How Zigbee/802.15.4 Protocol Simplifies Wireless M2M Communications June 4Th, 2008

How ZigBee/802.15.4 Protocol Simplifies Wireless M2M Communications June 4th, 2008

Cyril Zarader Product Marketing Manager EMEA – Wireless Connectivity

TM Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2006. Topics

IEEE 802.15.4 : Made for Reliable Low Power Wireless Networking

ZigBee : Made for Simple Deployment of Wireless M2M Communications

ZigBee Compared to Other Industrial Wireless Protocols

Wireless Video Applications Faster

Wireless Data UWB 802.11g Applications 802.15.3 802.11a IrDA Wi-Fi® 802.11b Cellular 2.5G/3G 802.15.1 Peak Data Rate Data Peak Bluetooth™ ZigBee™

Data 802.15.4 Transfer Slower Wireless Networking NFC/RFID

Closer Range Farther

Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are TM the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2007. 2 Wireless Networking Technologies ZigBeeTM Bluetooth® UWBTM Wi-FiTM LonWorks® Proprietary IEEE® IEEE® 802.11 IEEE® Standard IEEE® 802.15.4 802.15.3a a, b, g (n to EIA 709.1,2,3 Proprietary 802.15.1 (to be ratified) be ratified) UWBTM Forum LonMark® Industry Wi-FiTM ZigBeeTM Alliance Bluetooth® SIG & WiMediaTM Interoperabilty N/A Groups Alliance Alliance Association Medium- P2P, Star, Topology Mesh, Star, Tree Star Star Star dependent Mesh 433/868/900 RF 868/915 MHz 3.1-10.6 GHz 2.4 GHz N/A (wired 2.4 GHz MHz Frequency 2.4 GHz (U.S.) 5.8 GHz technology) 2.4 GHz 110Mbps- 15 Kbps- Data Rate 250 Kbps 723 Kbps 11-105 Mbps 10-250 Kbps 1.6Gbps 10 Mbps Medium Range 10-70 m 10 m 4-20 m 10-100 m 10-70 m Dependent Power Very Low Low Low High Wired Very Low-Low Battery Alkaline Alkaline Rechargeable Rechargeable Rechargeable Operation N/A (Months- (Months-Years) (Days-Weeks) (Hours-Days) (Hours) (Life) Years) Nodes 65,000 8 128 32 32,000 100-1,000 Key strengths Key weaknesses

Imagery and Audio • High-quality, live video and audio WUSB, Wi-Fi, WiMax

• Low to mid-quality, live or still images and low- to moderate-quality audio WUSB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 802.15.4, Cellular

Low- to moderate-rate communications and control systems • 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, Cellular

Extreme-battery-life sensor and control systems • 802.15.4 • Months to years to decades, depending on the application and duty cycle

Wireless cuts the data wire and saves the cost of installation and routing of specialized cables Running permanent wiring to a device can cost from €10 to €100 per meter in commercial facilities For homes, retrofitting control and monitoring cabling costs about €20 to €40 per square meter of floor area covered • Needs a source of permanent power or must be very battery-efficient

Removing the data wires AND removing the connection to permanent power is the goal

Typical Operating environments with dozens to hundreds of machines: • Say what you need to say quickly, then get off the air A busy channel is an unreliable channel Keep the channel availability high to reduce retries, latency and improve quality of service Higher data rates make message transmission faster and channel occupancy lower Faster communications and longer sleep times can mean less energy consumption

• BUT, transmitting faster than you need to can lead to Increased transceiver cost Tighter requirements on timing Increased receiver complexity Increased energy consumption

Simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks • Released in May 2003 • Primary channel access is via Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance • Message acknowledgement and an ZigBee relies upon IEEE 802.15.4, which has excellent performance in optional beacon structure low SNR environments • Multi-level security • Works well for Long battery life, selectable latency for controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and portable electronics • Configured for maximum battery life, has the potential to last as long as the shelf life of most batteries

Frequency Domain • Multiple, non-aligned channels • Spread spectrum for added robustness • Phase-Shift keying and direct- sequence spread spectrum Time Domain • Both 802.11 and 802.15.4 radios “listen before talking” to avoid collisions 802.11 packets Protocol Robustness Retries • ACK required for successful data transfer • No ACK, station tries again when channel clears

802.15.4 packets t

Typical scenario with 100 to 1000 devices

• Constant monitoring of the environment requires regular communications • Even once every few minutes for all devices, this can mean hundreds of messages per minute • 2.4GHz ZigBee data rates are 250kbps • Packets generally under 2ms in duration, and two-way acknowledgement adds about 600us per message • In practical environments and usage, channel occupancy ~1% • Even with multiple nearby networks, the channel is mostly empty! • The channel is available when the network needs it

ZigBee Coordinator ZigBee Router ZigBee End Device ZigBee Device Associations

802.15.4 is designed to provide a solid foundation for sensing and control applications

