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Download Download 31(1): 27-38 T¹p chÝ Sinh häc 3-2009 Nh÷ng dÉn liÖu vÒ h×nh th¸I h¹t phÊn cña 120 loµi thùc vËt t¹i v−ên quèc gia Nói Chóa, tØnh Ninh ThuËn TrÞnh ThÞ L©m ViÖn Sinh häc nhiÖt ®íi PhÊn hoa häc lµ ngµnh khoa häc nghiªn cøu II. KÕT QU¶ nghiªn cøu vÒ h×nh th¸i, cÊu t¹o vµ ph©n lo¹i c¸c d¹ng h¹t phÊn vµ bµo tö. §©y lµ ngµnh khoa häc gióp 1. H×nh d¹ng cña h¹t phÊn ng−êi ta cã thÓ thu ®−îc mét l−îng th«ng tin to H¹t phÊn th−êng cã d¹ng h×nh cÇu dµi ®Õn lín tõ rÊt Ýt vËt liÖu trong mét thêi gian ng¾n. h×nh cÇu dÑt, hoÆc h¬i dµi ®Õn dµi, hiÕm khi cã H×nh th¸i phÊn hoa ®−îc øng dông trong nhiÒu h×nh cÇu hoÆc bÇu dôc, th−êng cã d¹ng tam gi¸c. lÜnh vùc nghiªn cøu nh− Cæ thùc vËt häc, Cæ sinh th¸i häc, Ph©n tÝch phÊn hoa, PhÊn hoa trong H¹t phÊn cña c¸c loµi nghiªn cøu ®a phÇn cã kh«ng khÝ, Khoa häc h×nh sù, DÞ øng häc, D−îc d¹ng mét h¹t (monad), chØ cã 2 loµi thuéc hä häc vµ ®Æc biÖt lµ Ph©n lo¹i thùc vËt cã hoa. Mimosaceae (16 h¹t) vµ 2 loµi thuéc hä Asclepiadaceae thuéc d¹ng ®a h¹t. §Ó gãp phÇn vµo nh÷ng nghiªn cøu c¬ b¶n vÒ v−ên quèc gia (VQG) Nói Chóa, chóng t«i ® 2. KÝch th−íc cña h¹t phÊn tiÕn hµnh kh¶o s¸t nghiªn cøu vÒ h×nh th¸i h¹t KÝch th−íc cña c¸c h¹t phÊn kiÓu 1 h¹t phÊn ë VQG Nói Chóa. Trong bµi b¸o nµy, µ µ chóng t«i giíi thiÖu c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm h×nh th¸i h¹t (monad) biÕn thiªn tõ 10 m ®Õn 49 m; ®a sè phÊn cña mét sè hä thùc vËt phæ biÕn trong c¸c loµi nghiªn cøu cã kÝch thuíc lo¹i nhá (10 - µ VQG, bæ sung vµo c¬ së d÷ liÖu cho nh÷ng 25 m). nghiªn cøu vÒ tÝnh ®a d¹ng cña hÖ thùc vËt sau KÝch th−íc cña h¹t phÊn cña mçi loµi kh«ng nµy. biÕn ®éng nhiÒu; chØ cã h¹t phÊn cña c¸c loµi cã kiÓu cöa d¹ng rnh nh− ë hä Verbenaceae lµ I. PH¦¥NG PH¸P NGHI£N CøU t−¬ng ®èi biÕn ®éng. Sö dông phÊn hoa cña 120 loµi thùc vËt 3. TÝnh ph©n cùc vµ tÝnh ®èi xøng cña h¹t thuéc 47 hä thu thËp ë VGG Nói Chóa. C¸c mÉu phÊn c©y vµ mÉu phÊn hoa cña cïng mét sè hiÖu ®−îc HÇu hÕt c¸c h¹t phÊn nghiªn cøu ®Òu ®¼ng b¶o qu¶n t¹i Phßng tiªu b¶n thùc vËt (VNM) cùc vµ cã ®èi xøng phãng x¹; ®èi xøng l−ìng thuéc ViÖn Sinh häc nhiÖt ®íi t¹i tp. Hå ChÝ tr¾c chØ gÆp ë h¹t phÊn kiÓu 2 