relative wealth • Figure 6: The relationship between Gross Domestic Product PPP per capita and the number of gold medals won (by region), Athens 2004 Olympic Games • Table 3: Top 10 gold medal-winning countries adjusted for GNI PPP per capita, Athens 2004 • Figure 7: Semi-logarithmic scatter graph showing the relationship between gold medal tally and GDP PPP per capita, Athens 2004 Activity Resource Sheet D5: Student tasks Drawing the lessons together and ideas for follow-up and assessment Activity Resource Sheet D6: Supplementary data

Going for gold Dr. Grant Kleeman Macquarie University, Sydney

Overview Introduction In this activity we focus on global inequalities in While the International Olympic Committee sporting achievement as measured by the medal (IOC) discourages the ranking of countries tally at successive Summer Olympic Games— according to the number of medals won at either Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, and now, Beijing 2008. the Summer or Winter Olympic Games, many In doing so we have an opportunity to develop our media organisations seek to turn the games into understanding of global inequalities and practice a an international contest by publishing daily tallies range of geographical skills including: the of medals won. These data are now readily interpretation of column and line graphs, available on the internet. SPORTS GEOGRAPHY choropleth maps, proportional circle graphs, pie graphs and semi-logarithmic graphs. The competition between nations for Olympic glory reached a peak during the Cold War when Rationale the Olympic Games became a defacto Geographers have always been interested in the battleground for the competing ideologies of spatial patterns that occur across the earth’s capitalism and communism. During this era vast surface. Of particular interest are the enormous resources were poured into sporting programs by 1 variations in the quality of life experienced by some countries with the goal being greater THE BEIJING GAMES people living in different parts of the world. In international recognition and prestige through trying to understand and explain these differences, sporting success. Constructing such medal tallies is countries are often classified as either ‘developed’ not, however, as straightforward as it might seem. or ‘developing’. Geographers use a range of Simply adding up and publishing the number of ‘indicators’ to classify countries using these medals won by specific countries ignores the great categories. These indicators include Gross National variations in the populations from which winning Income (GNI) per capita, the United Nation’s athletes are drawn and wealth available to support Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, and promote sporting achievement. fertility rates, infant mortality, access to clean water and sanitation, and a range of health and In crude terms, the United States came out on top education-related indicators. These data, compiled at the 2004 Athens games, with 36 gold medals, by various international bodies, can be mapped to followed by China (32) and Russia (27) (see Table identify spatial patterns or graphed to determine 1). Obviously, countries with large populations relationships between individual indicators. tend to do well because the sheer weight of numbers inevitably produces athletes with The question at the core of this activity is the extent exceptional ability. There are, of course, always to which sporting success, as measured by the exceptions to this generalisation. Australia, with medal tally at an Olympic Games, is related to a only 21 million people, was ranked fourth with 17 nation’s population and/or level of development or gold medals while India with a population of a wealth. billion won just a single silver medal. The Bahamas—with fewer than 300,000 people—came Key questions include: out well ahead on a population per medal basis, • Which countries and regions of the world are followed by Norway, Australia, Hungary and Cuba the most successful in winning medals at the (see Table 2). The USA ranked 34th, Russia 23rd, Summer Olympic Games? the UK 29th, Canada 37th and China 51st. So • Do countries with larger populations win more population size alone is not a good predictor of medals? Olympic success. The relationship between gold • Do the world’s developed countries win more medal tallies and population size is examined in medals than developing countries? Table 2 and Figure 5.

