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International Institute of Information Technology Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 International Institute of Information Technology Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Department of Electronics & Telecommunication LABORATORY MANUAL FOR ELECTRONICS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS (SE E&TC 2012 - SEM I) www.isquareit.edu.in Work Load Exam Schemes Practical Term Work Practical Oral 02 hrs per week 50 -- -- List of Assignments Sr. Time Span Title of Assignment No. (No. of weeks) 1 Carry out Statistical Analysis of Digital Voltmeter 01 2 Multimeter. 01 3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope. 01 4 Digital Storage Oscilloscope. 01 5 True RMS Meter. 01 6 LCR- Q Meter. 01 7 Spectrum Analyzer. 02 8 Frequency Counter. 01 9 Calibration of Digital Voltmeter. 01 10 Function generator/Arbitrary waveform generator. 01 Text Books: 1. R Albert D Helfrick, William Cooper, “Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measuring Techniques” PHI EEE. 2. H S Kalsi, “Elctronic Instrumentation”, 3rd edition McGraw Hill. 3. M S Anand, “Electronic Instruments and Instrumentation Technology, PHI EEE, fourth reprint. ASSIGNMENT NO.1 Reference Books: TITLE: Statistical analysis using voltmeter PROBLEM STATEMENT: Carry out Statistical Analysis of Digital Voltmeter. Calculate mean, standard deviation, average deviation, and variance. Calculate probable error. Plot Gaussian curve. OBJECTIVE: 1. To understand importance of statistical analysis. 2. To understand analysis parameters.. REQUIREMENT: Resistance, DC power supply, bread board, digital voltmeter. THEORY: Arithmetic Mean: The most probable value of a measured value is the arithmetic mean of the number of readings taken. The best approximation will be made when the number of readings of the same quantity is very large. Theoretically, an infinite number of readings would give the best result, although in practice, only a finite number of measurements can be made. The arithmetic mean is given by the following expression: X(m) = [(x1 + x2 + x3 + ……………xn) / n ] = (∑ x )/ n ; Where X(m) = arithmetic mean x1, x2,….,xn = readings taken n = number of reading Deviation from the Mean: Deviation is the departure of a given reading from the arithmetic mean of the group of readings. The deviations from the mean can be expressed as d1 = x1 – X (m); d2 = x2 - X (m); d3 = x3 - X(m); here d1 , d2 , d3 = deviations of the readings x1 , x2 , x3 , respectively . Note that the deviations may have a positive or a negative value but, the algebraic sum of all the deviations must be zero. Average Deviation: The average deviation is an indication of the precision of the instruments used in making the measurements. Highly precise instruments could yield a low average deviation between the readings. By definition, average deviation is the sum of absolute values of all the deviations divided by the number of readings. Average deviation may be expressed as D = [ ( |d1| + |d2| + |d3| + …………|dn| ) / n ] = ( ∑ |d|) / n Standard Deviation: In statistical analysis of random errors, the root – mean – square value or the standard deviation is a very valuable aid. By definition, the standard deviation of an infinite number of readings is the square root of the sum of all the individual deviations squared, divided by the number of readings. Expressed mathematically as σ = [ { (d1)2 + (d2)2 + (d3)2 + … (dn)2 } / n ] 1/2 = { ∑( di )2 / n }1/2 ; Variance: Another expression for essentially the same quantity is the variance or mean squared deviation. The variance is a convenient quantity to use in many computations becoz variances are additive. The standard deviation, however, has the advantage of being of the sane units as the variable, making it easy to compare magnitudes. Most scientific results are now stated in terms of standard deviation. Variance (V) = mean square deviation = (σ)2; Probable Error: The probable error is a value describing the probability distribution of a given quantity. It defines the half-range of an interval about a central point for the distribution, such that half of the values from the distribution will lie within the interval and half outside. Thus it is equivalent to half the inter quartile range The term also has an older meaning (sometimes stated as the only meaning), that has been deprecated for some time: it is denoted γ and defined as a fixed multiple of the standard deviation, σ, where the multiplying factor derives from the normal distribution, more specifically. γ =0.6745 σ Gaussian Curve: In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian) distribution is a very common continuous probability distribution. Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known. PROCEDURE: 1. Take the 50 resistors of same value. 2. Connect two resistors in series with each other. 3. Apply 2V to the circuit. 4. Measure voltage across one resistor. 5. Change that Resistor each time. 6. Take 50 readings. 7. Calculate the mean, deviation, standard deviation, average deviation using the given formula. 