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An Overview of the Secure Shell (SSH) Secure Shell Secure Shell Overview White Paper An Overview of the Secure Shell (SSH) 4848 tramway ridge dr. ne suite 101 albuquerque, nm 87111 505 - 332 -5700 www.vandyke.com Secure Shell Overview Overview of Secure Shell ................................................................................................... 2 Introduction to Secure Shell............................................................................................ 2 History of Secure Shell ................................................................................................... 2 Functionality of Secure Shell.......................................................................................... 3 Secure Command Shell............................................................................................... 3 Port forwarding ........................................................................................................... 3 Secure File Transfer.................................................................................................... 4 Protocol Basics of Secure Shell ...................................................................................... 5 User Authentication .................................................................................................... 5 Host Authentication .................................................................................................... 7 Data Encryption .......................................................................................................... 8 Data Integrity .............................................................................................................. 8 Other Benefits ............................................................................................................. 8 Secure Shell Software Solutions..................................................................................... 9 VShell ......................................................................................................................... 9 SecureCRT.................................................................................................................. 9 SecureFX..................................................................................................................... 9 OpenSSH..................................................................................................................... 9 Secure Shell – an Open Standard.................................................................................. 10 Threats Addressed by Secure Shell............................................................................... 10 Eavesdropping or Password Sniffing........................................................................ 10 Man-in-the-Middle Attack (MITM) ......................................................................... 10 Insertion and Replay Attacks.................................................................................... 11 Need for Policy with Secure Shell................................................................................ 12 Secure Shell Overview Page 1 Copyright ©2001 VanDyke Software, Inc. Secure Shell Overview Overview of Secure Shell Secure Shell (SSH) provides an open protocol for securing network communications that is less complex and expensive than hardware-based VPN solutions. Secure Shell client/server solutions provide command shell, file transfer, and data tunneling services for TCP/IP applications. SSH connections provide highly secure authentication, encryption, and data integrity to combat password theft and other security threats. VanDyke Software clients and servers are mature native Windows implementations that offer a range of SSH capabilities and are interoperable with SSH software on other platforms. Introduction to Secure Shell As Internet access becomes increasingly inexpensive and available, it has become a viable replacement for traditional couriers, telephone, and fax, as well as remote dial-up access to a company’s internal computer resources. One of the biggest challenges in using the Internet to replace more traditional communications is security. In the past, companies have maintained their own modem bank dial-up access to company resources so that critical data wasn’t being transmitted over the public network. Modem banks are expensive to maintain and don’t scale well. In a large company, long distance charges for road warriors alone can make this an expensive solution. Secure Shell is a protocol that provides authentication, encryption and data integrity to secure network communications. Implementations of Secure Shell offer the following capabilities: a secure command-shell, secure file transfer, and remote access to a variety of TCP/IP applications via a secure tunnel. Secure Shell client and server applications are widely available for most popular operating systems. Secure Shell offers a good solution for the problem of securing data sent over a public network. For example, using Secure Shell and the Internet for securely transferring documents and work products electronically, rather than using a traditional overnight courier can provide a substantial cost savings. Consider that the average shipping rate for a single overnight package is between $15 and $30. The average one month unlimited Internet access account in the U.S. costs about $14 a month and usually offers nationwide dial-up access. Using the Internet with Secure Shell to securely deliver your documents, you could easily recoup the cost of Internet access with just one document transfer. History of Secure Shell Secure Shell has seen steady improvement and increased adoption since 1995. The first version of Secure Shell (SSH1) was designed to replace the non-secure UNIX “r- commands” (rlogin, rsh, and rcp). Secure Shell version 2 (SSH2), submitted as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) draft in 1997, addresses some of the more serious vulnerabilities in SSH1 and also provides an improved file transfer solution. Secure Shell Overview Page 2 Copyright ©2001 VanDyke Software, Inc. Secure Shell Overview This increasing popularity has been fueled by the broader availability of commercially developed and supported client and server applications for Windows, UNIX and other platforms, and by the efforts of the OpenSSH project to develop an open source implementation. Functionality of Secure Shell Secure Shell provides three main capabilities, which open the door for many creative secure solutions. - Secure command-shell - Secure file transfer - Port forwarding Secure Command Shell Command shells such as those available in Linux, Unix, Windows, or the familiar DOS prompt provide the ability to execute programs and other commands, usually with character output. A secure command-shell or remote logon allows you to edit files, view the contents of directories and access custom database applications. Systems and network administrators can remotely start batch jobs, start, view or stop services and processes, create user accounts, change permissions to files and directories and more. Anything that can be accomplished at a machine’s command prompt can now be done securely from the road or home. Execute remote commands with the Secure Shell Port forwarding Port forwarding is a powerful tool that can provide security to TCP/IP applications including e-mail, sales and customer contact databases, and in-house applications. Port forwarding, sometimes referred to as tunneling, allows data from normally unsecured TCP/IP applications to be secured. After port forwarding has been set up, Secure Shell reroutes traffic from a program (usually a client) and sends it across the encrypted tunnel, then delivers it to a program on the other side (usually a server).. Multiple applications can transmit data over a single multiplexed channel, eliminating the need to open additional vulnerable ports on a firewall or router. Secure Shell Overview Page 3 Copyright ©2001 VanDyke Software, Inc. Secure Shell Overview For some applications, a secure remote command shell isn’t sufficient and graphical remote control is necessary. Secure Shell’s port forwarding capabilities can be used to create an encrypted tunnel over which an application can be run. Virtual Network Client (VNC this will be a link to: http://www.uk.research.att.com/vnc/index.html), a cross platform GUI remote control application is a good example. Secure encrypted tunnel Internet Firewall with SSH Client only port 22 port forwarding: open Host with: E-mail SSH server Database Mail server VNC client Database server VNC server Port forwarding allows multiple TCP/IP applications to share a single secure connection Secure File Transfer Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) is a subsystem of the Secure Shell protocol. In essence, it is a separate protocol layered over the Secure Shell protocol to handle file transfers. SFTP has several advantages over non-secure FTP. First, SFTP encrypts both the username/password and the data being transferred. Second, it uses the same port as the Secure Shell server, eliminating the need to open another port on the firewall or router. Using SFTP also avoids the network address translation (NAT) issues that can often be a problem with regular FTP. One valuable use of SFTP is to create a secure extranet or fortify a server or servers outside the firewall accessible by remote personnel and/or partners (sometimes referred to as a DMZ or secure extranet). Using SFTP to create a secure extranet for sharing files and documents with customers and partners balances
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