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Sensor Networks and Their Applications: Investigating the Role of Sensor Web Enablement

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Sensor Networks and Their Applications: Investigating the Role of Sensor Web Enablement Sensor Networks and Their Applications: Investigating the Role of Sensor Web Enablement A Thesis submitted for the degree of Communications Engineering Doctorate (EngD) Jeffery George Foley Communications & Information Systems Research Group Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering University College London BT Group plc, BT Centre, 81 Newgate Street, London EC1A 7AJ March 2014 Statement of Originality I, Jeffery George Foley, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: _______________________________ Date: ________________________________ 2 Abstract The Engineering Doctorate (EngD) was conducted in conjunction with BT Research on state-of-the-art Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) projects. The first area of work is a literature review of WSN project applications, some of which the author worked on as a BT Researcher based at the world renowned Adastral Park Research Labs in Suffolk (2004-09). WSN applications are examined within the context of Machine-to-Machine (M2M); Information Networking (IN); Internet/Web of Things (IoT/WoT); smart home and smart devices; BT’s 21st Century Network (21CN); Cloud Computing; and future trends. In addition, this thesis provides an insight into the capabilities of similar external WSN project applications. Under BT’s Sensor Virtualization project, the second area of work focuses on building a Generic Architecture for WSNs with reusable infrastructure and ‘infostructure’ by identifying and trialling suitable components, in order to realise actual business benefits for BT. The third area of work focuses on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards and their Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative. The SWE framework was investigated to ascertain its potential as a component of the Generic Architecture. BT’s SAPHE project served as a use case. BT Research’s experiences of taking this traditional (vertical) stove-piped application and creating SWE compliant services are described. The author’s findings were originally presented in a series of publications and have been incorporated into this thesis along with supplementary WSN material from BT Research projects. SWE 2.0 specifications are outlined to highlight key improvements, since work began at BT with SWE 1.0. The fourth area of work focuses on Complex Event Processing (CEP) which was evaluated to ascertain its potential for aggregating and correlating the shared project sensor data (‘infostructure’) harvested and for enabling data fusion for WSNs in diverse domains. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions for further work are provided. 3 Acknowledgements Firstly, I’d like to acknowledge the contributions of my academic supervisors, Dr. Yang Yang and Prof. George Pavlou of UCL. Also, my industrial supervisor and former line manager, Dr. George Bilchev of BT Research for providing inspiration, expert knowledge and direction. I would also like to acknowledge the contributions and cooperation of all my former BT and UCL colleagues for their knowledge exchange and encouragement. Especially, Dr. Gavin Churcher and all the members of the Sensor Networks Group (SNG) and former Pervasive ICT (PICT) Centre based at Adastral Park. Thank you to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), British Telecommunications Group Plc (BT), and University College London (UCL) for the opportunity to complete an Engineering Doctorate (EngD) and for the essential financial support for living, attending meetings, modules, conferences and summer schools. Due to unforeseen extenuating circumstances, the prolonged severe illness of my brother, Gary, I would also like to thank Mr. Paul McKenna for extending the deadline of my Thesis by one year and allowing completing research status (CRS). Dedicated to my wife, Amanda, our son, Gareth, my parents and all the Foley family for their patience and understanding, enabling me the time and space to complete my studies despite the prolonged setbacks. In remembrance of my Uncle, George Ramsden. Above all, thank you Jesus for helping me to keep the faith throughout difficult times. University College London - Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering Dr. Yang Yang and Prof. George Pavlou (Supervisors) Dr. John Mitchell Prof. Izzat Darwazeh Mr. Paul McKenna and Dr. Bob Sutherland (Administration Department - EngD) BT Research – Adastral Park, Suffolk Dr. George Bilchev (Head of SNG / Supervisor) Dr. Gavin Churcher (SWE / CEP and co-writer of