8. Calculate Probable error. OBSERVATION TABLE: Resistance Voltage Mean Deviation Average Standard Variance Probable (Ω) (V) deviation Deviation Error CONCLUSION: ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 TITLE: Multimeter PROBLEM STATEMENT: Perform following using Multimeter 1. Measurement of dc voltage, dc current, ac (rms) voltage, ac (rms) current, resistance and capacitance. Understand the effect of decimal point on resolution. Comment on bandwidth 2. To test continuity, PN junction and transistor. OBJECTIVE: To understand the functionality of multimeter. To use Multimeter for various application. REQUIREMENT: Resistors, Capacitors, Diode, Transistor, Multimeter, DC power supply, Bread board, Function generator. THEORY: The digital multimeter is one of the most versatile electrical instruments, capable of acquiring a variety of measurements. Digital multimeters are easy to use and are a necessity when testing and debugging electronics or electrical circuits. Digital multimeters have multiple functionality and serve as a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter combined in one package. Controls of DMM:- a) Digital Display – Liquid crystal display with automatic decimal point positioning. Updated two times per second. When the meter is turned on, all display segments appear while the instrument performs a brief power-up self-test. b) Functions Selector Rotary Switch – Turn to select any of 10 different functions, or OFF. Volts-dc Millivolts-dc Ohms (resistance), also conductance in nanosiemens (nS) Continuity or diode test Milliamps or amperes dc Microamps dc Milliamps or amperes ac Microamps ac c) Volt, Ohms, Diode test input terminal - Input terminal used in conjunction with the volts, mV (ac or dc), ohms, or diode test position of the function selector rotary switch. d) COM Common Terminal – Common or return terminal used for all measurements. e) Milliamp/Microamp Input terminal – Input terminal used for current measurements upto 320 mA (ac or dc) with the function selector rotary switch in the mA or µA positions. mA (ac or dc) with the function selector rotary switch in the mA or µA positions f) A amperes Input Terminals- Input terminal used for current measurements up to 10 A continuous. g) Overload Indication – These symbols indicate the input is too large for the input circuitry. ( The location of the decimal point depends on the measurement range) h) Overflow Indication – These symbols indicate the calculated difference in the Relative mode is too large to display (> 3999 counts) and that the input is not overloaded. Measurement of Parameters:- a) Voltage Measurement A digital multimeter can be used as a voltmeter to determine the potential voltage difference across several leads of an electrical component or from a lead referenced to ground. To measure the voltage across two leads, place the positive terminal on the lead with higher voltage (if known) and the negative terminal on the lead with a lower voltage. To measure the voltage of a specific location referenced to ground. Connect the positive terminal to the desired location and the negative terminal to ground. When used as a voltmeter, the digital multimeter has very large input impedance and thus draws very little current. b) Current Measurement A digital multimeter can be used as an ammeter to determine the current flow through a wire or electrical component. This measurement is accomplished by placing the digital multimeter in series with the wire that the current is flowing through, When used as an ammeter, the digital multimeter has a very small impedance (resistance) resulting in a small voltage drop across the multimeters leads. c) Diode and transistor testing Diode, Transistor testing is critical for the semiconductor and telecommunications industries. Because of this demand a select number of digital multimeters have a mode that easily allows the user to make diode measurements. The process for taking a diode testing involves supplying the diode with a constant current source and reading the resulting voltage drop across the leads. PROCEDURE: 1. Measuring DC voltage and DC current i. Select Mode as DC. ii. Connect two resistors in series with each other. iii. Apply 5V DC supply across resistors. iv. Measure voltage across one resistor and current in series. v. Note down the reading. vi. Select a range with a maximum greater than we expect the reading to be. vii. Connect the meter, making sure the leads are the correct way round. viii. If the reading goes off the scale, immediately disconnect and select a higher range. 2. Measuring rms voltage and rms current i. Select Mode as AC. ii. Connect two resistors in series with each other. iii. Apply 5V AC sine signal from function generator. iv. Measure voltage across one resistor and current in series. v. Note down the reading. vi. Select a range with a maximum greater than we expect the reading to be. vii. Connect the meter, making sure the leads are the correct way round. viii. If the reading goes off the scale, immediately disconnect and select a higher range. 3. Measuring Resistance. i. Use multimeter in Ohm mode. ii. Connect two probes of multimeter to leads of resistor.
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