lç-ora cña chi Minh. Streblus . Ngoµi ra, cßn mét sè loµi cã h¹t phÊn §Þnh danh c¸c mÉu thùc vËt b»ng ph−¬ng d¹ng kh«ng cùc (apolar) nh− ë hai hä Cactaceae ph¸p so s¸nh h×nh th¸i. vµ Malpighiaceae (cã nhiÒu cöa). Sö dông ph−¬ng ph¸p acetolyse cña 4. Cöa cña h¹t phÊn Erdtman (1952) ®Ó xö lý phÊn hoa. C¸c kiÓu cöa hÇu hÕt lµ rnh ora; mét sè Ýt Sö dông kÝnh hiÓn vi quang häc OLYMPUS loµi cã d¹ng rnh, lç vµ d¹ng kh«ng cöa. BX 41 víi ®é phãng ®¹i 10 × 40 vµ 10 × 100 ®Ó quan s¸t vµ ph©n tÝch cÊu tróc vµ h×nh th¸i cña Sè l−îng cöa trªn mçi h¹t phÊn còng kh«ng phÊn hoa. biÕn thiªn nhiÒu; phÇn lín c¸c loµi cã sè cöa lµ 3, mét Ýt loµi cã sè cöa 2 - 4 nh− ë hä Moraceae, Chôp h×nh phÊn hoa b»ng m¸y kü thuËt sè mét Ýt ë hä Rubiaceae hoÆc hä Meliaceae, hoÆc víi thÞ kÝnh x40 nhóng dÇu. kiÓu nhiÒu cöa nh− ë c¸c hä Malpighiaceae, §¬n vÞ ®o ®¹c ®−îc tÝnh b»ng micr«mÐt. Cactaceae vµ Euphorbiaceae. 27 §a phÇn h¹t phÊn cã vÞ trÝ cöa s¾p xÕp thµnh hÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i thùc vËt h¹t kÝn cña Takhtajan vßng trªn xÝch ®¹o (P4), tuy nhiªn còng cã mét vµ Croquist. PhÊn hoa häc ® x¸c nhËn vÞ trÝ líp Ýt hä cã kiÓu s¾p xÕp trªn kh¾p bÒ mÆt. C«ng phô nµy do cã nhiÒu kiÓu h¹t phÊn cña thùc vËt thøc h×nh th¸i cöa (NPC) cña hÇu hÕt c¸c loµi h¹t kÝn nguyªn thñy nhÊt ë song tö diÖp nh− kiÓu nghiªn cøu ë ®©y lµ 345 vµ 346. §©y còng lµ rnh cùc trªn vµ kiÓu dÉn xuÊt tõ nã chØ cã ë c¸c c«ng thøc cöa ®Æc tr−ng cho phÇn lín thùc vËt thµnh viªn cña líp phô nµy. hai l¸ mÇm. Bé Magnoliales ®¹i diÖn mét nhãm gÇn 5. Exine cña h¹t phÊn nhau gåm c¸c thµnh viªn cã mèi quan hÖ chÆt BÒ dµy cña vá h¹t phÊn cña c¸c loµi kh«ng chÏ bëi mét sè ®Æc ®iÓm cña h¹t phÊn. Trong thay ®æi nhiÒu, ®a sè trong kho¶ng tõ 1-1,5 ®Õn líp phô nµy, Annonaceae lµ hä cã h¹t phÊn ®a d¹ng nhÊt víi sù hiÖn diÖn cña ®a sè kiÓu h¹t 2 µm; trõ 2 loµi thuéc hä Verbenaceae cã kÝch µ phÊn cña líp phô nh− 1 rnh cùc trªn, rnh cùc th−íc ®Õn 3 m vµ thuéc hä Sterculiaceae ®Õn d−íi, kh«ng rnh... [10]. 