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Framework for Body Sensor Networks Framework for Body Sensor Networks Sameer Iyengar Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-154 http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-154.html November 5, 2009 Copyright © 2009, by the author(s). All rights reserved. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. Framework for Body Sensor Networks Sameer Iyengar Framework for Body Sensor Networks by Sameer Iyengar Research Project Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Cali- fornia at Berkeley, in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Plan II. Approval for the Report and Comprehensive Examination: Committee: Professor Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli Research Advisor Date ****** Professor Ruzena Bajcsy Second Reader Date Acknowledgements It is impossible to be successful as a graduate student without a wide support network. I am extremely grateful for mine. I must thank my advisor, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, for giving me the the freedom and inspiration to explore my interests and ideas, possibly the most valuable thing a researcher could ask for. In addition, to my mentors, Professor Ruzena Bajcsy and Professor Roozbeh Jafari, thank you for helping me focus my research and pushing me to always take that extra step. To my colleagues here at Berkeley and in research groups at University of Texas at Dallas, Telecom Italia Research and Vanderbilt University, thank you for embodying the spirit of open and altruistic academic collaboration, through which we have all produced truly interesting results. I have had the unique pleasure of working with a number of students and researchers from institutions around the world, notably: Philip Kuryloski, Filippo Tempia, Ville-Pekka Seppa, Po Yan and Victor Shia. Thank you for always helping even when you didn't need to, for being there to bounce ideas or just to kill time and for making research less like work and more like fun. To my friends who have always kept me in good spirits, thank you for forcing me to take a break and for sharing the great times we've had. And, most importantly, to my parents, it is impossible to enumerate in words all that you have given me, thank you for everything. Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Background: Body Sensor Networks 6 2.1 Hardware . 6 2.1.1 Nodes . 6 2.1.2 Gateway . 7 2.1.3 Sensors . 7 2.2 Communication . 8 2.2.1 Interference . 8 2.2.2 MAC Protocols . 8 2.2.3 Traffic Patterns . 9 2.3 Applications . 9 2.3.1 Research Applications . 10 2.3.2 Clinical Applications . 10 2.3.3 Algorithms . 11 2.4 Interaction . 12 2.4.1 Deployment . 12 2.4.2 Interfaces . 12 2.5 Characteristics . 13 2.5.1 Communication . 13 2.5.2 Hardware . 13 2.5.3 Processing . 14 2.5.4 Local Storage . 14 2.6 Advantages of a Framework . 14 3 BNSM: An Application Development Framework 15 3.1 Background . 15 3.2 Abstractions . 15 3.2.1 Request/Event Model . 15 3.2.2 Functions . 16 3.3 Application Services . 17 3.3.1 Discovery . 17 3.3.2 Requests . 17 3.3.3 Data Dissemination . 18 3.3.4 Status . 18 1 3.4 Nodes . 19 3.4.1 Communication Manager . 19 3.4.2 Buffer Manager . 19 3.4.3 Sampling Manager . 20 3.4.4 Function Manager . 20 3.5 Network Service Manager . 20 3.5.1 State Variables . 20 3.5.2 Idle . 20 3.5.3 Requests . 20 3.5.4 Sending Data . 21 3.5.5 Service Termination . 22 3.5.6 Node arrival/departure . 22 3.5.7 Assigning a Schedule . 22 4 BNSM: Implementation 25 4.1 Overview . 25 4.2 Configuration . 25 4.2.1 Device . 25 4.2.2 Sensor . 26 4.2.3 Code Generator . 27 4.3 TinyOS . 27 4.3.1 Constants . 27 4.3.2 Communication Manager . 27 4.3.3 Buffer Manager . 28 4.3.4 Sampling Manager . 29 4.3.5 Function Manager . 29 4.3.6 Functions . 29 4.4 Packet Protocol . 29 4.4.1 Header . 31 4.4.2 Node Discover . 31 4.4.3 Node Announce . 31 4.4.4 Function Activate . 31 4.4.5 Activate Processing . 32 4.4.6 Data . 32 4.5 Java ............................................. 33 4.5.1 Elements . 33 4.5.2 Network Manager . 33 4.5.3 Application Interface . 34 4.5.4 Constants . 34 5 Case Studies 35 5.1 Event Detection and Reconfiguration . 35 5.1.1 Overview . 35 5.1.2 Latency . 36 5.1.3 Comparison . 37 5.2 Real-Time Classification . 37 2 5.2.1 Data Collection . 37 5.2.2 Fixed Window . 37 5.3 Deployment . 40 6 Conclusion and Future Work 43 References 46 3 Chapter 1 Introduction Wireless Body Sensor Networks (also known as bodynets or Body Area Networks) have the potential to revolutionize healthcare. These networks are comprised of wearable devices with attached sensors that can measure various physiological and environmental signals. Bodynet devices communicate wirelessly with networked gateways (mobile phones, computers and PDAs) which store, analyze and communicate vital information in real-time. A bodynet can be designed to immediately alert emergency personnel to a critical situation like a heart attack or a debilitating fall. Bodynets can also help physicians catch warning signs of a disease earlier or remotely monitor the progress of a recovering surgery patient. Body Sensor Networks free a patient from the confines of a laboratory but still enable monitoring by researchers and clinicians. Researchers can study illnesses in real world settings without intrusive video equipment. Clinicians can gain a broader view of a patient's health without increasing office visits. Technology The technology behind Body Sensor Networks is not new. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in various applications such as industrial automation, environmental monitoring and military surveillance. However, recent advances in sensor technology and power consumption have.
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