Providing a global standard • 2.4 GHz provides global support for products • Additional sub 1 GHz work adding options for Asia, Europe, and US Technology is real and available • Mass production since 2003 • 7-10 Million units shipped in 2007 Provides a variety of sources for chipsets and network stacks • Eliminates the concerns with a single source • Provides lower cost and increased competition Provides for key technology advantages for monitoring and control • Optimized for low duty cycle applications • Longer battery life (months to years) Proving to be robust in the presence of interference • Channel Alignment – ideal for co-existence with other 2.4 GHz technologies • Clear Channel Assessment – improves collision avoidance • Short burst transmission

Was created by the ZigBee Alliance

Is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

Targets wireless control and monitoring applications

Uses Mesh networking to cover large areas with short- range low-power radios

www.zigbee.org

APPLICATION/PROFILES ZigBee or OEM

APPLICATION FRAMEWORK SECURITY LAYER 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee NETWORK LAYER Alliance Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree Platform MAC LAYER IEEE PHY LAYER 802.15.4 868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz

Application ZigBee Platform Stack Silicon

Mesh

Star

PAN coordinator (PANC)

Full Function Device (FFD,Router) Cluster Tree Reduced Function Device (RFD)

ZigBee relies upon the robust IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC to provide reliable data transfer in noisy, interference-rich environments • Message acknowledgement and an optional beacon structure • Multi-level security Ideal For • Low data rate monitoring and control applications that require a robust network Low latency, infrequent, low data rate and small packet data • Large area coverage Using the mesh networks that support 1000 of devices • Ultra low power monitoring applications that operate for years on inexpensive alkaline batteries Not Ideal For • Applications requiring long range without using routers • Mobile applications Being addressed in future revision • Streaming data

Market Requirements Bluetooth WiFi UWB Cellular ZigBee

Lightweight

Reliable Communications

Network Scalability

Device Mobility

Nodes Density

Radio Friendly

Ease of use

Nodes Density

Based on 802.15.4 – 2006 • Specification completed in 2007 Focuses on features for reliability and co-existence • Adds channel hopping Uses TDMA with a fixed 10ms time slot Black listing of bad channels Provides for sleeping routers • Higher default transmit power +10dBm • Mesh Network Topology Based on DUST Networks TSMP (Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol Provides flexible network organization Provides redundant paths Self organizing and self healing • Dynamic bandwidth allocation Fixed bandwidth for prioritized data and commands • Supports AES-128 ciphers and key support Supports common HART devices • Wireless Field devices • Bridges, Gateways and Access Points provide seamless access throughout the network

Reliable low-power communication • Based on IEEE 802.15.4 radios in the 2.4 GHz ISM band • Time-synchronized channel-hopping to sidestep RF interference and minimize power consumption Allows for FFD devices such as routers to sleep Adaptive Mesh Network • Supports mesh, star-mesh and star topologies • Self-organizing intelligence simplifies installation and automatically adapts to changing conditions Robust Security • All messages protected with AES128 block cipher • Secure communication and device authentication enabled by exchange of secret keys and unique device identifiers Unified Application Interface • Provides an open and interoperable application environment • Provides a common integration point for multiple host systems

WirelessHART™ Specification

ISA SP100.11a Cost

ZigBee® Protocol

Synkro™ Networking Protocol

Market Consumer Commercial Industrial

WirelessHART™ Feature ZigBee® Protocol SP100™ Specification Consumer and Target Market Industrial Industrial Commercial Smart Energy, Process Control Target Applications Industrial Control Building Automation Factory Automation 802.15.4 2003 2006 2006 Channel Hopping/Agility Agility - 2007 Spec Hopping Hopping Topology Mesh, Tree Mesh, Tree Mesh Device Type FFD, RFD FFD, RFD FFD Battery Life Best Better* Good No Sleeping Routers Addressed in Future Yes Yes Spec Latency 4ms 10ms 10ms Channel Blacklist / Preferred Preferred channel Blacklist Blacklist Channels Encryption AES128 AES128 AES128 Key Exchange Profile Yes Yes Cost Low Medium High Message Priority (QOS) No Yes Yes Certification Program Yes Yes Yes

Technology Pros Cons ZigBee® Protocol • General market appeal • Not cost effective for high volume • Lots of backing in Smart Energy space consumer • Products in market today • Complex • Not “Industrial Grade”

SP100.11a • Deterministic • More costly components required • Immune to Multipath • Object Structure in the Application Layers • Sleeping Routers adds structure which might be viewed by • CSMA and TDMA tunable developers as too restrictive • Multiple Fieldbus support • IPv6 Support

WirelessHART™ • Deterministic • More costly components required • Immune to Multipath • TDMA mode only Specification • Sleeping Routers • Existing wired devices in market