The Machinery of Government Needs a Tune-Up Lessons for the US National Security Council from the British Committee of Imperial Defence

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Machinery of Government Needs a Tune-Up Lessons for the US National Security Council from the British Committee of Imperial Defence Brig Gen Kenneth Newton Walker Kenneth Walker enlisted at Denver, Colorado, on 15 December 1917. He took flying training at Mather Field, California, getting his com- mission and wings in November 1918. After a tour in the Philippines, he returned to Langley Field, Virginia, in February 1925 with a subsequent assignment in December 1928 to attend the Air Corps Tactical School. Retained on the faculty as a bombardment in- structor, Walker became the epitome of the strategic thinkers at the school and coined the revolutionary airpower “creed of the bomber”: “A well-planned, well-organized and well-flown air force attack will constitute an offensive that cannot be stopped.” Following attendance at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1933 and promotion to major, he served for three years at Hamilton Field, California, and another three years at Luke Field, Ford Island, and Wheeler Field, Hawaii. Walker returned to the United States in January 1941 as assistant chief of the Plans Division for the chief of the Air Corps in Washington, DC. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1941 and colonel in March 1942. During this time, when he worked in the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff, he coauthored the air-campaign strategy known as Air War Plans Division—Plan 1, the plan for organizing, equipping, deploying, and employing the Army Air Forces to defeat Germany and Japan should the United States become embroiled in war. The authors completed this monumental undertaking in less than one month, just before Japan at- tacked Pearl Harbor—and the United States was, in fact, at war. In June 1942, he was promoted to brigadier general and assigned by Gen George Kenney as commander of Fifth Air Force’s Bomber Command. In this capacity, he repeatedly accompanied his B-24 and B-17 units on bombing missions deep into enemy-held territory. Learning firsthand about combat conditions, he developed a highly efficient technique for bombing when air- craft faced opposition by enemy fighter planes and antiaircraft fire. General Walker was killed in action on 5 January 1943 while leading a bombing mission over Rabaul, New Britain—the hottest target in the theater. He was awarded the Medal of Honor. Its citation, in part, reads, “In the face of extremely heavy anti aircraft fire and determined opposition by enemy fighters, General Walker led an effective daylight bombing attack against shipping in the harbor at Rabaul, which resulted in direct hits on nine enemy vessels. During this action, his airplane was disabled and forced down by the attack of an overwhelming number of enemy fighters. He displayed conspicu- ous leadership above and beyond the call of duty involving personal valor and intrepidity at an extreme hazard to life.” Walker is credited with being one of the men who built an organization that became the US Air Force. After you have read this research report, please give us your frank opinion on the contents. All comments—large or small, complimentary or caustic—will be gratefully appreciated. Mail them to the Air Force Fellows—Spaatz Center, 325 Chen- nault Circle, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6006. The Machinery of Government Manske Needs a Tune-Up Lessons for the US National Security Council from the British Committee of Imperial Defence Cut along dotted line Thank you for your assistance. AIR UNIVERSITY CARL A. SPAATZ CENTER FOR OFFICER EDUCATION AIR FORCE FELLOWS The Machinery of Government Needs a Tune-Up Lessons for the US National Security Council from the British Committee of Imperial Defence CHAD T. MANSKE Colonel, USAF Walker Paper No. 15 Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5962 March 2009 Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Cataloging Data Manske, Chad T. The machinery of government needs a tune-up : lessons for the US National Security Council from the British Committee of Imperial Defence / Chad T. Manske p. ; cm. – (Walker paper, [1555-7871] ; no. 15) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-58566-190-9 1. National Security Council (U.S.)—History. 2. Great Britain. Committee of Impe- rial Defence—History. 3. National Security Council (U.S.)—Evaluation. 4. Great Britain. Committee of Imperial Defence—Evaluation. 5. National security—United States. 6. Military policy—Decision making. I. Title. II. Series: Walker paper (Max- well Air Force Base, Ala.) ; no. 15. 