What about wealth then? Modern sport requires a account cost of living differences between the lot of expensive infrastructure—stadiums, wealthy and the less well off but which does not swimming pools, velodromes, etc—in order for penalise large developing countries. It also national success to be achieved. accommodates the different performances between the wealthy countries. So while athletes from developing countries find success on the track, especially in middle and This approach reveals a number of interesting long-distance running dominated by countries results. China, rather than the USA, tops the such as Ethiopia and Kenya, there were few non- medal tally—the country’s immense population European athletes wining medals in the pool or in size more than compensating for its relatively low canoeing, cycling, equestrian, fencing, rowing, income. Cuba’s modest population size (11.4 shooting and yachting events. million) and relatively low income highlights what an achievement its nine gold, seven silver and On the other hand, Asian competitors tend to eleven bronze medals - mostly won in Olympic dominate in some sports, especially badminton boxing - really is. The same goes for Ethiopia (2 and table tennis, and the various martial arts gold) and Kenya (1 gold). The gold medal haul of disciplines such as judo and archery. Even in this USA (36) and Australia (17) remains impressive instance it tends to be the industrialised Asian by any measure and demonstrates the extent to nations of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan that which a national obsession with sporting dominate. achievement can fuel Olympic success.

While there does appear to be a link between Preparation and introductory activities 2 wealth and the distribution of medals there are, Before beginning this study students should be again, some notable exemptions. Switzerland, one familiar with a range of development related of the world’s wealthiest countries, could only concepts including development, spatial manage a single gold medal, while tiny inequality, infrastructure, purchasing power per Luxembourg, which enjoys the world’s highest per capita and demography, and possess a general capita national income, could not manage a awareness of the global pattern of social and

SPORTS GEOGRAPHYSPORTS THE BEIJING GAMES medal of any type. Then there are those countries economic wellbeing. This awareness can be which excel in winter sports rather than those achieved by having students study atlas maps featured in the Summer Olympics. The showing a range of development related indicators relationship between gold medal tallies and including: GNI per capita, the UN’s Human national (and regional) wealth is examined in Development Index (an index combining Figures 6 and 7, and in Table 3. indicators of real purchasing power, education, and health), life expectancy, total fertility, infant One way of taking into account both population mortality, education, access to clean water and size and income is to divide the number of medals sanitation and human rights, including the status won by national income per head, when adjusted of women and minorities. for purchasing power parity (PPP). Students also need to consider the factors likely to So how can we tell who has done well, adjusted for affect sporting success in the Olympic Games. This size and income? Just dividing medals by total can be achieved by having the class complete the national income does not say much, because that following activity: does not account for population size. One answer is to use national income per head, adjusted for Activity purchasing power parity. This is the measure of Study Figure 1. As a class, discuss the factors the relative purchasing power of different affecting sporting success in Olympic competition. countries’ currencies for the same types of goods Can you identify any additional factors? Which of and services. the factors listed do you think are the most important? Be prepared to justify your choice. When we divide the number of gold medals won The data required for the activities included with by an country’s individual national income, we this study are presented on the following pages. establish a point of comparison that takes into

Activity Resource Sheet D1: Factors affecting sporting success in Olympic competition

Figure 1: Factors affecting sporting success in Olympic competition

Resources: The financial resources available to Climate: Cold climate countries dominate the support athletes and provide training and Winter Olympics, but do not feature so competition venues. These can be provided by prominently when it comes to the medal tally at governments and/or the corporate sector the Summer Olympic Games. Temperate and through grants, sponsorship agreements warm climates favour other sports. For example, and donations. Australia’s strength in swimming and other water-based sports can, at least in part, be explained by the country’s climate and beach culture

SPORTS GEOGRAPHY The race for Olympic gold

National identity: The relationship between Culture: Some sports are closely linked to the sport and national identity is, in some instances, culture of a particular nation or region. For very strong. Americans and Australians, for example, table tennis is closely associated with 3 example, are often seen as being sports China, basketball and baseball with the USA, THE BEIJING GAMES obsessed. The sporting culture of such countries swimming with Australia and the USA, boxing is seen as being central to the way its people see with Cuba, gymnastics with Eastern European themselves collectively and portray their society countries, and long-distance running with to the world Ethiopia and Kenya.

