monastic wisdom series: number twenty-six Francis Acharya, ocso Cistercian Spirituality An Ashram Perspective monastic wisdom series Simeon Leiva, ocso, General Editor Advisory Board Michael Casey, ocso Terrence Kardong, osb Lawrence S. Cunningham Kathleen Norris Patrick Hart, ocso Miriam Pollard, ocso Robert Heller Bonnie Thurston monastic wisdom series: number twenty-six Cistercian Spirituality An Ashram Perspective by Francis Acharya, ocso Edited with an Introduction by Michael Casey, ocso Cistercian Publications www.cistercianpublications.org LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Cistercian Publications title published by Liturgical Press Cistercian Publications Editorial Offices Abbey of Gethsemani 3642 Monks Road Trappist, Kentucky 40051 www.cistercianpublications.org © 2011 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights re- served. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acharya, Francis. Cistercian spirituality : an Ashram perspective / by Francis Acharya; edited with an introduction by Michael Casey. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-87907-026-7 — ISBN 978-0-87907-900-0 (e-book) 1. Cistercians—India. 2. Monastic and religious life—India. I. Casey, Michael, 1942– II. Title. BX3403.A24 2011 255’.120954--dc22 2010036916 O MONK! Do not harbor any illusion about the quality of your life. Your charism will not flourish or shine simply by keeping the rules and prescriptions printed in books, nor will your life be deepened by irresponsibility or the shallowness of hazardous innovations. The true strength of the monastic charism is to be sought in your openness to renunciation, to personal enjoyment of quiet and silence, in your love of prayer, both personal and in community, to realize the value of the Cross in your life! The genuine renewal which it should bring about is the growth of your life in Jesus and His life in you, with docility to His Spirit. The growth of your life in Him, must be sought at the source of life: the Cross and the Resurrection of Jesus. CONTENTS Introduction by Fr. Michael Casey, ocso xi Prologue xv PART ONE: MONASTIC TRADITION AND CISTERCIAN LIFE Chapter 1: The Root Vocation of Christian Dedicated Life 3 1. The Fullness of Christian Life 3 2. Monastic Life and Contemplative Life 5 3. The Various Forms of Monastic Life 6 4. Models of the Monastic Life 8 5. The Monk in the Church 13 Chapter 2: Benedictine Monasticism 15 1. The Monopoly of the Benedictine Rule in the West 15 2. Saint Benedict and the Monastic Tradition 15 3. The Benedictine Tradition 17 Chapter 3: Cîteaux 19 1. The Spirit of Early Cîteaux 19 2. The Reforms of the Order of Cîteaux 22 3. Tradition and Renewal 24 4. Conclusion 26 5. A View of Benedictine History 27 vii viii Cistercian Spirituality PART TWO: THE SCHOOL OF THE LORD’S SERVICE LEADING TO PERFECT LOVE Chapter 4: The Great Renunciation 31 1. Compunction of Heart, Conversion, Renunciation 31 2. Dedicated Chastity 33 3. Evangelical Poverty 34 4. Humility and Monastic Obedience 38 5. Solitude and Silence, with Universal Brotherly Love 41 6. Stability 44 7. The Monastic Habit: Symbol of Renunciation 45 Chapter 5: The Monastery, School of the Lord’s Service 47 1. The Spiritual Fatherhood of the Abbot 47 2. The Abbot and His Collaborators 50 3. Fraternal Life 52 Chapter 6: Bodily Asceticism 56 1. The Meaning of Bodily Asceticism 56 2. The Great Laws of Asceticism 57 3. Bodily Exercises and Manual Work 58 Chapter 7: The Monk’s Prayer 61 1. Essence and Dimensions of Christian Prayer 61 2. Stages of the Life of Prayer 62 3. Liturgical Prayer and Private Prayer 64 4. The Component Parts of Liturgical and Private Prayer 65 5. The Guard over the Heart and Unceasing Prayer 70 Contents ix PART THREE: THEOLOGY OF THE MONASTIC LIFE Chapter 8: The Deification of the Christian 79 1. The Holiness and Nearness of God 79 2. Supernatural, Mystical Anthropology 83 3. The Redeeming Economy 87 4. Sacramental Grace and Personal Effort 89 5. The Word of God and Spiritual Life 91 Chapter 9: The Growth of the Life in Christ 93 1. The Active Stage of the Spiritual Life 93 2. Purity of Heart, Aim of the “Active Life” 95 3. Contemplation and Spiritual Sobriety 96 4. The First Manifestation of Contemplation 97 5. Pure Prayer and Unceasing Prayer 98 6. The Law of Unceasing Progress 99 Epilogue 100 Appendix: The History of the Monks in Egypt 109 INTRODUCTION The life of Abbot Francis Mahieu Acharya (1912–2002) is al- ready well known from the excellent biography written by his niece, a year before his death.1 At the age of twenty-three he entered the Cistercian abbey of Scourmont in his native