DOCSLIB.ORG

ALLIANCES for SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS the Diverse Histories of China’S Cities Strongly Influence Their Collaboration Patterns

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ALLIANCES for SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS the Diverse Histories of China’S Cities Strongly Influence Their Collaboration Patterns PHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP/GETTY Hong Kong-based Yuen Kwok-Yung, who identified the cause of SARS, says collaboration between scientists of different perspectives leads to novel breakthroughs. ALLIANCES FOR SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS The diverse histories of China’s cities strongly influence their collaboration patterns. BY HEPENG JIA The findings came about through the team’s combined knowledge and resource base, u Aimin knew that collaborating drawing on the Korean researchers’ physiology represented his best chance for success expertise, the HKU lab’s excellence in biology in his quest at Hong Kong University and unique animal models, and the Saudi IMAGERITE/ALAMY X(HKU) to identify the relationship between Arabian lab’s clinical samples. obesity and the glucose-regulating hormone “Hong Kong is a relatively small place,” says adiponectin. Xu, a professor in the university’s department Connecting with colleagues in Saudi Ara- of medicine. “Collaboration with [Chinese] bia and Korea, he formed a team that revealed mainland and overseas institutes is the best something unexpected. While obesity is a con- way to maximize the economic and societal sequence of metabolic dysfunction, it is also impacts of our research.” exacerbated by it, because the expression of Xu’s first-hand experience echoes what large adiponectin is reduced. Altering this activity scale studies show about science in the twenty- may represent a new strategy for the treatment first century: research resulting from collabo- of obesity-related disorders, their study, pub- rations is more frequently cited, especially lished in Nature Communications, suggests. papers with international co-authors. In the Nature Index, three Chinese cities A sculptural sundial at HKUST represents early stand out for their collaborative orientation: human invention, an inspiration for scientists. Hong Kong, Hefei and Tianjin. The focuses of their collaborations differ, Exploring the roots of these patterns reveals TIANJIN all bring great reward. While Hong Kong and the importance of history in shaping regional Hefei institutions have formed a record num- strengths. HEFEI ber of partnerships with their international As Wu Yishan, vice president of the Chinese peers (see ‘Hong Kong’s hotspots’), Tianjin Academy of Science and Technology for HONG KONG scientists have focused on forging local links Development, puts it: “With the joint forces (see ‘Close ties’). of historical tradition, research capacity, local NATURE INDEX 2015 | CHINA | S187 © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved NATURE INDEX CHINA policies and personal links, Chinese regions coronavirus to Chinese horseshoe bats, was have formed different preferences in research appointed its first co-director. Yuen then went collaborations.” on to help launch the HKU AIDS Institute in XINHUA/ALAMY collaboration with the Aaron Diamond AIDS HONG KONG Research Center, an affiliate of Rockefel- WFC rank China: 7 ler University in New York. “Scientists from AC: 600 different cultures and ethnicities have very different and novel perspectives for looking The index shows that Hong Kong’s collabora- at a scientific question and provide varied tions are firmly entrenched with, but certainly approaches to find the solution,” Yuen says. not limited to, mainland China, the United States and Europe. For example, the two lead- HEFEI ing international collaborators for the Hong WFC rank China: 5 Kong University of Science and Technology AC: 696 (HKUST) are the National University of Singa- pore and Singapore’s Agency for Science, Tech- Like Hong Kong, Hefei, capital of the Chinese nology and Research. HKU’s most frequent mainland hinterland province of Anhui, has a overseas collaborator is Taiwan’s National Tsing limited number of research institutions in the Hua University (see ‘Hong Kong’s hotspots’). index. One of these, the University of Science The collaborative atmosphere in Hong Kong and Technology of China (USTC), is the appears to be fostered by funding policies. The driving force behind the city’s collaborations. region’s local agencies support a large number USTC’s WFC between 2012 and 2014 was 517, of