Table 1: Top five gold medal-winning nations 1988 to 2004

Seoul 1988 Barcelona 1992 Atlanta 1996 Sydney 2000 Athens 2004 Beijing 2008

1 USSR Russia* USA USA USA 2 East Germany USA Russia Russia China

3 USA Germany Germany China Russia

4 South Korea China China Australia Australia 5West Germany Cuba France Germany Japan

* competing as the Unified Team (former USSR)

Activity Resource Sheet D2: The Summer Olympics—a truly global event

Figure 2A: Number of countries participating in the Figure 2B: Numbers of athletes participating in the Summer Olympic Games, 1968 to 2004 Summer Olympic Games, 1968 to 2004

Number of participating countries Number of participating athletes 250 12000

200 10000

8000 150

6000 100 4000

50 2000 Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 Montreal 1976 Moscow 1980 Los Angeles 1984 Seoul 1988 Barcelona 1992 Atlanta 1996 Sydney 2000 Athens 2004 Beijing 2008

4 Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 Montreal 1976 Moscow 1980 Los Angeles 1984 Seoul 1988 Barcelona 1992 Atlanta 1996 Sydney 2000 Athens 2004 Beijing 2008 0 0

SPORTS GEOGRAPHYSPORTS THE BEIJING GAMES Figure 2C: Number of sporting events contested in the Figure 3: Changing Summer Olympic Games gold Summer Olympic Games, 1968 to 2004 medal distribution, 1988 to 2004

Share of gold medals Number of won by athletes from the Number of gold events contested top 5 medal-winning countries medal-winning countries per cent per cent 350 70 60

300

250 60 50

200 50 40 150

100 40 30

50 Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 Montreal 1976 Moscow 1980 Los Angeles 1984 Seoul 1988 Barcelona 1992 Atlanta 1996 Sydney 2000 Athens 2004 Beijing 2008 0 30 20 Seoul Barcelona Atlanta Sydney Athens Beijing 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Activity Resource Sheet D3: Relationship between gold medal tally and population size

Figure 4: Population and gold medal distribution by continent, Athens 2004 Western Asia Central America & Caribbean South Central Asia South America Western Asia Oceania South East Asia Africa North America Central America & Caribbean South America South Central Asia

Oceania SPORTS GEOGRAPHY South East Asia Europe North America Europe East Asia

Africa East Asia 5

THE BEIJING GAMES

Total population = 6,625 million Total number of gold medals awarded = 301

Source: International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Population Bureau, World Population Data Sheet 2007.

Table 2: Top 10 gold medal-winning countries adjusted for population, Athens 2004

Rank Country Number of Population per gold medal gold medals (’000) 1 Bahamas 1 317 2 Norway 5 910

3 Australia 17 1,186

4 Hungary 8 1,229 5 Cuba 9 1,258

6 New Zealand 3 1,301

7 Jamaica 2 1,339 8 Greece 6 1,827

9 Sweden 4 2,222

10 Georgia 2 2,537

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 30 August 2004

2500.00

China

1000.00

500.00

USA

250.00

Indonesia

Brazil

Russia

Japan

key

100.00

Ethiopia

Tur

Germany

Egypt

Iran

United Kingdom

Italy

Thailand

France

Spain

50.00

Argentina

South Korea

6 South Africa

Poland

Ukraine

Kenya

Morocco

Canada

25.00

Uzbekistan

Romania

Population (millions)

Australia

Chile Taiwan

Netherlands

SPORTS GEOGRAPHYSPORTS THE BEIJING GAMES

Cuba

Greece

Belarus

10.00

Austria

Sweden

Az Do

Hungary

Il Ch

Bulgaria

Slovakia

UAE

Denmark

5.00

Norway

Croatia

Georgia

New Zealand

Lithuania

Jamaica

2.50

1.00

0.50

Country codes UAE = United Arab Emirates Il = Israel Ch = Switzerland Az = Azerbaijan Do = Dominican Republic Cz = Czech Republic Be = Belgium Zw = Zimbabwe Kz = Kazhakstan Cm = Cameroon

Bahamas

0.25

0.10

Activity Resource Sheet D3: Relationship between gold medal tally and population size Figure 5: Semi-logarithmic scatter graph showing the relationship between gold medal tally and population, Athens 2004

Gold medal tally

asing power parity)

