Value Chain Matrix for Gold Source Extraction Internal Domestic Export Processing & Primary Country Points Marketing Exit Points Destination Refining Retailer Colombia: Antioquia Department *Traders: Esmeraldas *Official export US: Unknown (most illicit mining Barranquilla: PraxIT Ltd. Province: data (2014): Republic Metals Gold Belts: occurs in this region) – – Contact: Dao Hawkinsiv border smuggling USA (63%)xiii Corp. (receive Uses: Segovia Segovia, Buritica, El into Ecuador then Switzerland (34%) 40% of gold)xvi; Banks Belt Bagre, Zaragoza, Nechi, Bogota: Serexoil out of Ecuador on xiii Metalor Jewelers Choco Belt Rionegro, Venecia, Naesk PLC- Contact: Jose commercial air India (2%) xiii Technologies Electronic Middle Anori, Yarumal, Titiribi, Ignacio Pena flightsxi Turkey (0.23%)xii USAxvi – linked s Cauca Belt Caldas Department- Castellanosv to Goldex Case Antioquia Marmato, Ro-Ma Commodities – Air Transport: Illicit known to go Batholith Choco Department CEO: Wilson Rodriguezvi Illegal gold to: Switzerland: (Urabenos most Villegas y Cia. – CEO: transferred via air Miami, Zurich, Metalor (receive prominent herei) Carlos Villegasvii with legal Rome, Dubai 20% of gold)xv Valle del Cauca documents Department Medellin: EJL Ingeniera Exporters: (play UAE: Risaralda Department – Ltdacitation needed Corrupt crucial role by Kaloti xvi Quinchia Dimco – CEO: Sebastian politicians/judges introducing illegal Guainia department Ospinaviii allow for illegal gold into legal Italy: Tolima Department – transport/don’t market) Italpreziosixvi La Colusa Pereira: Torres & Torres prosecute Goldexxiii North Santander – CEO: Noberto Torresix Giraldo y Duquexiv India Department Gramalote Most exporters Cauca Department Smuggled INTO based in Medellin, Suarez Colombia from: closer to mines Amazonas Department Venezuelaxi Caqueta Department Panamaxi Cordoba Department Mexicoxi Huila Department Chilex Santander Department Narino Department Issues: Huila Department Extortion by Putumayo Department criminal/armed groups Fake intermediaries and ASM: front companies supply Drug traffickers, illegal gold terrorist organizations, Paramilitary groups ~80% of gold exportedii LSM: Canadian: Aticoiii; Gran Colombia; Continental Goldiii; Colombian Mines Corporation; Bateroiii; B2Goldiii; Sunward Resources; Bellhaven; Eco Oroiii; Seafieldiii; Red Eagle Miningiii Colombian: Mineros SA, Minincol, Torrebruma & Realmonte (both owned by Piedro Rengel) citation needed South African: AngloGold Ashanti (ASA) DRC: Illicit Mining Locations: Illicit Gold Market *Airport: Uganda: *Refiners: Swiss North Kivu Locations: New CongoCom Kampalaxxiii, UAE: Dubai Banks: Eastern: Ping North Kivu: Air (owner Evariste Ariwaracitation needed UBSxxviii; North Kivu Lubero Manguredjipa Shamamba) Switzerland Credit South Kivu Beni Kasugho Suissexxviii Katanga Rutshuru Bunyatenge *Border Crossings: Burundi: mostly sent to Maniema Walikale Ndjingala Uvira → Bujumburaxxiii UAE, but some UAE: Mubi Bujumbura, may still go to Dubai Orientale South Kivu Kibua Burundi South Sudan: Juba Switzerland souksxxviii Province: Shabunda Butembo Ituri Kalehe Goma Bungana → Kisoro, Tanzania: Kigoma, Others linked to Users: Mwenga Rwanda Dar Es Salaam DRC illicit gold: Banksxxviii Fizi South Kivu: Almalyk Mining Electronic Mulungu *Exporters by Rwanda: Kisoroxxiii and sxxviii Maniema Bukavu location: Metallurgical Dentistry Punia Uvira Kinshasa: Kenyaxxi Complex; xxviii Lubutu SatisRessources Asaka Riken Co Jewelersx Maiko National Park Maniema: Centauris *Airport: Ltd.; xviii Salambila Metal Aurum Entebbe Airport, Bangko Sentral Katanga Bikenge Eda Velma Ugandaxxii ng Pilipinas; India & Kalemie Caridad; China: Mitwaba Ituri: Bukavu: Exporter, Sibtein Cendres & A Pweto Djalasigaxviii DTA Alibhai – Métaux SA; significant Maelmba Aruxviii Mining Congo considered to be a Chugai Mining; amount of Nkulu Namukaya key channel Colt Refining; manufactur Manono *Trading Companies: Cavichi behind illicit gold Daejin Indus Co. ing is done Ituri Farrel Trade & exports from Ltd; in India and Irumu Investment Corporation Kisangani: Africa and Dubai. DaeryongENC; China for Mambasa & Metal Arum Owns AR Gold, Do Sung Corp.; sale to Armed Groups in Machanga Ltd. (both Centauris Alfa Gold (DRC), FSE Novosibirsk jewelry control of mining sites: owned by Rajendra Vaya Eda Velma Alfa Gold Corp Refinery; manufactur Kumar. His trading Divas (Dubai) & Alfa Hwasung CJ Co. ers and North Kivu: associates are Jigar Butembo: Gems Corp Ltd.; retailers in FARDC; Kumar, Jamnadas Glory Minerals (Mozambique)xxiii Inner Mongolia the US and FDLR; (Leader: Sylvestre Vasanji Lodhia and his Qiankun Gold Europe.xxv Mudacumura); son Kunal); Bunia: and Silver Mai Mai/Sheka aka NDC Ntahangwa Mining MetauxPrecieux Refinery Share (Leader: Sheka Ntabo (Burundi - owned by Co. Ltd.; Ntaberi); Mutoka Ruganyira); Silver Minerals (Uganda *Exporters tied to Jiangxi Copper South Kivu: owned by Madadali DRC gold: Company Ltd.; FARDC; Sultanali Piran); Mineral Korea Metal Co. Raïa Mutomboki; Impex Uganda Uganda: Ltd.; Mai Mai Yakutumba; (associated with Westcorp Kyrgyzaltyn JSC; FDLR Rajendra Vaya Kumar); Miningxxii; Lingbao Jinyuan Mining Congo; Treasure Highland Tonghui Refinery Katanga: Cavesxxii Co. Ltd.; FRPI *Trading Companies: Kenya: Moscow Special FARDC Glory Mineralsxx; Skyhawk Alloys Processing Mai Mai Bakata AR Gold - (owned by International Plant; Katanga Sibtein Alibhai)xix xx; Ltd.xxii; Etablissement Ushindi Exports Others linked to Maniema: Namukaya aka Ltd.xxii DRC illicit gold: FARDC; Congocom (owned by Burundi: Navoi Mining Mai-Mai Simba Evariste Shamamba)xvii Berkenrode and (General Mando) Midas All Minerals (owned by Mutoka Metallurgical (owned by Sameer Ruganyira who is Combinant; Ituri: Bhimji)xviii associated with OJSC Kolyma FRPI Rajendra Kumar) Refinery; FARDC Conflict-Free Trading xxii; Prioksky Plant of Mai Mai Bakata companies: Golden Gold Non-Ferrous Katanga Banro Corporationxxi; (owner- Karim Metals; AngloGold Ashanti/ Somji, exports on Sabin Metal Randgold Resourcesxix behalf of AR Gold, Corp; owner - Sibtein SAMWON Alibhai) xxii; METALS Corp.; SCEEMB xxii; So Accurate Ntahangwa Mining Group, Inc.; xxii; SOE Shyolkovsky Etablissement Factory of Jean-Jbeilixx Secondary Precious Metals; The Great Wall of Gold and Silver Refinery of China; Tongling nonferrous Metals Goup Co., Ltd; Torecomxxiv