collaborative and joint funding schemes more than six times that of the second player, with other bodies at home and overseas. the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, which An example is the HKU-Pasteur Research is affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Centre, which was established to tackle emerg- Sciences (CAS). ing infectious diseases in China and elsewhere History and tradition help explain USTC’s in Asia. Yuen Kwok-Yung, an HKU microbi- unique role. Founded by CAS, the university ologist who is renowned for tracing the human moved from Beijing to Hefei in 1969 during Hefei’s USTC campus provides a highly supportive SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) the Cultural Revolution. Following the opening environment for collaborative research. up of China, a large number of USTC alumni HONG KONG’S HOTSPOTS United States went to overseas institutions, temporarily or While collaborations with the United States dominate Canada permanently. This, combined with a dearth of the top ve partnerships for Hong Kong's leading United Kingdom institutions, each has a particular regional focus for other local institutes to work with, has pushed France their remaining partners. the university towards international collabora- Germany Portugal tions for cutting-edge research, particularly in physics and chemistry. Japan Singapore A USTC physics professor, Guo Guoping, REACHING OUT Taiwan says that he and colleagues regularly seek col- The University of Australia laborations to promote theoretical develop- Hong Kong has many Others ments based on their experimental results. partnerships in the United States and “International partners are crucial to explore western Europe. our frontier studies,” he 140 says. A good example is a study Guo recently “Support for collaboration 120 co-authored in Physics Review Letters with sci- is reflected in entists from the United Hong Kong’s 100 CLOSE TO HOME States and Japan which funding Hong Kong University of policies.” Science & Technology explores the application 80 collaborates often with of graphene in quantum Asia Pacic institutions. communication. Collaboration score Collaboration 60 USTC is jointly sponsored by CAS and the Ministry of Education. This historic link has contributed to the university’s widespread 40 collaborations with CAS institutes. In 2014 CAS was USTC’s largest partner, earning it 20 a collaboration score of 136.43. The collabo- ration score is an indicator of an institution’s collaboration in terms of co-authorship of 0 articles in the 68 high-impact journals covered THE UNIVESITY OF HONG KONG THE CHINESE CITY UNIVESITY THE HONG KONG HONG KONG UNIVESITY OF UNIVESITY OF OF HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC by the index. SCIENCE & HONG KONG UNIVESITY Both Guo and Yuen at HKU argue that TECHNOLOGY while policy support is important, science rather than money drives collaboration. S188 | NATURE INDEX 2015 | CHINA © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved CHINA NATURE INDEX IT TAKES TWO International collaboration score International and domestic collaboration scores of Tianjin’s top 10 collaborating institutions. Domestic collaboration score NANKAI UNIVESITY TIANJIN UNIVESITY TIANJIN MEDICAL UNIVESITY TIANJIN NOMAL UNIVESITY CLOSE TIES Researchers at Nankai and Tianjin universities co-author more papers with each other than TIANJIN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTIAL any other domestic partner. Top ve domestic collaborators in 2014 are shown. BIOTECHNOLOGY, CAS Others TIANJIN MEDICAL UNIVESITY CANCE INSTITUTE & HOSPITAL Others Tianjin University TIANJIN POLYTECHNIC NANKAI TIANJIN UNIVESITY Peking University UNIVESITY UNIVESITY Tsinghua University Nankai University Central China TIANJIN UNIVESITY Northeast Normal University OF TECHNOLOGY Normal University Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences HEBEI UNIVESITY Tsinghua University Peking OF TECHNOLOGY University TIANJIN UNION MEDICINE CENTE 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Collaboration score “Special collaboration grants to support travel TJU and Nankai jointly established the Tianjin Nankai and TJU are Tianjin’s largest col- and conferences are good, but only support the Co-Innovation Center of Chemical Science and laborators, and in 2014, most frequently col- original ideas,” Guo says. Engineering. “The centre has produced many laborated with each other (see ‘Close ties’). of our co-authorships,” says Nankai materials These strong local links have been forged, TIANJIN chemist, Yang Zhimou, who along with