SPORTS GEOGRAPHY

THE BEIJING GAMES

PPP per capita or relative wealth and the number of gold medals won (by region), Athens 2004 Olympic Games

t and World Population Bureau: World Population Data Sheet World Population Bureau: t and World

ogram: Human Development Repor

Activity Resource Sheet D4: Relationship between gold medal tally and relative wealth (GDP per capita in US$ adjusted for purch Figure 6: Relationship between Gross Domestic Product

Source: IOC, United Nations Development Pr

Table 3: Top 10 gold medal-winning countries adjusted for GNI PPP per capita, Athens 2004

Rank Country Number of gold medals 1 China 32 2 Russia 27 3 Ethiopia 2 4 Kenya 1 5 Ukraine 9 6 Uzbekistan 2 7 Romania 8 8 USA 36 9 Brazil 5 10 Georgia 2

Figure 7: Semi-logarithmic scatter graph showing the relationship between gold medal tally and GDP PPP per capita, Athens 2004

40 8 USA 35 Key to country codes Az = Azerbaijan Kz = Kazhakstan China Do = Dominican Republic 30 Bu = Bukgaria SA = South Africa SPORTS GEOGRAPHYSPORTS THE BEIJING GAMES Cr = Croatia Li = Lithuania Russia Cz = Czech Republic 25 UAE = United Arab Emirates Be = Belgium

Australia Japan 15

Germany

France 10 Italy Cuba Ukraine South Korea United Romania Hungary Kingdom

Greece 5 Brazil Norway New Sweden Netherlands Thailand Thailand Zealand Spain Spain Jamaica Ethiopia Canada Ethiopia Uzbekistan Georgia Iran Chile Slovakia Taiwan Belarus Bu Austria Kenya Indonesia Kz Argentina Cz UAE Be Denmark SA Li Switzerland 0 Zimbabwe Cameroon Az Egypt Do Cr Bahamas Israel 200 5001000 2000 5000 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 GDP per capita US$ PPP (adjusted for purchasing power parity) Source: IOC, United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report and World Population Bureau: World Population Data Sheet

Activity Resource Sheet D5: Student tasks

1. Study Figures 2a–c and then complete the c. Describe the nature of the relationship between following tasks: gold medal tally and population. Suggest a. Outline the trend in the number of countries possible reasons for this relationship. Is the competing in the Summer Olympic Games correlation relatively strong or weak? since 1968. As a class discuss the possible reasons for the trend identified. 5. Study Figure 6 and then complete the following b. Use the internet to investigate the boycotts of tasks: the Montreal and Moscow Olympics. Write a a. With the aid of an atlas identify those regions of paragraph outlining the reasons for each of the the world with GDP PPP per capita greater than boycotts. US$10,000. c. Using data from the graphs, describe the trends b. With the aid of an atlas identify those regions of in the number of participating athletes and the the world with GDP PPP per capita of less than number of sporting events contested at the US$1,000. Summer Olympic Games between 1968 and c. Estimate the number of gold medals won by 2004. the countries of: i. North America. SPORTS GEOGRAPHY 2. Study Figure 3. Outline the trends in the number ii. East Asia. of gold medal-winning countries and the share of iii.Western Europe. gold medals won by athletes from the top five iv. Oceania. medal-winning countries between 1988 and 2004. v. Africa. As a class discuss the possible reasons for the vi. South America. trends identified. d. Drawing on your answers to tasks 5a–5c, describe the relationship between the gold 3. Study Figure 4 and then complete the following medal tally and the general pattern of wealth 9