Ghana: Regions *Traders: Transport: *Official export Switzerland: Unknown Kyebi Greater Accra: Kotoka data: PAMPxxxix; Note: East Region Ghana Gold Trading International Switzerland Metalorxxxix Uses: Ghana’s Offin River Centerxxix Airport (exporting (69%)xxxv Banksxxxix; gold belt Central Region Jopaf Gold Limitedxxx; gold without India (25%) xxxviii UAE: Jewelersxx encompass Birim River Ghana Gold Purexxxiii; official Australia (4.8%) Kaloti Jewelry xix; es the Kibi Township Soda Icexxxiii; documentation is xxxviii Internationalxxxix; Electronic Eastern Africa Gold Brokers daily United States Emirates Goldxxxix sxxxix portion of Towns Consult Ltd.xxxiii; occurrence)xxxiii (0.5%) xxxviii the Dunkwa-on-Offin Commerz General Ghana South Africa: country, Twifo Praso Ltd.xxxiii; Ghana Imports Randgoldxxxix cities Bempong Agya Deco Metal Miners Gold from: include: Appiah Ghana Ltd.xxxiii; Guinea (98%)xxxvii India: Bolgatanga Nikwanta EMCIP Towers Ltd.xxxiii; Benin (1.6%)xxxiv Kundanxxxvi , Wa, Cape Kyekyewere Harbour Equity Partners Coast, Diaso (exports to US Accra, Bawdie market)xxxiii; Sunyani, Bibiani Impex Gold Company Kumasi, Tarkwa Ltd. (buys direct from Sekondi- Obuasi local miners, local kings Takoradi Prestea and authorities)xxxiii; Dumasi Jopaf Gold Limited (buy Mines: Jacobu from small scale miners, export to US, Japan, Ashanti Government owned: Korea, Australia, UK, Goldfields’ PMMC – POSSIBLE good Switzerland, France, Obuasi pressure point due to Israel)xxxiii; mine control of other Karmans Holdings produces companies Ltdxxxiii; over 50% Keegan Resourcesxxxiii; of Ghana’s *Smaller Companies: West Africa Precious gold Geodrill Ltd.; Metals (WAPMIDA)xxxiii; Hagnela Mining Niza Mining Groupxxxiii; Other Company Ltd.; Kwalas Spongy Goldxxxiii mining Mining Enterprise; sites: La Source Ashanti: Nkroful, Development, Nana Obausidia Gold Mining Ashanti Adaku Adai Mining Limitedxxxiii; Iduapriem, Group, Red Back Maxcue Company Bibiani, Mining, Adamus, Ltd.xxxiii Nsutu, Chirano, Ghana Tarkwa, Manganese, Goldfields, Kumasi: Bogoso, Golden Star, Newmont, Solid Rock GH Ltd.xxxiii Akyempim, Perseus Kenyasi, Kasoa: Brong Issues: Christian Quaoxxxiii Ahafo, 90% of Ghana’s gold New mines are not Nkwakaw: Abirem, formalized and operate Purity Gold Limitedxxxiii Ayanfuri, illegallyxxvi Nkwakaw Tarkwa: Police corruption – Mospacka Gold Ltd.xxxiii being paid off by illegal minersxxviiadditional citation Unknown: needed E-Aryeetey Enterprise xxxiii Only Ghanaians can get Kobiprime Enterprises licenses for small-scale xxxiii gold mining Tension between local people Four largest exporters: and foreign workers AA Mineralsxxxiv can lead to violencexxviii Asankaxxxiv Asap Vasaxxxiv Guldrestxxxiv Many gold buying agents loan galamseys money/equipmentxxxi PMMC (has about 700 licenses buying agents)– no procedures around human right criteria when buyingxxxii Peru Mining Towns: Trade Center: Lima, Peru (air); *Official export *Refiners: Unknown Madre de Dios Cusco Callao, Peru (sea) dataxliv: US Puno South Africa (45%) Atomic Goldxlix; Uses: Arequipaxxxvii Trade Companies under Airports: UAE (27%) Republic Metals Banks investigation: Jorge Chávez Switzerland