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The Once and Future Internet of Everything… The Once and Future Internet of EveryThing… David E. Culler University of California, Berkeley NRC Symposium on Continuing Innovation in Information Technology March 5, 2015 National Academy of Sciences In 1999, we said “… … in 15 years we will have connected all the people on the planet and we will have the technology to connect all the things.” Computers People Everything 1T $100 100B Cost to $1 10B Connect 1¢ 1B Things 10M Connected 1990 2000 2010 2020 3/5/15 NRC 2 The Internet in 1999 3/5/15 NRC 3 2007 -The Internet of Every Body 3/5/15 NRC 4 2013: Many Things BLE LoWPAN WiFi 3/5/15 NRC 5 A Device / $ Centric Perspective WIFI zeevoBT BLE LoWPAN Intel Intel MOTE2 WINS Intel Intel/UCB iMOTE Intel BTNode sensoria rene’ dot cf-mica trio v6 PL P /I R F SmartDust Mica Epic AN T Rene N T G O O I I P A A P . P T T J G G Telos X WeC E E PRIMARY SPI W GPIO XBOW XBOW I XBOW EXT. ANT 2xIRQ FLASH XBOW mica mica2 4xPWM RADIO PARALLEL IO + cc-dot XBOW Lo SYNC CAPTURE 6xADC rene2 VREF +/- XTAL micaZ MCU POWER CFG digital sun USART + FLOW CTL USB + + F F U U L L O S O S I I 2 2 A A W W Bosch C C R R rain-mica C C T T T T cc-mica L L Dust Inc Storm DARPA blue cc-TI 98 99 00 01 02 03 .4 04 05 06 07 09 11 13 15 5 BLE 1 . ‘78 - / S 48 kB rom 512kBrom N 8 kBrom S er ion TC cal N sIT 802 t i SF T S EST b S E 64kBram 10 kB ram s ½ kBram OSS y E en N D y C N s N C N h 802.15.4 pedi 802.15.4 IEEE x P BTLE 3/5/15 E 6 NRC Leading Internet Research Perspective ~ 1999 • “Resource constraints may cause us to give up the layered architecture.” • “Sheer numbers of devices, and their unattended deployment, will preclude reliance on broadcast communication or the configuration currently needed to deploy and operate networked devices.” • “There are significant robustness and scalability advantages to designing applications using localized algorithms.” • “Unlike traditional networks, a sensor node may not need an identity (e.g. address).” • “It is reasonable to assume that sensor networks can be tailored to the application at hand.” 3/5/15 NRC 7 Key WSN Research Developments • Event-Driven Component-Base Operating System – Framework for building System & Network abstractions – Low-Power Protocols (do nothing well) – Hardware and Application Specific • Idle listening – All the energy is consumed by listening for a packet to receive => Turn radio on only when there is something to hear • Reliable routing on Low-Power & LossyLinks – Power, Range, Obstructions => multi-hop – Always at edge of SNR => lossis common => monitoring, retransmission, and local rerouting (routing diversity) • Trickle –don’t flood (txrate < 1/density, and < info change) – Connectivity is determined by physical points of interest, not network designer. – never naively respond to a broadcast – re-broadcast very very politely 3/5/15 NRC 8 Internet of Things –Realized 2008 ROM RAM CC2420 Driver 3149 272 802.15.4 Encryption 1194 101 Media Access Control 330 9 Media Management Control 1348 20 6LoWPAN + IPv6 2550 0 Checksums 134 0 SLAAC 216 32 24038ROM DHCPv6 Client 212 3 DHCPv6 Proxy 104 2 3598RAM ICMPv6 522 0 (including runtime) Unicast Forwarder 1158 451 Multicast Forwarder 352 4 * Production implementation on TI msp430/cc2420 Message Buffers 0 2048 Router 2050 106 • Footprint, power, packet size, UDP 450 6 & bandwidth TCP 1674 50 • Open version 27k / 4.6k 3/5/15 NRC 9 Framework abstractions to emerge Applications and Services Over-the-air Programming Network Protocols Blocks, Scheduling, Streaming Logs, Files Management drivers Link Radio Flash MCU, Timers, ADC, Serial Bus,… Sensor I/F WSN mote platform Wireless Storage Processing Sensors Communication Centric Resource-Constrained 3/5/15 Event-driven NRCExecution 10 3 Basic Solution Techniques • Scheduled Listening – Arrange a schedule of communicationTime Slots – Maintain coordinated clocks and schedule – Listen during specific “slots” – Many variants: » Aloha, Token-Ring, TDMA, Beacons, Bluetooth piconets, … » S-MAC, T-MAC, PEDAMACS, TSMP, FPS, … • Sampled Listening – Listen for very short intervals to detect eminent transmissions – On detection, listen actively to receive – DARPA packet radio, LPL, BMAC, XMAC, … – Maintain “always on” illusion, Robust • Listen after send (with powered infrastructure) – After transmit to a receptive device, listen for a short time – Many variants: 802.11 AMAT, Key fobs, remote modems, … • Many hybrids possible 3/5/15 NRC 11 Self-Organized Routing -nutshell Receiver diversity through dynamic rerouting 2 2 2 Retrans. rate2 < 1/density 1 Neighbor table exceeds RAM 1 2 Dissem. rate < change 0 NRC3/5/15 12 Key IPv6 Contributions (???) • Large simple address – Network ID + Interface ID – Plenty of addresses, easy to allocate and manage • Autoconfigurationand Management – ICMPv6, zeroconf(???) • Integrated bootstrap, discovery, proximity – Neighbors, routers, DHCP, FF00::2 • Protocol options framework – Plan for extensibility • Simplify for speed – MTU discovery with min • 6-to-4 translation NRC3/5/15 13 To Here … • Much of IoTis cost/size reduced 802.11 +386 PC equivalent – everything with a plug or a person to charge it daily • Transition of BT to promiscuous link opened G2G ecosystem – local link, yet-another-1-2-7 app profile mess – little useful research engagement in the design, only in usage • Industrial Forums may retard development – Zigbee, zwave, ISA-100, wireless-HART, … – IETF ???, Industrial Internet ???, IoTC???, IEEE P2413 ???, Thread ??? • 1-hop @ low power is constrained, but simple • Routing over “wireless mesh” is hard, largely “solved”, but seriously broken – Good research & startup solutions, Zigbee(largely deprecated before implemented), RPL (grossly complicated by IETF mess) • Low-power listening, trickle, routing diversity, power- proportional design are critical 3/5/15 NRC 14 … and beyond • Great networks are ‘uninteresting’ –and embedded wireless networks are becoming that way too! • It’s about webs and ensembles (finally!) – discovery, integration, scripting across things near and far – Physical mash-ups, its all about the metadata Societal Infrastructure Personal Infrastructure AC/Heat Lighting Everyday Things Repos and Big Services Things Person Environment 3/5/15 Web Environments NRC 15.
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