Transborder Environmental Management in the East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC) 163 Project Thavivongse Sriburi 175 13

TRANSBORDER ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CIAS Discussion Paper No.4 Wil de Jong (editor) Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan 2008 Cias Discussion Paper No. 4 © CENTER FOR INTEGRATED AREA STUDIES, KYOTO UNIVERSITY Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan TEL: +81-75-753-9603 FAX: +81-75-753-9602 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cias.kyoto-u.ac.jp March, 2008 The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessary represent the point of view of the Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University. The chapters in this publication present the opinion of the authors and not of the editor. The total or partial reproduction of this publication, by any means is prohibited without the explicit written authorization of the Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University. This publication can be cited, providing due credit is given to the authors, editor and publishing organization. Table of Content Part One. Transborder Marine and River Resources Management 1. The Efforts of ICCAT to Combat IUU Fishing: Japan’s Push and Taiwan’s Response in 11 Conserving and Managing Tuna Resources Yann-huei Song 2. GMS Cooperation in Hydropower Development and Power Interconnection: Potentials, 33 Progresses and Challenges Lei Zhuning 3. The Role of Institutional Capacity in Enabling Climate Change Adaptation: The Case of the 49 Guadiana River Basin D. McEvoy, F. Cots, K. Lonsdale, J. David Tabara & S.Werners 4. Fighting Floods or Living with Floods? Striving for Coherence in Multiple Strategies of 61 Flood Risk Management in European River Basins Denyse J. Snelder 5. From High Seas Fisheries to Marine Environmental Protection: A Transformation on Policy 73 Kuan-Hsiung Wang 6. Branding strategy: Self-Regulation of Sea Cucumber Fisheries in Rishiri Island 81 Akamine Jun Part Two. Borderlands, Transborder Resource Management and Conservation 7. Political Boundaries, Divided Peoples and Transborder Conservation of Central African 95 Forests: Two Congo Basin Cases Rebecca Hardin, Marine Robillard and Serge Bahuchet 8. State-Making and Transnational Process: Transboundary Flows of Resources in a Border- 117 land of Western Borneo Noboru Ishikawa 9. Who’s Borders and Who’s Resources in Transborder Natural Resource Management 129 Wil de Jong 10. Transboundary Resource Management: The Case of the Marine Turtle Conservation in the 137 Philippines Andres B. Masipiqueña 11. The Wadden Sea Conservation Area: Cooperation and Competition in an International 151 Coastal Zone Gerard A. Persoon 12. Transborder Environmental Management in the East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC) 163 Project Thavivongse Sriburi 175 13. Transborder Environmental and Natural Resource Management: Case Studies of Trans- frontier Protected Areas in Indonesia and Malaysia Johan Iskandar Part Three. Tools and Policies for Transborder Environmental and Natural Resource Management 14. Socio-Economic Costs from Yellow Dust Damages in South Korea 185 Dai-Yeun Jeong 15. Multilateral, Bilateral and Regional Aspects of International Cooperation in Environment 199 Protection of China He Shengda 16. European Forest Certification Systems 207 Markus Schaller and Matthias Boesch 17. Resources-Oriented Principle and its Application in China 217 Luo-Ping Zhang, Wei-Qi Chen, Qin-Hua Fang, Pei-Er Wang and Hua-Sheng Hong Contributing Authors and their Affiliation Akamine, Jun School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan Bahuchet, Serge MNHN, Paris, France Boesch, Matthias Technischen Universität München, Germany Chen, Wei-Qi State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, China Cotsa, F Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain de Jong, Wil Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University, Japan Fang, Qin-Hua State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, China Hardin, Rebecca University of Michigan, USA He, Shengda Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, China Hong, Hua-Sheng State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, China Ishikawa, Noboru Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Japan Iskandar, Johan Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia Jeong, Dai-Yeun Dept. of Sociology, Cheju National University, Korea Lei, Zhuning Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, China Lonsdale, K. Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford, England Luo-Ping Zhang State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, China Masipiqueña, Andres B. Isabela State University, College of Forestry and Environmental Management, Philippines McEvoy, Darryn ICIS, University of Maastricht, Netherlands Persoon, Gerard A. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Netherlands Robillard, Marine MNHN, Paris, France Schaller, Markus Technischen Universität München, Germany Snelder, Denyse J. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Netherlands Song, Yann-huei Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Sriburi, Thavivongse Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Tabara, J. David. Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain Wang, Kuan-Hsiung Institute of the Law of the Sea, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan Wang, Pei-Er State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, China Werners, S. Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands Introduction to the CIAS Discussion Paper 4 Environments and the natural resources they hold often straddle across country borders. Or, where it con- cerns sea resources like the highly valued blue tuna, they exist in habitats that are not part of any national territory. The management of these environments and resources are largely national affairs, even when regulated by international treaties. The transborder environments and natural resources have increased in importance as exploitable assets or for their conservation value, and this calls for a transborder ap- proach to their management. For that reason, CIAS and the Center for Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, The Center for Asia Pacific Area Studies (CAPAS), Academia Sinica and the United Nations University invited 22 scientists from Japan and 10 other countries to share their analysis of an equal number of cases of transborder environments and natural resources, where bilateral or multilateral management is urgently needed. The symposium was held December 5 to 7 at Kyoto University. This CIAS Discussion Paper with the same title “Transborder Environmental and Natural Resource Manage- ment” includes 17 papers that were presented at the symposium. The cases discussed by the 22 scientists covered different habitats and resources, including river systems in Europe and the Greater Mekong Sub-region, international sea commodities like tuna fish and sea cucumber, tropical forest habitats in Southeast Asia, Africa and South America that cross from one country’s borderlands into the neighbor’s, and even yellow dust that originates in Chinese and Mongo- lian deserts, but impacts the daily lives of people in Korea and elsewhere. The participants all agreed that transborder management of environments and natural resources shared by two or more countries is urgent and widespread, but that the great diversity of cases makes it difficult to draw generally applicable conclusions and principles. The analysis of the cases presented focus on regulatory and policy frameworks and their challenges, the negotiations and actual cooperation for transborder management, and the effectiveness of the latter where it is taking place. Some of the papers focused on tools and policies that need to be developed to address the particularities of transborder management, as opposed to management that is entirely a one country national affair. The papers demonstrate that in quite a few cases bi- or multilateral cooperation is widely advanced, especially where economic benefits, or future damage and consequently high economic costs are at stake. Multilateral management of tuna stocks, hydropower generation in the Greater Mekong Sub-region and threatening future floods in Western Europe’s major rivers systems are issues that receive much attention in bilateral or multilateral forums. Transborder conservation of protected areas or endangered species has been common since the 1990s. The overall effectiveness of the bi- or multilateral management of these transborder protected areas, however, seems to be defined by the participating country that has the weakest effectiveness of its own conservation efforts. Hence, in cases where conservation efforts in one country are marred by a lack of funds, institutional weaknesses or corruption, engagement in transborder conservation may not lead to the desired positive effect. Many countries with tropical forest regions were characterized by a persistent lack of presence of state institutions and application of the rule of law in their borderlands. Transborder economic and cultural integration did for many decades run ahead of the growing state presence resulting from improving infrastructure and communication. As a result in these locations tropical forest borderlanders have developed economic and cultural ties with their counterparts across the border,

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