his according to Yang, as a WFC rank China: 10 team has authored several Nature Index papers. “International result of relatively poor AC: 461 Many TJU faculty members graduated from partners funding and a lack of Nankai or vice versa and retain strong alle- are crucial equipment at Nankai Tianjin has more universities in the index than giances to their alma mater. This contributes to explore and Tianjin universi- Hong Kong and Hefei, although much of its to ongoing close collaboration, says Ma Jun- our frontier ties. This situation has basic research is conducted at two institutions An, a TJU Department of Chemistry professor pushed researchers to — Nankai and Tianjin universities. These who recently published in Organic Letters, a top studies.” exploit resources avail- universities had collaboration scores of 254.3 chemistry journal in the Nature Index. able locally. and 163.9 in 2014; much larger than the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
    Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of Modeling Diurnal Variation of Surface PM2.5
    Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2839–2863, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2839-2020-supplement © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Supplement of Modeling diurnal variation of surface PM2:5 concentrations over East China with WRF-Chem: impacts from boundary-layer mixing and anthropogenic emission Qiuyan Du et al. Correspondence to: Chun Zhao ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4.0 License. Supporting materials for “Modeling diurnal variation of surface PM2.5 concentration over East China with WRF-Chem: Impacts from boundary layer mixing and anthropogenic emission” Figure S1. Spatial distribution of peak diurnal index of surface PM2.5 concentrations in the four months from experiments CTL1, CTL2, and CTL3. The observations are shown as the color filled circles. The observations at the stations within one city are averaged and shown as one circle as they are too close to be shown distinctly. Figure S2. Comparison between monthly mean surface PM2.5 concentrations and diurnal index of surface PM2.5 concentrations at each observational site over the YRD region of East China (within black box of Fig. 1a) for April and October from observations and experiments CTL1, CTL2, and CTL3. Figure S3a. Relative contribution (normalized by monthly mean surface PM2.5 concentrations for each month) to surface PM2.5 concentrations every 3-hour from individual process (transport, emission, dry and wet deposition, PBL mixing, chemical production/loss) averaged over Nanjing(a) for January, April, July, and October of 2018 from experiments CTL1, CTL2, and CTL3.
    [Show full text]
  • Best-Performing Cities: China 2018
    Best-Performing Cities CHINA 2018 THE NATION’S MOST SUCCESSFUL ECONOMIES Michael C.Y. Lin and Perry Wong MILKEN INSTITUTE | BEST-PERFORMING CITIES CHINA 2018 | 1 Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Laura Deal Lacey, executive director of the Milken Institute Asia Center, Belinda Chng, the center’s director for policy and programs, and Ann-Marie Eu, the Institute’s senior associate for communications, for their support in developing this edition of our Best- Performing Cities series focused on China. We thank the communications team for their support in publication as well as Kevin Klowden, the executive director of the Institute’s Center for Regional Economics, Minoli Ratnatunga, director of regional economic research at the Institute, and our colleagues Jessica Jackson and Joe Lee for their constructive comments on our research. About the Milken Institute We are a nonprofit, nonpartisan think tank determined to increase global prosperity by advancing collaborative solutions that widen access to capital, create jobs, and improve health. We do this through independent, data-driven research, action-oriented meetings, and meaningful policy initiatives. About the Asia Center The Milken Institute Asia Center promotes the growth of inclusive and sustainable financial markets in Asia by addressing the region’s defining forces, developing collaborative solutions, and identifying strategic opportunities for the deployment of public, private, and philanthropic capital. Our research analyzes the demographic trends, trade relationships, and capital flows that will define the region’s future. About the Center for Regional Economics The Center for Regional Economics promotes prosperity and sustainable growth by increasing understanding of the dynamics that drive job creation and promote industry expansion.
