Measurement and Error: Definitions, Accuracy and Precision, Significant Figures, Types of Error, Statistical Analysis, Probability of Errors, Limiting Errors
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The Accuracy Comparison of Oscilloscope and Voltmeter Utilizated in Getting Dielectric Constant Values
Proceeding The 1st IBSC: Towards The Extended Use Of Basic Science For Enhancing Health, Environment, Energy And Biotechnology 211 ISBN: 978-602-60569-5-5 The Accuracy Comparison of Oscilloscope and Voltmeter Utilizated in Getting Dielectric Constant Values Bowo Eko Cahyono1, Misto1, Rofiatun1 1 Physics Departement of MIPA Faculty, Jember University, Jember – Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract— Parallel plate capacitor is widely used as a sensor for many purposes. Researches which have used parallel plate capacitor were investigation of dielectric properties of soil in various temperature [1], characterization if cement’s dielectric [2], and measuring the dielectric constant of material in various thickness [3]. In the investigation the changing of dielectric constant, indirect method can be applied to get the dielectric constant number by measuring the voltage of input and output of the utilized circuit [4]. Oscilloscope is able to measure the voltage value although the common tool for that measurement is voltmeter. This research aims to investigate the accuracy of voltage measurement by using oscilloscope and voltmeter which leads to the accuracy of values of dielectric constant. The experiment is carried out by an electric circuit consisting of ceramic capacitor and sensor of parallel plate capacitor, function generator as a current source, oscilloscope, and voltmeters. Sensor of parallel plate capacitor is filled up with cooking oil in various concentrations, and the output voltage of the circuit is measured by using oscilloscope and also voltmeter as well. The resulted voltage values are then applied to the equation to get dielectric constant values. Finally the plot is made for dielectric constant values along the changing of cooking oil concentration. -
Part 2 - Condenser Testers and Testing Correctly Part1 Condenser Testers and Testing Correctly.Doc Rev
Part 2 - Condenser Testers and Testing Correctly Part1_Condenser_Testers_And_Testing_Correctly.doc Rev. 2.0 W. Mohat 16/04/2020 By: Bill Mohat / AOMCI Western Reserve Chapter If you have read Part 1 of this Technical Series on Condensers, you will know that the overwhelming majority of your condenser failures are due to breakdown of the insulating plastic film insulating layers inside the condenser. This allows the high voltages created by the “arcing” across your breaker points to jump through holes in the insulating film, causing your ignition system to short out. These failures, unfortunately, only happen at high voltages (often 200 to 500Volts AC)….which means that the majority of “capacitor testers" and "capacitor test techniques" will NOT find this failure mode, which is the MAJORITY of the condenser failure you are likely to encounter. Bottom line is, to test a condenser COMPLETELY, you must test it in three stages: 1) Check with a ohmmeter, or a capacitance meter, to see if the condenser is shorted or not. 2) Assuming your condenser is not shorted, use a capacitance meter to make sure it has the expected VALUE of capacitance that your motor needs. 3) Assuming you pass these first two step2, you then need to test your condenser on piece of test equipment that SPECIFICALLY tests for insulation breakdown under high voltages. (As mentioned earlier, you ohmmeter and capacitance meter only put about one volt across a capacitor when testing it. You need to put perhaps 300 or 400 times that amount of voltage across the condenser, to see if it’s insulation has failed, allowing electricity to “arc across" between the metal plates when under high voltage stress. -
Electrical & Electronics Measurement Laboratory Manual
DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT Electrical & Electronics Measurement Laboratory Manual By Dr. Madhab Chandra Tripathy Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTAION AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR-751003 PAGE 1 | EXPT - 1 ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT List of Experiments PCEE7204 Electrical and Electronics Measurement Lab Select any 8 experiments from the list of 10 experiments 1. Measurement of Low Resistance by Kelvin’s Double Bridge Method. 2. Measurement of Self Inductance and Capacitance using Bridges. 3. Study of Galvanometer and Determination of Sensitivity and Galvanometer Constants. 4. Calibration of Voltmeters and Ammeters using Potentiometers. 5. Testing of Energy meters (Single phase type). 6. Measurement of Iron Loss from B-H Curve by using CRO. 7. Measurement of R, L, and C using Q-meter. 8. Measurement of Power in a single phase circuit by using CTs and PTs. 9. Measurement of Power and Power Factor in a three phase AC circuit by two-wattmeter method. 10. Study of Spectrum Analyzers. PAGE 2 | EXPT - 1 ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB DO’S:- 1. Students should carry observation notes and records completed in all aspects. 2. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram. 3. Students should be aware of the operation of equipments. 4. Students should take care of the laboratory equipments/ Instruments. 5. After completing the connections, students should get the circuits verified by the Lab Instructor. -
