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Standards-Based Wireless Sensor Networking Protocols for Spaceflight Applications Raymond S

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Standards-Based Wireless Sensor Networking Protocols for Spaceflight Applications Raymond S Standards-Based Wireless Sensor Networking Protocols for Spaceflight Applications Raymond S. Wagner, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center 2101 NASA Parkway, Mail Code EV814/ESCG Houston, TX 77058 281-244-2428 [email protected] Abstract—Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have the by re-locating a sensor from one panel to another, this is capacity to revolutionize data gathering in both easily accomplished. Similarly, additional sensors can be spaceflight and terrestrial applications. WSNs provide a easily added to the existing suite, providing a more huge advantage over traditional, wired instrumentation detailed measurement set without requiring more wires to since they do not require wiring trunks to connect sensors be strung behind bulkheads and through walls of pressure to a central hub. This allows for easy sensor installation shells. Finally, wireless sensors can be re-used between in hard to reach locations, easy expansion of the number vehicles once their initial missions have been ended. A of sensors or sensing modalities, and reduction in both WSN node can be relocated from a spent vehicle, such as system cost and weight. While this technology offers a lunar larder, to one currently in service, such as a lunar unprecedented flexibility and adaptability, implementing rover or habitat. The node can even be outfitted with a it in practice is not without its difficulties. Recent new set of sensors in the process, retaining the common advances in standards-based WSN protocols for industrial radio and networking hardware; to give a new functional control applications have come a long way to solving tilt built mostly from recycled parts. Re-purposing wired many of the challenges facing practical WSN systems would be much more difficult, deployments. In this paper, we will overview two of the requiring wiring to be stripped from one craft and re- more promising candidates — WirelessHART from the strung in another, necessitating substantial disassembly of HART Communication Foundation and ISA100.11a from spacecraft in both cases. the International Society of Automation — and present the architecture for a new standards-based sensor node for While this technology offers unprecedented flexibility and networking and applications research. adaptability, implementing it in practice is not without its difficulties, particularly y with respect to achieving TABLE OF CONTENTS reliability that is on par with wired sensor approaches. Any practical WSN deployment must contend with a 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................1 number of difficulties in its radio frequency (RF) 2. CHALLENGES OF NVIRELESS SENSING .............................2 environment including multi-path reflections and 3. OVERVIEW OF WSN STANDARDS ....................................2 interference from other systems. Techniques must be 4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY FOR COMPARING designed to overcome all these factors, while at the same STANDARDS ...........................................................................5 time operating at a low enough power draw to allow 5. CONCLUSIONS .................................... ..............................7 REFERENCES ........................................................................7 operational lifetimes on the order of years using small, BIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................7 onboard batteries. In recent years, a great deal of focus has been given to 1. INTRODUCTION solving these cornrnon problems for WSN applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offer a new paradigm industrial automation and control, where the modern for acquiring sensor data. Rather than gathering sensor factory, refinery, or offshore drilling platform presents an data through wired data buses, WSNs employ a wireless incredibly challenging RF environment. These efforts by backhaul to transmit sensor readings to central locations government, academic, and industrial partners have for aggregation and further processing. This provides a resulted in standards-based wireless sensor network (S13- number of potential benefits in spacecraft design, not the WSN)protocols capable of cornmunication reliability least of which is the potential to substantially reduce approaching that of wired solutions with a very low per- system weight by eliminating wiring harnesses and node power consumption and network lifetimes connectors. Un-tethering sensors from wires also opens approaching the decade mark. Given similarities in up a new range of possibilities. Sensing infrastructure operational requirements between mission-critical need no longer be fixed following spacecraft design and industrial processes and spaceflight applications — namely, manufacture: should situational awareness be enhanced the insistence that data transport be both extremely reliable as well as timely — we maintain that these SB- WSN protocols hold great promise in the aerospace arena different intermediate nodes. Finally, it must provide as well. simple, reliable mechanisms to expand and contract (scale) the network, allowing nodes to enter and leave as In this paper we will overview the two major standards to necessary and changing the routing structure accordingly. emerge from the industrial control field — WirelessHART Moreover, in addition to providing all these services, the from the HART Communication Foundation and WSN must be designed so that nodes make minimal use of ISA100.11a from the International Society of Automation their radios, both for data transfer and network (ISA). Both are rooted in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and coordination, to pen-nit years-long operational lifetimes. provide a level of robustness and reliability that should nkzke them well suited to spacefli ght applications. We Designing such robustness at the outset is incredibly will provide a technical review of both protocols starting challenging, and it requires expertise at all layers of the with their inspiration as a means to extend the capabilities networking stack, from physical radio design to channel of ZigBee — the first commmercial 802.15.4-derived access schemes, routin g protocols, and distributed data- protocol — which has had limited uptake in the mission- processing algorithms. Fortunately, a critical mass of critical industrial control market. We will then discuss the effort across a variety of fields in wireless sensing has methodology of an in-house performance evaluation of emerged in the last few years, resulting in the these protocols in a controlled environment and present development of WSN standards that can be leveraged by prelinvnary results. spaceflight applications. We will now provide a brief overview of these standardized protocols. 2. CHALLENGES OF WIRELESS SENSING 3. OVERVIEW OF WSN STANDARDS Because sensor nodes are designed to operate without wire interconnects for data transfer, they will typically not Robust, reliable wireless sensor/actuator networks stand to have wired power connections. This means nodes must benefit a number of industries, and as a result much effort rely on local power sources such as power scavenging or has been expended in recent years to develop design onboard batteries for both data processing and standards for WSNs addressing many of the coon i nication. Sensor nodes must often be small and aforementioned problems. The core of these efforts is the have service lives on the order of years, so this IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which targets low-data rate necessitates very low power operation. With wireless applications requiring wireless interconnections between coimrnnication representing the largest portion of a measurement, analysis, and control devices — aggregations node's power utilization, the node must therefore restrict which can be classified as personal area networks (PANS). itself to very low-power transnussion with periodic This puts 802.15.4 in the same general family as the sleeping/waking of radio circuitry. Such low-power radio- Bluetooth standard (IEEE 802.15.1), though the low- frequency (RF) communication is extremely vulnerable to power and low-data rate nature of its intended a variety of distortion and interference mechanisms. applications differentiates it from the latter. An 802.15.4 Multi-path reflections can distort signals, limit data rates, PAN can be analyzed using a simplified version of the and cause signal fades that prevent nodes from having Open System Interconnection (OSI) protocol stack clear access to channels, especially in a closed consisting of the following layers (bottom to top): environment such as a spacecraft. Other RF signal physical (PHY), medium access control (MAC), sources, such as wireless internet, voice, and data systems networking (NET), and application (APP). 802.15.4 may contend with the sensor nodes for bandwidth. specifies only the PHY and MAC layers. The remaining Finally, RF noise from electrical systems and periodic layers are provided by subsequent protocols such as scattering from moving objects such as crew members can ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA100.1 la. collectively contribute to a highly unpredictable, time- varying communication environment. The 802.15.4 PHY specification requires radios to operate in one of three frequency bands: 868-868.8 MHz (Europe, Conn i nication reliability is key when replacing wired one channel), 902-928 MHz (North America, 30 systems with wireless equivalents, so to cope with this channels), and 2400-2483.5 MHz (worldwide, 16 difficult RF environment, a WSN must
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