    [Show full text]
  • Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project
    China, People's Republic of: Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project Project Name Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project Project Number 46078-002 Country China, People's Republic of Project Status Active Project Type / Modality Loan of Assistance Technical Assistance Source of Funding / Loan 3054-PRC: Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project Amount Ordinary capital resources US$ 150.00 million TA 8491-PRC: Strengthening Urban Flood Management in Huainan Municipality Multi-Donor Trust Fund under the Water Financing Partnership Facility US$ 500,000.00 Strategic Agendas Environmentally sustainable growth Inclusive economic growth Drivers of Change Sector / Subsector Agriculture, natural resources and rural development - Water-based natural resources management Water and other urban infrastructure and services - Urban flood protection - Urban sewerage Gender Equity and Effective gender mainstreaming Mainstreaming Description The impact of the project will be improved urban water environment, public health, and quality of life for urban residents in the Huainan municipality. The outcome of the project will be improved management of surface water resources in the Huainan municipality. The project will have the following components which are all linked to each other: Component 1: Improvement of wastewater collection and transmission systems. This component will include installation of 115.2-kilometer (km) new main wastewater collection and transmission pipes in
    [Show full text]
  • International System Summary: CHINA
    International System Summary: CHINA UIC Map of China’s High-Speed Rail Lines China is the fourth largest country in the world and domestic product (GDP) per capita of $8,400 ranks 120th. ranks first in total population. Bordering a total of 14 dif- Facing congested passenger and freight rail conditions, ferent countries, including Russia, India, Kazakhstan, and China chose to invest in capacity improvements on the ex- Vietnam, China has a widely diverse land use, terrain, and isting rail system and develop a dedicated high-speed rail climate. Maintaining several significant urban centers, network connecting the major population centers. The including Shanghai with 16.6 million people and Beijing figure above displays the International Union of Railways (capital) with 12.2 million people, the country is listed as (UIC) map of the 6,300 km (3,900 miles) of current and 47 percent urban. The country’s GDP of $11.29 trillion 7,200 km (4,500 miles) of planned high-speed rail network ranks as the third largest economy, following the Euro- lines in China. pean Union as a whole and the United States.. Its gross INTERNATIONAL HIGH-SPEED RAIL SYSTEM SUMMARY: CHINA | 1 SY STEM DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY Speed Year Length Stage According to the UIC, the first high-speed rail line seg- km/h mph Opened km miles ment in the China opened in 2003 between Qinhuangdao Under Consturction: Guangzhou – Zhuhai 160 100 2011 49 30 and Shenyang. The 405 km (252 mile) segment operates (include Extend Line) at a speed of 200 km/h (125 mph) is now part of a 6,299 Wuhan – Yichang 300 185 2011 293 182 km (3,914 mile) network of high-speed rail lines stretching Tianjin – Qinhuangdao 300 185 2011 261 162 across China operating at maximum operating speeds of Nanjing – Hangzhou 300 185 2011 249 155 at least 160 km/h (100 mph) as shown in the table below.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pearl River Delta Region Portion of Guangdong Province) Has Made the Region Even More Attractive to Investors
    The Greater Pearl River Delta Guangzhou Zhaoqing Foshan Huizhou Dongguan Zhongshan Shenzhen Jiangemen Zhuhai Hong Kong Macao A report commissioned by Invest Hong Kong 6th Edition The Greater Pearl River Delta 6th Edition Authors Michael J. Enright Edith E. Scott Richard Petty Enright, Scott & Associates Editorial Invest Hong Kong EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Greater Pearl River Delta Executive Authors Michael J. Enright Edith E. Scott Summary Richard Petty Enright, Scott & Associates Editorial Invest Hong Kong Background First Published April 2003 Invest Hong Kong is pleased to publish the sixth edition of ‘The Greater Pearl Second Edition June 2004 Third Edition October 2005 River Delta’. Much has happened since the publication of the fifth edition. Fourth Edition October 2006 Rapid economic and business development in the Greater Pearl River Delta Fifth Edition September 2007 (which consists of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Sixth Edition May 2010 Special Administrative Region, and the Pearl River Delta region portion of Guangdong Province) has made the region even more attractive to investors. © Copyright reserved The region has increased in importance as a production centre and a market within China and globally. Improvements in connectivity within the region and ISBN-13: 978-988-97122-6-6 Printed in Hong Kong Published by Invest Hong Kong of the HKSAR Government EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY with the rest of the world have made it easier to access for investors than ever The third part of the report provides brief profi les of the jurisdictions of the before. And a range of key policy initiatives, such as ‘The Outline Plan for the Greater Pearl River Delta region, highlighting the main features of the local Reform and Development of the Pearl River Delta (2008-2020)’ from China’s economies, including the principal manufacturing and service sectors, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), hold great promise economic development plans, location of development zones and industrial for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 2 Hefei Analysis