355.0335/73––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. This Walker Paper and others in the series are available electronically at the Air University Research Web site http://research.au.af.mil and the AU Press Web site http://aupress.au.af.mil. ii Air Force Fellows Since 1958 the Air Force has assigned a small number of carefully chosen, experienced officers to serve one-year tours at distinguished civilian institutions studying national security policy and strategy. Beginning with the 1994 academic year, these programs were accorded in-residence credit as part of professional military education at senior service schools. In 2003 these fellowships assumed senior developmental educa- tion (SDE) force-development credit for eligible officers. The SDE-level Air Force Fellows serve as visiting military am- bassadors to their centers, devoting effort to expanding their colleagues’ understanding of defense matters. As such, candi- dates for SDE-level fellowships have a broad knowledge of key Department of Defense (DOD) and Air Force issues. SDE-level fellows perform outreach by their presence and voice in spon- soring institutions. They are expected to provide advice as well as promote and explain Air Force and DOD policies, programs, and military-doctrine strategy to nationally recognized scholars, foreign dignitaries, and leading policy analysts. The Air Force Fellows also gain valuable perspectives from the exchange of ideas with these civilian leaders. SDE-level fellows are expected to apprise appropriate Air Force agencies of significant develop- ments and emerging views on defense as well as economic and foreign policy issues within their centers. Each fellow is ex- pected to use the unique access she or he has as grounds for research and writing on important national security issues. The SDE Air Force Fellows include the National Defense Fellows, the RAND Fellows, the National Security Fellows, and the Sec- retary of Defense Corporate Fellows. In addition, the Air Force Fellows program supports a post-SDE military fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. On the level of intermediate developmental education, the chief of staff approved several Air Force Fellowships focused on career broadening for Air Force majors. The Air Force Legislative iii AIR FORCE FELLOWS Fellows program was established in April 1995, with the Foreign Policy Fellowship and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Fellowship coming under the Air Force Fellows program in 2003. In 2004 the Air Force Fellows also assumed responsi- bility for the National Laboratories Technologies Fellows. iv Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii FOREWORD . vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . ix ABSTRACT . xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xiii 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 Notes . 7 2 THE BRITISH COMMITTEE OF IMPERIAL DEFENCE . 9 Notes . 29 3 THE US NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL . 35 Notes . 61 4 THE COMMITTEE OF IMPERIAL DEFENCE AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL: Comparison AND CONTRAST . 69 Notes . 77 5 ANALYSIS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS . 79 Notes . 90 Appendix A National Security Council Structure . 93 B Policy Coordination Committees . 95 C President’s Special Review Board National Security Advisor Performance Functions . 97 v CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS . 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 101 Illustrations Figure 1 World War II Organization of the Committee of Imperial Defence . 27 2 National Security Council System . 44 vi Foreword History can tell us a great deal about the roots of our own national security institutions. This is certainly true in the case of our modern National Security Council (NSC). In this well documented study, Air Force colonel Chad Manske traces the roots of the NSC to its organizational prototype—the British Com- mittee of Imperial Defence (BCID). Both the NSC and the BCID were devised to address the need for greater coherence in develop- ing and advising on the implementation of the most pressing national security and defense matters of their day. With its roots in the nineteenth century, Colonel Manske’s research re- veals the BCID as an early effort precisely to bring greater co- herence to the making of British security policy during its brief existence from 1904 through the end of World War II. With the dawn of a new post-war era, the United States was similarly in need of a new structure to plan for the new security environ- ment. Within two years of the war’s conclusion, the US Con- gress had passed the National Security Act of 1947 and estab- lished the National Security Council to assist in these affairs. The historical comparison of these two institutions comprises a fascinating study of two major-power efforts to bring rational decision making to the increasingly complex domain of national security policy. By looking at the conditions that gave rise to each, Colonel Manske illuminates the conditions under which institutional innovation in security policy making takes place. By closely examining the structural similarities and differences of these institutions, and by explicating the way each conducted its business, we get a nuanced picture of how modern major powers have tackled the problem of thinking holistically about threats to national security. By comparing these institutions–– their functions, purposes, leadership––and assessing how each changed over time, we gain an appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of these different approaches to policy develop- ment.