tasks: (as measured by GNP PPP per capita) for the THE BEIJING GAMES a. State the percentage of gold medals won by regions identified. European athletes in 2004. b. State the percentage of the world’s population 6. Study Figure 7 and then complete the following that lives in Europe. tasks: c. State the percentage of gold medals were won a. Draw a ‘line of best fit’ on Figure 7. There by athletes from South Central Asia in 2004. should be approximately equal numbers of d. State the percentage of the world’s population countries above and below the line. that lives in South Central Asia. b. Identify at least three countries that fit into the e. Identify those regions of the world that win a following patterns: share of gold medals greater than its relative i. Large GDP PPP per capita, many gold medals. share of the world’s population. ii. Medium GDP PPP per capita, many gold f. Identify those regions of the world that win a medals won. share of gold medals smaller than its relative iii.Low GDP PPP per capita, many gold medals share of the world’s population. won. g. What do the answers to tasks 3a–3f suggest iv. Large GDP PPP per capita, few medals won. about the relationship between Olympic v. Identify at least three countries that did success and population at the regional scale? better than you might expect, i.e. those countries that lie above the line of ‘best fit’. 4. Study Figure 5 and then answer then complete vi. Identify at least three countries that did the following tasks: worse than you might expect, i.e those a. Draw a ‘line of best fit’ on Figure 5. There countries that lie below the line of ‘best fit’. should be approximately equal numbers of c. Describe the nature of the relationship between countries above and below the line. gold medal tally and wealth (as measured by b. Identify at least three countries that fit into the GNI PPP per capita). Is the correlation following patterns: relatively strong or weak? i. Large population, many gold medals ii. Medium population, many gold medals won 7. Study Table 1, 2 and 3. Compare the countries iii.Small population, many gold medals won. listed in Tables 2 and 3 with those in Table 1 iv. Large population, few medal won. and then consider the following questions: v. Identify at least three countries that did a. Are there any countries which appear in better than you might expect, i.e. those more than one ranking? countries that lie above the line of best fit. b. Which do you consider the most appropriate vi. Identify at least three countries that did method for ranking countries? Be prepared worse than you might expect, i.e those to justify your choice. countries that lie below the line of best fit.

Drawing the lesson together Extension activity 4 Having completed these activities students This activity will suit older or more able students, should be able to identify the countries and particularly those who work quickly with handling regions of the world that are the most successful data. Hand out Activity Resource Sheet D6: in wining medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Supplementary data. Organise students in groups of They should be able to respond in an informed two to three and tell them that you would like them way to the suggestion that countries with larger to do the following: populations and greater wealth win more gold 1. Devise two hypotheses that will test the medals. They should, however, also appreciate relationship between any two of the variables in that there are dangers in making sweeping the table, i.e. gold medal tally, GDP per capita generalisations regarding the relationship (US$ PPP) and population. between Olympic success and factors such as 2. Produce scatter graphs, complete with lines of population size and wealth. There are, as noted best fit, to illustrate the relationships. in the Introduction, some important exceptions 3. Using these graphs, test whether the hypotheses to this generalisation. It should also be apparent are accepted or not. that the gold medal domination of the traditional 4. Write up the investigation individually using sporting ‘superpowers’ has waned at little since these headings—aim of the investigation, the 1960s and that the world’s changing political method used, presentation of results and geography is mirrored in Olympic competition. conclusion. 5. Consider what other data might help to find out Ideas for follow-up more about testing your hypotheses further. Extension activity 1 10 Access the International Olympic Committee Ideas for assessment (IOC) website following the Beijing Games and Students can be assessed on their ability to interpret add the relevant data to the tables and graphs the types of graphs and maps included in this included in this study. Using GDP per capita US$ Olympic Games-based activity. Teachers can also PPP data from the UN Human Development Report generate additional questions using the stimulus 2007–08, construct your own semi-logarithmic material featured.

SPORTS GEOGRAPHYSPORTS THE BEIJING GAMES graph using Figure 5 or Figure 7 as a model. Having completed these tasks, determine Questioning, discussion and written tasks can be whether the trends identified in this study are used to ascertain the level of student understanding confirmed by the data generated from the and evaluate the general effectiveness of the activity. competition in Beijing. References Extension activity 2 International Olympic Committee Investigate the extent to which the growth in the number of countries participating in the Summer Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004, Medal tally by Olympic Games (see Figure 2a) and the changes world population, world’s geopolitical changes in the late twentieth Population Reference Bureau . century.

Extension activity 3 Locate an atlas map showing the global pattern of economic and social wellbeing (as measured by the United Nations Human Development Index). Investigate whether the conclusions drawn in Activities 5 and 6 remain valid when this measure of development is considered.