3,5 µm. ë ®©y, chóng t«i chØ kh¶o s¸t mét sè ®¹i §a phÇn h¹t phÊn cã tÇng phñ hoµn toµn diÖn cña hä Annonaceae; tÊt c¶ h¹t phÊn cña c¸c (tectate) hoÆc kh«ng hoµn toµn (intectate); chØ loµi nghiªn cøu ®Òu cã kiÓu kh«ng cöa. Theo trõ mét sè loµi cã vá t−¬ng ®èi dµy, ®a sè h¹t Walker J. W. [9], kiÓu kh«ng cöa cña hä phÊn cã tÇng cét m¶nh vµ khã quan s¸t. Annonaceae th−êng xuÊt ph¸t tõ h¹t phÊn cã KiÕn tróc bÒ mÆt cña h¹t phÊn t−¬ng ®èi ®a rnh cùc trªn (kiÓu rnh nguyªn thñy nhÊt cña d¹ng; ®a sè h¹t phÊn th−êng cã d¹ng l−íi líp phô Magnoliidae, còng nh− lµ cña kiÓu thùc (reticulate) hoÆc d¹ng tr¬n (psilate); mét sè loµi vËt h¹t kÝn); ngoµi ra, nã cã thÓ lµ kiÓu xuÊt ph¸t cã d¹ng nh¸m (scabrate) vµ d¹ng h¹t tõ kiÓu cöa d¹ng rnh cùc d−íi nh− mét sè loµi (granulate); ngoµi ra, mét sè loµi thuéc hä Annona ; ®©y lµ kiÓu ph¸t sinh lÇn hai do rnh Anacardiaceae vµ hä Aceraceae cã d¹ng d¶i cùc d−íi chÝnh lµ dÉn xuÊt cña rnh cùc trªn. (striate), mét sè loµi thuéc hä ë Malvaceae vµ Theo J. Walker vµ J. Doyle [10], c¸c ®¹i hä Sterculiaceae cã d¹ng gai. diÖn t−¬ng ®èi nguyªn thñy cña ph©n líp 6. NhËn xÐt b−íc ®Çu Hamamelididae cã h¹t phÊn kiÓu 3 rnh víi exine d¹ng l−íi vµ mµng rnh d¹ng h¹t. Mét sè H¹t phÊn th−êng ®−îc ph©n lo¹i dùa trªn ®¹i diÖn thuéc Hamamelididae cã h¹t phÊn biÕn nh÷ng ®Æc ®iÓm vÒ h×nh d¹ng, kÝch th−íc, kiÓu ®æi tõ d¹ng 3 rnh sang 6 rnh. HÇu hÕt ®¹i diÖn cöa, tÝnh ®èi xøng, tÝnh ph©n cùc vµ kiÕn tróc bÒ Hamamelididae ë c¸c hä Betulaceae, mÆt cña vá. Tuy nhiªn, ®øng trªn quan ®iÓm tiÕn Myricaceae, Casuarinaceae, Moraceae vµ ho¸ vµ ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i, th× kiÓu cöa, tÝnh Urticaceae cã kiÓu h¹t phÊn tiÕn bé 3 lç ®èi xøng, tÝnh ph©n cùc vµ kiÕn tróc cña vá h¹t (triporate) hay c¸c kiÓu dÉn xuÊt nh− 2 lç, nhiÒu phÊn lµ quan träng nhÊt. lç (diporate, polyporate). H¹t phÊn kiÓu 3 rnh Chóng t«i ® tiÕn hµnh nghiªn cøu h×nh th¸i lç còng xuÊt hiÖn ë mét vµi Hamamelididae. h¹t phÊn cña 120 loµi thuéc 47 hä hai l¸ mÇm. H¹t phÊn cña mét sè ®¹i diÖn ë hä Moraceae VÞ trÝ cña c¸c hä trong c¸c bé theo hÖ thèng ®−îc chóng t«i nghiªn cøu ®Òu cã d¹ng 2-3 lç ph©n lo¹i cña Takhtajan [8]. Nh÷ng d÷ liÖu phÊn mµ theo Walker [9] lµ kiÓu dÉn xuÊt tõ h¹t phÊn hoa nghiªn cøu trªn thuéc 6 líp phô 3 lç t−¬ng ®èi tiÕn bé cña líp phô nµy. Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae vµ Asteridae.
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