Recommended publications
  • Strong, Nonpartisan Support for New START: Key Quotes
    Strong, Nonpartisan Support for New START: Key Quotes SUPPORT FOR RATIFICATION Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: ”I believe, and the rest of the military leadership in this country believes, that this treaty is essential to our future security....I hope the Senate will ratify it quickly.” [Admiral Mullen, 11/12 2010] SeCretary of Defense Robert Gates: “The New START Treaty has the unanimous support of America's military leadership—to include the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, all of the service chiefs, and the commander of the U.S. Strategic Command, the organization responsible for our strategic nuclear deterrent. For nearly 40 years, treaties to limit or reduce nuclear weapons have been approved by the U.S. Senate by strong bipartisan majorities. This treaty deserves a similar reception and result-on account of the dangerous weapons it reduces, the critical defense capabilities it preserves, the strategic stability it maintains, and, above all, the security it provides to the American people.” [Secretary Gates, 5/13/10] James SChlesinger, SeCretary of Defense for Presidents Nixon and Ford: “It is obligatory for the United States to ratify.” [James Schlesinger, 4/29/10] Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: “I am pleased to add my voice in support of ratification of the New START treaty and to do so as soon as possible. We are in our seventh month without a treaty with Russia." [Admiral Mullen, 6/17/10] Dr. James Miller, PrinCipal Deputy Defense UnderseCretary for Policy: “The New START Treaty is strongly in the national security interest of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Caspar Weinberger and the Reagan Defense Buildup
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-2013 Direct Responsibility: Caspar Weinberger and the Reagan Defense Buildup Robert Howard Wieland University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the American Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wieland, Robert Howard, "Direct Responsibility: Caspar Weinberger and the Reagan Defense Buildup" (2013). Dissertations. 218. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/218 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY: CASPAR WEINBERGER AND THE REAGAN DEFENSE BUILDUP by Robert Howard Wieland Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School Of The University of Southern Mississippi In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 ABSTRACT DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY: CASPAR WEINBERGER AND THE REAGAN DEFENSE BUILDUP by Robert Howard Wieland December 2013 This dissertation explores the life of Caspar Weinberger and explains why President Reagan chose him for Secretary of Defense. Weinberger, not a defense technocrat, managed a massive defense buildup of 1.5 trillion dollars over a four year period. A biographical approach to Weinberger illuminates Reagan’s selection, for in many ways Weinberger harkens back to an earlier type of defense manager more akin to Elihu Root than Robert McNamara; more a man of letters than technocrat.
    [Show full text]
  • "1919 Paris Peace Conference Centennial : Recollecting India's Representation and Participation" Monika Chansoria
    Policy Brief JuneJan 23 , 2019 Dr. Monika Chansoria is a 1919 Paris Peace Conference Tokyo-based Senior Visiting Fellow at The Japan Institute Centennial: Recollecting India’s of International Affairs. Representation and Participation Previously, she has held appointments at the Sandia Dr. Monika Chansoria National Laboratories (U.S.), Hokkaido University (Sapporo, The Paris Peace Conference opened on January 18, 1919, paving Japan), and Fondation Maison way for an ensuing legacy of peacemaking. It aimed at fortifying the des Sciences de l’Homme conceptual foundations in reference to the very essential premise on which peacemaking rests – i.e., bringing a conflict/war to a halt, (Paris). Dr. Chansoria has and thereafter initiating a diplomatic process that seeks to provide a authored five books including platform for initiating the process of reconciliation. Held at the Palace her latest work, China, Japan, of Versailles, the Peace Conference saw delegates from 27 parties, and Senkaku Islands: Conflict with rigorous deliberations and recommendations that eventually got in the East China Sea Amid an included into the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, held at the Hall American Shadow (Routledge of Mirrors at Versailles, on June 28, 1919. © 2018). India and the Paris Peace Conference India’s representation and participation in the 1919 peace conference holds special mention especially since India, at that time, was under the colonial rule of the British Empire. According to the Interpretation Act of 1889 (Sec. 18 {5}) India came to be defined
    [Show full text]
  • Head of Government Banking Service