Lab 5 AC Concepts and Measurements II: Capacitors and RC Time-Constant
Sonoma State University Department of Engineering Science Fall 2017 EE110 Laboratory Introduction to Engineering & Laboratory Experience Lab 5 AC Concepts and Measurements II: Capacitors and RC Time-Constant Capacitors Capacitors are devices that can store electric charge similar to a battery (but with major differences). In its simplest form we can think of a capacitor to consist of two metallic plates separated by air or some other insulating material. The capacitance of a capacitor is referred to by C (in units of Farad, F) and indicates the ratio of electric charge Q accumulated on its plates to the voltage V across it (C = Q/V). The unit of electric charge is Coulomb. Therefore: 1 F = 1 Coulomb/1 Volt). Farad is a huge unit and the capacitance of capacitors is usually described in small fractions of a Farad. The capacitance itself is strictly a function of the geometry of the device and the type of insulating material that fills the gap between its plates. For a parallel plate capacitor, with the plate area of A and plate separation of d, C = (ε A)/d, where ε is the permittivity of the material in the gap. The formula is more complicated for cylindrical and other geometries. However, it is clear that the capacitance is large when the area of the plates are large and they are closely spaced. In order to create a large capacitance, we can increase the surface area of the plates by rolling them into cylindrical layers as shown in the diagram above. Note that if the space between plates is filled with air, then C = (ε0 A)/d, where ε0 is the permittivity of free space. -
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurementst from 1 Khz to 10 Mhz " Presenter: A
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Measurementst from 1 kHz to 10 MHz " Presenter: A. D. Koffman NIST, 220/B162, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (301) 975-4518 Paper Authors A. D. Koffman, B. C. Waltrip, N. M. Oldham National Institute of Standards and TechnologY: Gaithersburg, MD S. Avramov-Zamurovic U.S. Naval Academy Annapolis, MD Abstract: A measurement technique developed by K. Yokoi et al. at Hewlett-Packard Japan, Ltd. has been duplicated and evaluated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to characterize four-tenninal pair capacitors. The technique is based on an accurate three-terminal measurement made at 1 kHz using a capacitance bridge and wideband single-port measurementsmadebetween30MHzand200 MHz usinga networkanalyzer. The measurement data are fitted to the four-tenninal pair admittance model defmed by R. Cutkosky to compute capacitance and dissipation factor at any frequency up to 10 MHz. Capacitors characterized using this technique will be used as impedance reference standards for a general- purpose digital impedance bridge recently developed at NIST to calibrate inductors and ac resistors. The technique could also lead to a future NIST Special Test for dissipation factor. INTRODUCTION Recent efforts by the Electricity Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop improved impedance comparison methods from 20 Hz to 1 MHz (1)have made it necessary to fmd a means to evaluate the reference impedances used in such comparisons. The impedance-characterization method discussed in this paper is described by Suzuki, et al. (2)and is based on the four-tenninal pair impedance work of Cutkosky (3)and Jones (4,5) The four-terminal pair impedance, Z4tp'of a device is defined as a combination of its real component, R, and its imaginary component, X: Z41p= R+ jX. -
EE 462G Laboratory #1 Measuring Capacitance
