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Patterns in Species Richness and Composition of Plant Families in the Malay Archipelago

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Patterns in Species Richness and Composition of Plant Families in the Malay Archipelago Blumea 54, 2009: 166–171 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/000651909X475969 Patterns in species richness and composition of plant families in the Malay Archipelago P.C. van Welzen1, J.W.F Slik1,2 Key words Abstract Distribution patterns or the recognition of phytogeographical areas is usually based on the presence and absence of species. The taxa on which the analyses are based remain virtually anonymous. Here we want to floristic patterns determine which Malesian plant families (within the sample) are responsible for species richness and composition Malay Archipelago patterns. The other aim is to determine whether the different islands groups in Southeast Asia can be grouped into Malesia separate phytogeographical areas. A Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCO) showed the presence of three phyto- PCO geographical areas within Malesia: The Sunda Shelf (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo) in the west, the Sahul plant families Shelf (New Guinea) in the east, and all remaining central areas forming Wallacea. The latter can be divided into two species richness parts (Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands versus the Philippines, Sulawesi and the Moluccas). Only twenty plant families (out of 164 sampled) account for most of the biodiversity on the island groups, both in total and endemic species numbers. These twenty families show a limited number of species richness patterns that are significantly associated with one or several of the detected phytogeographical areas. Only a few plant families were equally common throughout the whole Malesian region. Conservation efforts in Malesia should take this spatial distribution pattern into account in order to maximise preservation of both species diversity and complementarity. Published on 30 October 2009 INTRODUCTION part of their analysis to test whether former phytogeographical conclusions are still valid. Furthermore, we document which The Malay Archipelago, also known as Malesia, ranges from the plant families are mainly responsible for local species rich- Malay Peninsula to the Philippines and New Guinea. Van Stee- ness. Therefore, we address three questions: 1) which phyto- nis (1950a) defined it as a phytogeographical area based on geographical areas can be distinguished in Malesia; 2) which ‘demarcation knots’ in generic distributions. He identified these of the sampled plant families contribute most to the observed knots just north of the Thai–Malay border, between Taiwan species richness patterns; and 3) which families are linked to and the Philippines, and between New Guinea and Australia. which phytogeographical areas. Malesia can roughly be divided into three areas, the everwet Sunda (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo) and Sahul Shelfs (New Guinea) and in between these two Wallacea (Philippines, MATERIAL AND METHODS Sulawesi, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas) with generally a dry monsoon (Van Welzen et al. 2005). Wallacea can also Data be roughly defined as the area between the two most extreme As basic biogeographical units we used the areas indicated variants of Wallace’s line (see George 1981, for a short history by Van Steenis (1950b) and generally used to indicated dis- of Wallace’s line), the western Merrill-Dickerson or Huxley-line, tributions in Flora Malesiana: the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and the eastern Lydekker’s line. The erratic position of Java Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, will be discussed later. The island areas such as Borneo, the Moluccas, and New Guinea. In the remaining part of this paper Philippines, etc., and the Malay Peninsula form the most com- we use the abbreviation BU (Biogeographical Unit) to indicate monly used and smallest phytogeographical areas (Van Steenis these nine areas. We followed Van Welzen et al. (2005) in dis- 1950a, George 1981, Van Welzen et al. 2005). tinguishing as higher units the Sunda Shelf (Malay Peninsula, Van Welzen et al. (2005) recently reviewed Wallace’s line and Sumatra, and Borneo); Wallacea (Philippines, Sulawesi, Java, based on botanical evidence they concluded that Malesia is not Lesser Sunda Islands, and Moluccas); and the Sahul Shelf simply split into two halves by this line, but that the central part (New Guinea) (referred to as CBU, Combined Biogeographi- of Malesia deserves the status of a separate phytogeographi- cal Units). cal area. They presented three lines of evidence: Numbers of We created a database with a sample of the Malesian flora by endemic species, the most common distribution patterns, and noting the presence per BU of all indigenous species published a Principal Component Analysis based on species presence in the Flora Malesiana Series I (Angiosperms) and Orchid on the different island groups. Monographs so far. All cultivated, introduced and escaped spe- The sample on which these analyses were based has recently cies were ignored. In total 164 families, comprising 850 genera been expanded with the species rich and ecologically important and 7 043 species were included in the analyses. Per family Moraceae, which contains the figs (Ficus spp). Here we repeat endemism was counted for both the BU and CBU areas. For each BU we selected the five families with the highest number 1 National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, P.O. Box of species or endemics (Table 1). 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. 2 Xishuanbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China. © 2009 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. P.C. van Welzen & J.W.F. Slik: Species richness and composition of plant families 167 bold (113) (133) ( (66) (96) (148) 90 32 68 90 32 96 84 16 52 49 34 (242) Exp. 243 152 201 148 328 205 442 161 103 (387) (390) (81) (158) 8 11 36 84 63 77 39 54 68 60 30 85 39 38 Tot. 403 148 228 126 329 161 Moraceae Ericaceae Myristicaceae Sapindaceae Moraceae Monimiaceae Ericaceae Cyperaceae Moraceae Sapindaceae Myristicaceae New Guinea New Guinea 7 0 2 New Guinea 11 22 16 81 66 22 39 39 19 96 36 32 17 23 21 113 387 End. and 6 1 2 5 6 7 6 7 1 2 4 4 (12) 34) (38) 11 11 11 (4) 14 17 23 15 31 (77) Exp. (6) Ericaceae (13) (7) (88) (44) 7 3 8 3 5 33 18 34 88 18 14 44 88 77 24 19 20 22 15 12 Tot. Moluccas 1 2 1 7 4 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 6 2 0 Ericaceae Myristicaceae Moraceae Araliaceae Burseraceae Moraceae Cyperaceae Meliaceae Sapindaceae Myristicaceae Moluccas Moluccas 13 12 End. 8 4 4 9 9 6 5 4 11 11 17 22 27 10 16 36 10 23 18 49 (33) (9) (53) Exp. (3) (5) (4) (4) (103) 3 0 7 6 1 0 7 4 (49) (40) 53 12 49 13 33 32 26 40 22 33 21 Tot. 103 9 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 4 4 0 5 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 End. Convolvulaceae Loranthaceae Cyperaceae Mimosaceae Boraginaceae Cyperaceae Convolvulaceae Moraceae Meliaceae Caesalpiniaceae LSI LSI Lesser Sunda Islands 5 5 1 7 8 5 23 30 36 13 22 49 10 13 14 65 12 15 30 24 Exp. (57) (4) (4) 9 1 2 (177) 12 57 10 24 23 91 20 33 46 45 47 29 31 21 13 14 Tot. (47) 177 (5) (4) (91) (46) (5) Java 1 1 2 5 5 4 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 4 0 1 1 2 2 4 End. Ericaceae Facaceae Dioscoreaceae Loranthaceae Moraceae Cyperaceae Moraceae Convolvulaceae Lamiaceae Meliaceae Java Java 3 7 7 7 11 30 31 41 50 18 67 14 18 20 42 90 17 21 33 10 Exp. (42) (5) 6 7 8 6 8 (11) 11 21 42 61 17 26 26 53 24 23 33 14 12 (5) Tot. 101 128 (128) (53) (61) (16) (101) (53) Sulawesi 3 2 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 2 0 4 5 4 1 5 11 16 53 End. Ericaceae Moraceae Myristicaceae Dioscoreaceae Sapindaceae Cyperaceae Moraceae Ericaceae Meliaceae Convolvulaceae Sulawesi Sulawesi 11 48 49 65 79 29 22 15 29 31 67 27 33 10 10 52 17 16 Exp. 106 143 8 (23) 37 58 48 62 26 19 53 39 36 80 39 61 13 57 29 23 16 Tot. 114 181 (21) (37) (61) Philippines (181) 4 7 4 4 8 (50) (62) (29) (114) (80) 11 18 15 23 50 15 29 14 10 21 10 37 12 16 17 End. Ericaceae Loranthaceae Moraceae Dipterocarpaceae Flacourtiaceae Cyperaceae Moraceae Meliaceae Ericaceae Loranthaceae Philippines Philippines 75 56 21 73 80 70 85 26 27 43 41 28 Exp. 122 126 166 201 271 365 170 133 3 60 89 49 94 53 41 20 59 34 67 16 14 15 Tot. 115 118 272 132 175 162 Borneo (160) (272) 0 0 5 1 4 11 (69) 21 44 62 69 13 36 14 20 19 23 25 18 End. 118 160 (162) (118) (132) (62) (175) (118) (44) 82 48 79 37 10 47 52 45 55 17 17 86 28 26 18 Exp.
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