    Candidate Information Pack Head of Government Banking Service (SCS Payband 1) Reference: HOGB15 Closing Date – Midnight 31st January 2016 Contents Welcome Message from Justin Holliday, Chief Finance Officer for HM Revenue and Customs 1 Background Information 2 Background to Government Banking Service 2 Background to HM Revenue and Customs 3 About the Role 4 Person Specifications 6 How to Apply 7 Indicative Timeline 8 Terms, Conditions and Reunifications 8 Welcome message from Justin Holliday, Chief Finance Officer, HM Revenue and Customs This role provides you with the unique opportunity to make a substantial impact on the operation of government and on the UK payments sector as a whole. You will be responsible for leading the Government Banking Service as a commercially viable shared service, sustaining strong working relationships with the banks which deliver the underlying money transmissions and maintaining a reputation for timely and accurate reporting This is an important role and we are looking for someone with the skills to deliver successful change management and to both establish and lead operational teams as we develop the business at this exciting time. As a senior leader within HMRC, you will also play a large role in the Department’s transformation journey over the next five years. I look forward to receiving your application. Justin Holliday 1 Background Information Background to Government Banking Service The Government Banking Service is both a new and an old organisation. Although it was only formed in 2008 and came into full service in 2010, its roots are in the Office of HM Paymaster General that has been operating since 1836 as a banking shared service provider for government and the wider public sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing for Nuclear War: President Reagan's Program
    The Center for Defense Infomliansupports a strong eelens* but opposes e-xces- s~eexpenditures or forces It tetiev~Dial strong social, economic and political structures conifflaute equally w national security and are essential to the strength and welfareof our country - @ 1982 CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION-WASHINGTON, D.C. 1.S.S.N. #0195-6450 Volume X, Number 8 PREPARING FOR NUCLEAR WAR: PRESIDENT REAGAN'S PROGRAM Defense Monitor in Brief President Reagan and his advisors appear to be preparing the United States for nuclear war with the Soviet Union. President Reagan plans to spend $222 Billion in the next six years in an effort to achieve the capacity to fight and win a nuclear war. The U.S. has about 30,000 nuclear weapons today. The U.S. plans to build 17,000 new nuclear weapons in the next decade. Technological advances in the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and changes in nuclear war planning are major factors in the weapons build-up and make nuclear war more likely. Development of new U.S. nuclear weapons like the MX missile create the impression in the U.S., Europe, and the Soviet Union that the U.S.is buildinga nuclear force todestroy the Soviet nuclear arsenal in a preemptive attack. Some of the U.S. weapons being developed may require the abrogation of existing arms control treaties such as the ABM Treaty and Outer Space Treaty, and make any future agreements to restrain the growth of nuclear weapons more difficult to achieve. Nuclear "superiority" loses its meaning when the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Publishing Government Legal Advice Table of Contents 1
    Library Briefing Publishing Government Legal Advice Table of Contents 1. Law Officers’ Legal Summary Advice to the Government In the UK, law officers of the crown are responsible for providing legal advice 2. Iraq War and the to the government. Successive governments have observed a long-standing Publication of Legal convention that the advice they receive from law officers is not disclosed Advice outside government. This House of Lords Library Briefing provides a brief 3. Legal Advice on overview of the role of the law officers and the convention on the publication Military Action Post-Iraq of their advice. It also gives examples of how the Government has referred to Conflict the convention in response to calls for it to make public the full advice that it 4. Brexit had received from law officers. The final section discusses demands for the Government to publish the legal advice that it has been given regarding Brexit. Over recent weeks, there have been repeated calls—including from Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and a former Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union—for the Government to publish in full the legal advice it has received about its proposed Brexit deal. On 13 November 2018, a binding motion for a return was agreed without division in the House of Commons, calling for “any legal advice in full, including that provided by the Attorney General, on the proposed withdrawal agreement on the terms of the UK’s departure from the European Union including the Northern Ireland backstop and framework for a future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union” to be laid before Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabinet Secretary for Culture and External Affairs.Dot