publications) Dr. Jane Tateson (BOP / PIPES / SECOAS) Dr. Christopher Roadknight (SECOAS / P1555 / BOP / PIPES) Nigel Barnes and Tom Mizutani (Telecare / SAPHE) Paul Bowman (Telecare / BRIDGE) Richard Gedge (PIPES / SWE) Ian Neild (“Disruptive Technologies” Futurologist for sensor battery power issues) 4 Dave Bird (Sensor / hardware installations and customisations) David Bull (WSN presentation) Trevor Burbridge, Andrea Soppera, Jeff Farr (Networks Research Centre) Dr. John Davies, Ian Thurlow, Nick Kings (Next Generation Web Research Group) Paul Benyon and Phil Bull (Customer Networks Group) Dave Heatley (Former Chief Technologist) Paul Garner (Former Head of Pervasive ICT Centre) BT Global Services - GIS Focus Group Jon Bryant UCL - Communications & Information Systems Group (CISG) Dr. Darminder Ghataoura; Dr. Venus Shum (EngD Thesis) Dr. Dan Xuewu Dai; Dr. Chibuzor Edordu; Dr. Samir Sayed; Dr. Ryan Grammenos (Feedback) Eurescom - “Sensor Telcos - New Business Opportunities” P1555 Adam Kapovits (Eurescom Programme Manager) Jaime Carvalho Ferreira and Renato Roque (Portugal Telecom) Pål Ytterstad and Bjørn Thorstensen (Telenor) Dr. Christopher Roadknight (University of Nottingham, formerly BT Research) International Geospatial Services Institute (iGSI) Dr. Ingo Simonis (SANY and BT workshops) Johannes Echterhoff (Event Pattern Markup Language and SES) 52° North Christoph Stasch (SWE specifications) Arne Bröring (OX-Framework) Institute for Geoinformatics (IfGI) - University of Muenster Thomas Everding (Event Pattern Markup Language and SES) Botts Innovative Research / University of Alabama in Huntsville - VAST Dr. Michael Botts (SensorML) EADS Astrium / Sensia Software Alexandre Robin (SensorML) 5 Austrian Research Centers (ARC) Dr. Denis Havlik (SANY Consortium Leader) Queen Mary University of London - The Networks Research Group Dr. Eliane Bodanese (WSNs and Context Architecture) Mo Haghighi (PhD student) International Conferences and Summer Schools In addition, our research ideas have been presented and well received at a number of international conferences and summer schools on WSNs. They were organised by leading experts, so thanks to all the organisers which further inspired me on sensor networks and their applications: RUNES – Dr. Costis Kompis (Vodera, Sensors & Instrumentation - WiSIG); Senzations – Srdjan Krco (Ericsson) and Konrad Wrona (NATO C3 Agency); MCANAE – GKmM and Darmstadt University; SENIOT – CONET, Dr. Kay Römer and Prof. Friedemann Mattern (ETH Zurich); EuroSSC – Dr. Gerd Kortuem (Lancaster University, UK); ISWPC – University of Patras, Greece; COMSWARE – Trinity College Dublin; S-CUBE – Dr. Kay Römer (ETH Zurich); LCS – University College London. Please refer to Appendix J for further details of summer schools or p.35 for conference publications. 6 Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 10 List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 Sensors Are Everywhere ................................................................... 20 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 20 1.1 Domains and Applications ........................................................................... 20 1.2 BT Research Context and Sensor Networks Group (SNG) ......................... 24 1.3 Next Generation Networks (NGN), Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and the Internet of Things (IoT) ....................................................................................... 26 1.4 Motivation and Aims ................................................................................... 32 1.5 Organisation of the Thesis ........................................................................... 33 1.6 Key Contributions ........................................................................................ 34 1.7 List of Publications ...................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2 Wireless Sensor Networks Demystified ............................................. 36 2. Introduction .................................................................................................. 36 2.1 Sensors, Sensor Systems, Wireless Sensor Networks ................................. 36 2.2 DARPA Origins ........................................................................................... 37 2.3 Components ................................................................................................. 39 2.4 Wireless Standards ....................................................................................... 39 2.5 Mote Characteristics and Capabilities ......................................................... 40 2.6 Mote Manufacturers ..................................................................................... 43
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