Activity Resource Sheet D6: Supplementary data

Country Gold medal tally Population 2004 Popuation 2004 GDP per capita GDP per capita Athens 2004 Logarithm US$ PPP 2004 Logarithm

USA 36 295,400,000 8.4704 39676 4.5985 China 32 1,308,000,000 9.1166 6757 3.8298 Russia 27 143,900,000 8.1580 10845 4.0352 Australia 17 19,900,000 7.2988 30331 4.4819 Japan 16 127,900,000 8.1068 29251 4.4661 Germany 13 82,600,000 7.9169 28303 4.4518 France 11 60,300,000 7.7803 29300 4.4669 Italy 10 58,000,000 7.7634 28180 4.4499 SPORTS GEOGRAPHY Korea 9 47,600,000 7.6776 20499 4.3117 United Kingdom 9 59,500,000 7.7745 30821 4.4888 Cuba 9 11,200,000 7.0492 2950 3.4698 Ukraine 9 47,000,000 7.6721 6394 3.8058 Hungary 8 10,100,000 7.0043 16814 4.2257 11

THE BEIJING GAMES Romania 8 21,800,000 7.3385 8480 3.9284 Greece 6 11,100,000 7.0453 22205 4.3464 Brazil 5 183,900,000 8.2646 8195 3.9135 Norway 5 4,600,000 6.6628 38454 4.5849 Netherlands 4 16,200,000 7.2095 31789 4.5023 Sweden 4 9,000,000 6.9542 29541 4.4704 Spain 3 42,600,000 7.6294 25047 4.3988 Canada 3 32,000,000 7.5051 31263 4.4950 Turkey 3 72,200,000 7.8585 7753 3.8895 Poland 3 38,600,000 7.5866 12974 4.1131 New Zealand 3 4,000,000 6.6021 23413 4.3695 Thailand 3 63,700,000 7.8041 8090 3.9079 Belarus 2 9,800,000 6.9912 6970 3.8432 Austria 2 8,200,000 6.9138 32276 4.5089 Ethiopia 2 75,600,000 7.8785 756 2.8785 Iran 2 68,800,000 7.8376 7525 3.8765 Slovakia 2 5,400,000 6.7324 14623 4.1650 Taiwan 2 22,900,000 7.3598 25330 4.4036 Georgia 2 4,500,000 6.6532 2844 3.4539 Bulgaria 2 7,800,000 6.8921 8078 3.9073 Jamaica 2 2,600,000 6.4150 4163 3.6194 Uzbekistan 2 26,200,000 7.4183 1869 3.2716

Country Gold medal tally Population 2004 Popuation 2004 GDP per capita GDP per capita Athens 2004 Logarithm US$ PPP 2004 Logarithm

Morocco 2 31,000,000 7.4914 4309 3.6344 Denmark 2 5,400,000 6.7324 31914 4.5040 Argentina 2 38,400,000 7.5843 13298 4.1238 Chile 2 16,100,000 7.2068 10874 4.0364 Kazakhstan 1 14,800,000 7.1703 7440 3.8716 Kenya 1 33,500,000 7.5250 1140 3.0569 Czech Republic 1 10,200,000 7.0086 19408 4.2880 South Africa 1 47,200,000 7.6739 11192 4.0489 Croatia 1 4,500,000 6.6532 12191 4.0860 Lithuania 1 3,400,000 6.5315 13107 4.1175 Egypt 1 72,600,000 7.8609 4211 3.6244 Switzerland 1 7,200,000 6.8573 33040 4.5190 12 Indonesia 1 220,100,000 8.3426 3609 3.5574 Zimbabwe 1 12,900,000 7.1106 2065 3.3149 Azerbaijan 1 8,400,000 6.9243 4153 3.6184 Belgium 1 10,400,000 7.0170 31096 4.4927 Bahamas 1 300,000 5.4771 17843 4.2515

SPORTS GEOGRAPHYSPORTS THE BEIJING GAMES Israel 1 6,600,000 6.8195 24382 4.3871 Cameroon 1 16,000,000 7.2041 2174 3.3373 Dominican Republic 1 8,800,000 6.9445 7449 3.8721 United Arab Emirates 1 4,300,000 6.6335 24056 4.3812