    Rt Hon Michael Gove MP Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Cabinet Office 70 Whitehall London SW1A 2AS __ 17 June 2020 Dear Michael In our joint statement of 14 June, which expressed disappointment in your decision not to request an extension to transition before we had an opportunity to discuss this crucial matter ahead of the high level political stocktake, we said that we would write to you on the subject of ‘rebooting’ the process of engagement between the UK and Devolved Governments on the EU-UK negotiations. This letter sets out our thinking on this important subject. We have, in the meantime, received your letter of 14 June responding to our statement. As you acknowledged, we have different views on the way forward and our governments are not going to agree on the core fundamental positions with regard to the EU-UK future relationship. To our mind, this is all the more reason for us to re-double our efforts to work together for the benefit of business and communities in all parts of the United Kingdom, particularly as the option of an extension will no longer be open to the UK after the end of this month. It was because of the immutability of that deadline within the Withdrawal Agreement that we were so disappointed that the final decision was taken in advance of the meeting. While we have had the opportunity to register our views on this issue on several occasions, we would point out the difference between the quantity of meetings and other contacts between our administrations, and the quality of the engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Victorian Public Sector Operating Manual on Machinery of Government Changes October 2016
    Victorian public sector operating manual on machinery of government changes October 2016 The Secretary Department of Treasury and Finance 1 Treasury Place Melbourne Victoria 3002 Australia Telephone: +61 3 9651 5111 Facsimile: +61 3 9651 2062 dtf.vic.gov.au Authorised by the Victorian Government 1 Treasury Place, Melbourne, 3002 © State of Victoria 2016 You are free to re-use this work under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence, provided you credit the State of Victoria (Department of Treasury and Finance) as author, indicate if changes were made and comply with the other licence terms. The licence does not apply to any branding, including Government logos. Copyright queries may be directed to [email protected] ISBN 978-1-922222-98-5 Published October 2016 If you would like to receive this publication in an accessible format please email [email protected] This document is also available in Word and PDF format at dtf.vic.gov.au Introduction This manual provides a comprehensive source of guidance to assist departments in implementing machinery of government (MoG) changes. The guidance relates primarily to transfers of responsibilities and people between Victorian government departments under the Administrative Arrangements Act 1983, the Public Administration Act 2004 and the Financial Management Act 1994. However, the guidance also covers changes in portfolio responsibilities for non-departmental entities including the related impacts on the relationship between a relevant department and a government-controlled agency, and on the accounting for the investment in that entity regardless of whether or not the agency is directly involved in the transfer of departmental functions.
    [Show full text]
  • Dominions, Great Britain and Questions Related to Imperial Foreign Policy Implementation and Direction in the 1920S and at the Beginning of the 1930S
    i i i i West Bohemian Historical Review VI j 2016 j 2 Dominions, Great Britain and Questions Related to Imperial Foreign Policy Implementation and Direction in the 1920s and at the Beginning of the 1930s Jaroslav Valkoun∗ The study focuses on the problems of British-Dominion relations with a special regard to the share of the Dominions in formation, execution and direction of the imperial for- eign policy in the 1920s and at the beginning of the 1930s. In the post war period, it was expected that recognition of a formal independence and a new international status of the British Dominions would be take place. Concurrently with a wider conception of the Dominion autonomy, a more intensive cooperation was realised within the Em- pire, which gradually led to a bigger interest of the overseas autonomous units in the decision-making process concerning the direction of the imperial foreign policy. The observed problems concentrated on two main fronts, it means the measure of consul- tations among the mother country and the Dominions and individual foreign policy questions, crisis, incidents and events that, in reality, contributed to a discussion con- cerning the share of overseas autonomous units in the formation and execution of the Imperial foreign policy from the side of the British Foreign Office. Balfour Declaration adoption, increasing the importance of the Dominions, began the period that was sig- nificant with pacification of debates concerning execution of the imperial foreign policy and during which it was necessary to wait for next few years for this status legislative approval till the adoption of the Statute of Westminster in December 1931.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Memorandum Regarding Robert Cutler