EE 462G Laboratory #1 Measuring Capacitance Drs. A.V. Radun and K.D. Donohue (1/24/07) Revised by Samaneh Esfandiarpour and Dr. David Chen (9/17/2019) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506 I. Instructional Objectives Introduce lab instrumentation with linear circuit elements Introduce lab report format Develop and analyze measurement procedures based on two theoretical models Introduce automated lab measurement and data analysis II. Background A circuit design requires a capacitor. The value of an available capacitor cannot be determined from its markings, so the value must be measured; however a capacitance meter is not available. The only available resources are different valued resistors, a variable frequency signal generator, a digital multi-meter (DMM), and an oscilloscope. Two possible ways of measuring the capacitor’s value are described in the following paragraphs. For this experiment, the student needs to select resistors and frequencies that are convenient and feasible for the required measurements and instrumentation. Be sure to use the digital multi-meter (DMM) to measure and record the actual resistance values used in each measurement procedure. III. Pre-Laboratory Exercise Step Response Model 1. For a series circuit consisting of a voltage source v(t), resistor R, and capacitor C, derive (show all steps) the complete solution for the capacitor voltage vc(t) when the source is a step with amplitude A and the initial capacitor voltage is 0. 2. Assume the source v(t) is a function generator, where the source voltage can only be measured after the 50 Ω internal resistance. -
A History of Impedance Measurements
A History of Impedance Measurements by Henry P. Hall Preface 2 Scope 2 Acknowledgements 2 Part I. The Early Experimenters 1775-1915 3 1.1 Earliest Measurements, Dc Resistance 3 1.2 Dc to Ac, Capacitance and Inductance Measurements 6 1.3 An Abundance of Bridges 10 References, Part I 14 Part II. The First Commercial Instruments 1900-1945 16 2.1 Comment: Putting it All Together 16 2.2 Early Dc Bridges 16 2.3 Other Early Dc Instruments 20 2.4 Early Ac Bridges 21 2.5 Other Early Ac Instruments 25 References Part II 26 Part III. Electronics Comes of Age 1946-1965 28 3.1 Comment: The Post-War Boom 28 3.2 General Purpose, “RLC” or “Universal” Bridges 28 3.3 Dc Bridges 30 3.4 Precision Ac Bridges: The Transformer Ratio-Arm Bridge 32 3.5 RF Bridges 37 3.6 Special Purpose Bridges 38 3,7 Impedance Meters 39 3.8 Impedance Comparators 40 3.9 Electronics in Instruments 42 References Part III 44 Part IV. The Digital Era 1966-Present 47 4.1 Comment: Measurements in the Digital Age 47 4.2 Digital Dc Meters 47 4.3 Ac Digital Meters 48 4.4 Automatic Ac Bridges 50 4.5 Computer-Bridge Systems 52 4.6 Computers in Meters and Bridges 52 4.7 Computing Impedance Meters 53 4.8 Instruments in Use Today 55 4.9 A Long Way from Ohm 57 References Part IV 59 Appendices: A. A Transformer Equivalent Circuit 60 B. LRC or Universal Bridges 61 C. Microprocessor-Base Impedance Meters 62 A HISTORY OF IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS PART I. -
Capacitance Meter MUDIT AGARWAL
Capacitance Meter MUDIT AGARWAL Nasiha Ali The principle of operating is counting the pulse oscillator during a fixed time interval produced by another lower frequency oscillator. This oscillator uses the capacitor being measured as the timing element. The capacitance measurement is proportional during pulse counting during a fixed time interval. The astable oscillator formed by IC1c K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9V 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 9V produces a pulse train of constant frequency. Gate 13 12 11 10 9 15 14 3 3 13 12 11 10 9 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 15 14 3 IC4 IC5 IC6 4 4 8 8 4 IC1a also form oscillator whose oscillation period 4511 4511 8 4511 16 5 6 2 1 7 16 16 5 6 2 1 7 6 2 1 7 5 is given approximately by the equation: T=0.7RC. 1C1c Period T is linearly dependent on the capacitance 4093 9 6 5 4 3 2 14131211 10 8 6 5 4 3 16 2 IC2 IC3 10 1 1 C. This period is used as the time interval for one 4518 4518 8 9 7 15 7 15 9 1.5M measurement. The differentiator network following 2K C1 the oscillator creates the negative spikes shaped in 1C1a 9V + 220pf 4093 14 K 1 5 1 9 3 4 R K narrow pulses by IC1b NAND Schmitt trigger. -
LCR Meter PCE-UT 603
www.pce-industrial-needs.com Tursdale Technical Services Ltd Unit N12B Tursdale Business Park Co. Durham DH6 5PG United Kingdom Phone: +44 ( 0 ) 191 377 3398 Fax: +44 ( 0 ) 191 377 3357 [email protected] http://www.industrial-needs.com/ Manual LCR Meter PCE-UT 603 [email protected] Table of contents Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Safety Information ................................................................................................................................... 3 Rules for Safe Operation .......................................................................................................................... 3 International Electrical Symbols .............................................................................................................. 4 The Meter Structure ................................................................................................................................. 4 Functional Buttons ................................................................................................................................... 5 Display Symbols ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Measurement Operation ........................................................................................................................... 6 A. Measuring -