    NATURE INDEX CHINA Hefei Hefei has kept a low profile for many years. However, as the ARTICLE COUNT (AC): 530 University of Science and Technology of China continues to FRACTIONAL COUNT (FC): 226 break new ground in the physical sciences, the city is moving WEIGHTED FRACTIONAL COUNT into the global spotlight. (WFC): 212 efei, the capital city of the eastern researcher in this field, with 17 articles (WFC articles (WFC = 5.73) — including one in Nature Anhui province, is the smallest of the =13.2) in the index, mostly on graphene-like — about molecular and surface imaging. cities profiled in this supplement. But materials.“Graphene comprises carbon atoms USTC also hosts the CAS Key Laboratory Hit is growing rapidly in population, disposable only, so its structure and chemical properties for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology in its income levels and gross domestic product are rather simple,” she says. “We are develop- department of physics. Tinggui Wang is the (GDP) — and when it comes to the pursuit ing graphene-like inorganic materials with biggest contributor in astrophysics, with seven of basic science, it holds its own among much unusual properties that may find applications articles on quasars and active galactic nuclei. larger cities. in photocatalysis and biomedicine.” Another However, owing to the down-weighting of astro- Hefei is home to the University of Science successful chemistry researcher from the same physics journals in the index, these papers only and Technology of China (USTC), one of division, Shuhong Yu co-authored 12 articles add a WFC of 1 to the institution (see ‘A guide to three universities affiliated with the Chinese (WFC = 11.4) in 2013 on aerogels.
    [Show full text]
  • The People's Liberation Army's 37 Academic Institutions the People's
    The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions Kenneth Allen • Mingzhi Chen Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN: 9798635621417 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Design by Heisey-Grove Design All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI Twitter: https://twitter.com/CASI_Research | @CASI_Research Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Tourism Developing Level of Yangtze Delta Cities Basing on Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis and Clustering Analysis
    Current Urban Studies, 2021, 9, 31-39 https://www.scirp.org/journal/cus ISSN Online: 2328-4919 ISSN Print: 2328-4900 Evaluation of Tourism Developing Level of Yangtze Delta Cities Basing on Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis and Clustering Analysis Lin Ma1,2, Chaoqun Yu3, Yuan Li1,2, Bo Liu1,2, Bing Liu1,2* 1Shandong Provincial Research Center of Landscape Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural, Tai’an, China 2College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China 3Shandong Urban Construction Vocational College, Jinan, China How to cite this paper: Ma, L., Yu, C. Q., Abstract Li, Y., Liu, B., & Liu, B. (2021). Evaluation of Tourism Developing Level of Yangtze Tourism data of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta of 2017 are summarized Delta Cities Basing on Analytic Hierarchy and counted. Method of Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to construct a Process Analysis and Clustering Analysis. three-level indicator system, including three secondary indicators such as Current Urban Studies, 9, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2021.91003 scale of the tourism industry, number of tourists and tourism income and a number of three-level indicators. And then weight of each indicator is deter- Received: December 8, 2020 mined, the original data are standardized, and tourism development level Accepted: February 5, 2021 Published: February 8, 2021 score of each city is calculated. Finally, 26 cities are divided into 5 types by cluster analysis and characteristics of each type of cities are analyzed and Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and evaluated. Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International Keywords License (CC BY 4.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Pengyuan Credit Rating (Hong Kong) Co.,Ltd