Belgium. For twenty years he lived as a Strict Observance Cistercian be- fore setting out for India in 1955 with the intention of founding an Indian-style monastery. In 1958, accompanied by Fr. Bede Griffiths, osb, he moved to Kurisumala in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Here, on the Mountain of the Cross, he built his Cistercian Ashram; instituted a way of life that combined Cister- cian, West-Syrian Christian and Indian traditions; and formed disciples by his profound teaching and commonsense judgment. In more ways than one the ashram was a sui generis monastery, quite unlike anything else then existing in the Church. It was practically independent, coming loosely under the authority of the local Syro-Malankara bishop and the Vatican Congregation for the Oriental Churches. Fr. Francis reveled in the freedom of his situation and was able to fine-tune the monastic lifestyle without outside interference. When, however, he reached the age of eighty and various health problems made thoughts of his mortality unavoidable, he began to be concerned about the future leadership of the ashram. At this time he started making inquiries about the possibility of aggregating his monastery to the Order in which he himself 1. Marthe Mahieu-De Praetere, Kurisumala: Francis Mahieu Acharya: A Pioneer of Christian Monasticism in India, Cistercian Studies 214 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2007). xi xii Cistercian Spirituality had been formed. A first step was to begin negotiations with the abbot of Scourmont, his own former monastery, who visited the ashram in 1993. He was followed, in the next year, by Abbot General Bernardo Olivera. After the favorable vote of the Gen- eral Chapter of 1996, the formal process of incorporation was initiated, which included the provision that a monk of the Order would spend time with the community, helping it to realign its vision of monastic life to harmonize with the spirit of the Order it was about to join. During 1997 and 1998 I spent a fair amount of time at Kurisu- mala, spaced over several visits. My first task was to review with the community the foundational Cistercian texts of the twelfth century with a view to appreciating their essential values and the ways in which they were practically expressed. At that time I had the very strong impression that Kurisumala was already profoundly Cistercian in spirit and in practice and that, in many ways, the manner in which the monks lived their monastic life was much closer to the primitive observance than what could be observed in many established monasteries of the Order. Over the years this impression strengthened. It was my judgment that Fr. Francis’s community was already deeply imbued with the Cister- cian charism and that a long period of transition and preparation was not necessary. This conclusion was subsequently confirmed by two visiting abbots and July 9, 1998, was set as the date for the ceremony of affiliation. The ashram was now raised to the status of an abbey and pas- torally supported through the structures of the Order, but the question of succession remained urgent. Although he had earlier strongly resisted the idea of codifying ashram practice, Fr. Francis now became convinced that it was necessary to have some form of spiritual directory for the ongoing guidance of his community— an updated and inculturated version of the nineteenth-century volumes he had known in his early days at Scourmont. And so, already in his late eighties, Fr. Francis began work. Although his library at Kurisumala was relatively small, he was not without resources—and he was helped in his task by a good memory, a systematic approach and a synthetic mind. Before he Introduction xiii came to India, he had received an excellent monastic formation under Dom Anselme Le Bail at Scourmont; he had studied at Rome and Paris, served as Master of Novices at Caldey, was a keen reader in many languages and a lifelong student. He had more than sixty years of varied monastic experience and he was a spiritually literate man with sound and balanced judgment. With a vigor typical of him, but still surprising in a man of his age, he sought to bring together in compact form not only the fruits of many years of study, but also to shape it according to the spirit that he desired to impart to his monks at Kurisumala. Father Francis wrote as he spoke. At heart there was a contem- plative fascination with the mysterious depths of God and great appreciation of the quasi-sacramental channels by which, over the course of a lifetime, the grace of God softens the heart and increases the pace of conversion.