Electrical and Electronic Measurements
Contents Manual for K-Notes ................................................................................. 2 Error Analysis .......................................................................................... 3 Electro-Mechanical Instruments ............................................................. 6 Potentiometer / Null Detector .............................................................. 15 Instrument Transformer ....................................................................... 16 AC Bridges ............................................................................................. 18 Measurement of Resistance ................................................................. 21 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) ........................................................... 25 Digital Meters ....................................................................................... 28 Q–meter / Voltage Magnifier ................................................................ 30 © 2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 1 Error Analysis Static characteristics of measuring system 1) Accuracy Degree of closeness in which a measured value approaches a true value of a quantity under measurement. When accuracy is measured in terms of error : Guaranteed accuracy error (GAE) is measured with respect to full scale deflation. Limiting error (in terms of measured value) GAE * Full scale deflection LE Measured value 2) Precision Degree of closeness with which reading in produced again & again for same value of input quantity. 3) Sensitivity -
The RC Circuit
The RC Circuit The RC Circuit Pre-lab questions 1. What is the meaning of the time constant, RC? 2. Show that RC has units of time. 3. Why isn’t the time constant defined to be the time it takes the capacitor to become fully charged or discharged? 4. Explain conceptually why the time constant is larger for increased resistance. 5. What does an oscilloscope measure? 6. Why can’t we use a multimeter to measure the voltage in the second half of this lab? 7. Draw and label a graph that shows the voltage across a capacitor that is charging and discharging (as in this experiment). 8. Set up a data table for part one. (V, t (0-300s in 20s intervals, 360, and 420s)) Introduction The goal in this lab is to observe the time-varying voltages in several simple circuits involving a capacitor and resistor. In the first part, you will use very simple tools to measure the voltage as a function of time: a multimeter and a stopwatch. Your lab write-up will deal primarily with data taken in this part. In the second part of the lab, you will use an oscilloscope, a much more sophisticated and powerful laboratory instrument, to observe time behavior of an RC circuit on a much faster timescale. Your observations in this part will be mostly qualitative, although you will be asked to make several rough measurements using the oscilloscope. Part 1. Capacitor Discharging Through a Resistor You will measure the voltage across a capacitor as a function of time as the capacitor discharges through a resistor. -
Electrical Test & Measurement Equipment
ELECTRICAL TEST & MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT www.protecequip.com 844-PROTEC-0 ABOUT US Founded by Kevin Nichols in 2004, Protec Equipment Resources, Inc. has been the leader in electrical test equipment rental for over 10 years. We service our customers with a singular focus To Be the Best at What We Do … By a Wide Margin. Our service has become Legendary within the electrical testing community, and we pride ourselves on continual improvement, centered around our company’s Core Values: • To Be the Best at What We Do … By a Wide Margin We accomplish this by employing a team of professionals with a passion to be the Best and a Commitment to Excellence in everything we do. • Character & Integrity Building trust through ethical and honorable conduct in all our dealings with customers, vendors, and one another. • Teamwork A commitment to each other and an exceptionally high level of interpersonal support. • Legendary Customer Service Our service is Legendary. We care deeply about our customers and their suc- cess, and strive to provide superior customer service, from working after hours to driving 800 miles overnight for an emergency job … we are there when and where you need us. Table of Contents BATTERY TEST EQUIPMENT Battery Ground Fault Testers .........................................................................32 Megger Battery Ground Fault Locator Megger Battery Ground Fault Tracer Battery Hydrometers ........................................................................................33 Alber DMA-35-CRT Hydrometer with Data Logging