    Public Finance China Combing through the creditworthiness of prefecture-level governments in China Contents Summary Summary ........................................... 1 The institutional framework of prefecture-level governments is overall solid and largely predictable and stable. The prefecture-level governments typically Outline of Prefecture-level have most of their service expenditures defined and receive predictable and stable Governments in China ....................... 2 fiscal support from their higher-level governments. The five cities (Shenzhen, Our Rating Framework ....................... 2 Xiamen, Qingdao, Dalian and Ningbo) under state planning are exceptional in that they have economic and fiscal management authorities at the province level. As a Credit Overview of 327 Prefecture- result, they have a more robust institutional framework than other prefecture-level level Governments ............................. 3 governments. Additionally, the central government has designated a few Economic Growth Is More Divergent prefecture-level cities as sub-provincial cities, giving them more political power and Among Poorer Prefecture-level financial resources than their peers. Regions .............................................. 4 The creditworthiness of prefecture-level governments is generally sound. To Fiscal Pressure Is Mounting on have a credit overview on the prefecture-level governments in China, we examined Prefecture-level Governments ........... 5 the credit profiles of the majority (327 out of 333) of prefecture-level governments based on publicly available data and our rating framework. The prefecture-level Debt Burden is Increasing but governments’ indicative standalone credit profiles (SACP) are generally good, with Manageable ....................................... 7 around 79% rated between {BBB-} and {BBB+}. On top of that, the indicative credit Prefecture-level Governments estimates of prefecture-level governments are substantially enhanced by the Generally Have Adequate Liquidity ...
    [Show full text]
  • KWP China Gas 2004 Final
    THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHINA’S GAS EXPANSION TOWARDS THE NATURAL GAS MARKET IN ASIA A CHATHAM HOUSE REPORT FOR JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION February 2004 Dr Keun-Wook Paik, Associate Fellow Sustainable Development Programme Chatham House 10 St James’s Square London SW1Y 4LE www.chathamhouse.org.uk © The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004. This material is offered free of charge for personal and non -commercial use, provided the source is acknowledged. For commercial or any other use, prior written permission must be obtained from the Royal Institute of International Affairs. In no case may this material be altered, sold or rented. The Implications of China’s Gas Expansion towards Natural Gas Market in Asia. Chatham House Report for JBIC, February 2004 Table of Contents 1. China’s Natural Gas Industry ...................................................................................... 1 1.1. A Brief Review on the Natural Gas Industry............................................................ 1 1.1.1. The Role of Natural Gas in China’s Energy Balance....................................... 1 Year .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2. Resources.......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3. Governing bodies and Industry Players ............................................................ 5 1.1.4. Exploration and Production .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • People's Republic of China: Preparing the Jilin Urban Infrastructure Project
    Technical Assistance Report Project Number: 40050 June 2006 People’s Republic of China: Preparing the Jilin Urban Infrastructure Project CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 May 2006) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.124 $1.00 = CNY8.08 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CMG – Changchun municipal government EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan FSR – feasibility study report IA – implementing agency JPG – Jilin provincial government JUIP – Jilin Urban Infrastructure Project JWSSD – Jilin Water Supply and Sewerage Development m3 – cubic meter mg – milligram PMO – project management office PRC – People’s Republic of China RP – resettlement plan SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment SRB – Songhua River Basin TA – technical assistance YMG – Yanji municipal government TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CLASSIFICATION Targeting Classification – Targeted intervention Sectors – Water supply, sanitation, and waste management Subsector – Water supply and sanitation Themes – Sustainable economic growth, inclusive social development, environmental sustainability Subthemes – Human development, urban environmental improvement NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Vice President C. Lawrence Greenwood, Jr., Operations Group 2 Director General H. Satish Rao, East Asia Department (EARD) Director R. Wihtol, Social Sectors Division, EARD Team leader S. Penjor, Principal Financial Specialist, EARD Map 1 118 o 00'E 130o 00'E JILIN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA N 0 100 200 300 400 Kilometers Songhua River Basin (water pollution affected areas) National Capital Provincial Capital City/Town H e i l River o n g Watershed Boundary o R o 52 00'N i 52 00'N v e Provincial Boundary X r Yilehuli Mountain I A International Boundary O S Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
    [Show full text]