    OFFICE OF THE Dill ECTOR Il!.ell.ernl i!lui·.euu of Jlnu.estigution lftnit.eh :§tat.es il.epartm.ent nf Ym1ti.c.e musqingtnn 25, :m. or. Honorable Shcr ~2n Adams The Assistant to the President The White House Wa shington, D. C. My de 2. r Mr . Adens : In accord2nce with your request, th,2re is s.tto.ched r; sun.nary ~11e;:norandu1'1. of thE, inquiries made on Robert Cutler. With 2ssur2.nces of my hig11est rega1~cts 1 Sincerely yours, A tt2.chnent DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL, E.O. 13526, SECTION S.3(b)(3) ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2014-034, document no. 1 DECLASSIFICATION DATE: May 24, 2016 - . ~nit.eh §tat.es ih~partm.ett~ of Yustire . ~~her"l l!lureau of :l!nuestigation 111asqington 2.5, il. Qr. IN REPLY,• PLEASE REFER TO January 22, 1953 FILE No. ----­ ROBERT CUTLER I o BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. Ao Birth Data. Robert Cutler was born on June 12, 1895, at Brookline, Massachusetts, the son of George Chalmers Cutler and Mary Wilson Cutler, both hauing been born at Bangor, Maine. Bo Educationo He was a student at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachu­ setts, from September, 1912, to June, 1916, at which time he receiued a Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude. During the academic years of . 1913-1914 and 1914-1915 he held the John Haruard Scholarship and in 1915-1916 the Harvard College Scholarship. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and was also very active in extra-curricular activities, which included membership in uarious clubs and societies and the office of Class Poet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Return of Cabinet Government? Coalition Politics and the Exercise of Political Power Emma Bell
    The Return of Cabinet Government? Coalition Politics and the Exercise of Political Power Emma Bell To cite this version: Emma Bell. The Return of Cabinet Government? Coalition Politics and the Exercise of Political Power. Revue française de civilisation britannique, CRECIB - Centre de recherche et d’études en civilisation britannique, 2017. hal-01662078 HAL Id: hal-01662078 http://hal.univ-smb.fr/hal-01662078 Submitted on 12 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Return of Cabinet Government? Coalition Politics and the Exercise of Political Power Emma BELL Université de Savoie « The Return of Cabinet Government ? Coalition Politics and the Exercise of Political Power », in Leydier, Gilles (éd.) Revue française de la civilisation britannique, vol. 17, n°1, 2012. Abstract It is often said that political power in the UK is increasingly concentrated in the hands of the Prime Minister and a cadre of unelected advisers, prompting many commentators to announce the demise of Cabinet government. This paper will seek to determine whether or not the advent of coalition government is likely to prompt a return to collective decision-making processes. It will examine the peculiarities of coalition politics, continuities and ruptures with previous government practice and, finally, ask whether or not the return of Cabinet government is realistic or even desirable.
    [Show full text]
  • Eisenhower's Dilemma
    UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Eisenhower’s Dilemma How to Talk about Nuclear Weapons Paul Gregory Leahy 3/30/2009 Leahy 2 For Christopher & Michael, My Brothers Leahy 3 Table of Contents Introduction….6 Chapter 1: The General, 1945-1953….17 Chapter 2: The First Term, 1953-1957….43 Chapter 3: The Second Term, 1957-1961….103 Conclusion….137 Bibliography….144 Leahy 4 Acknowledgements I would to begin by taking a moment to thanks those individuals without whom this study would not be possible. Foremost among these individuals, I would like to thank Professor Jonathan Marwil, who had advised me throughout the writing of this thesis. Over countless hours he persistently pushed me to do better, work harder, and above all to write more consciously. His expert tutelage remains inestimable to me. I am gratified and humbled to have worked with him for these many months. I appreciate his patience and hope to have created something worth his efforts, as well as my own. I would like to thank the Department of History and the Honors Program for both enabling me to pursue my passion for history through their generous financial support, without which I could never have traveled to Abilene, Kansas. I would like to thank Kathy Evaldson for ensuring that the History Honors Thesis Program and the Department run smoothly. I also never could have joined the program were it not for Professor Kathleen Canning’s recommendation. She has my continued thanks. I would like to recognize and thank Professor Hussein Fancy for his contributions to my education. Similarly, I would like to recognize Professors Damon Salesa, Douglass Northrop, and Brian Porter-Szucs, who have all contributed to my education in meaningful and important ways.
    [Show full text]