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Human Cranial Remains from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Alor Island, Indonesia) Provide Insights on Late Pleistocene Peopling of Island Southeast Asia

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Human Cranial Remains from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Alor Island, Indonesia) Provide Insights on Late Pleistocene Peopling of Island Southeast Asia Somewhere beyond the sea: Human cranial remains from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Alor Island, Indonesia) provide insights on Late Pleistocene peopling of Island Southeast Asia Author Samper Carro, Sofia C, Gilbert, Felicity, Bulbeck, David, O'Connor, Sue, Louys, Julien, Spooner, Nigel, Questiaux, Danielle, Arnold, Lee, Price, Gilbert J, Wood, Rachel, Mahirta Published 2019 Journal Title Journal of Human Evolution Version Accepted Manuscript (AM) DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.07.002 Copyright Statement © 2019 Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, providing that the work is properly cited. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/391531 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au YJHEV2638_proof ■ 17 July 2019 ■ 1/15 Journal of Human Evolution xxx (xxxx) xxx 55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Journal of Human Evolution 58 59 60 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol 61 62 63 64 65 1 Somewhere beyond the sea: Human cranial remains from the Lesser 66 2 67 3 Sunda Islands (Alor Island, Indonesia) provide insights on Late 68 4 69 Q8 Pleistocene peopling of Island Southeast Asia 5 70 6 a, b, c, * b a a, d 71 7 Q7 Sofía C. Samper Carro , Felicity Gilbert , David Bulbeck , Sue O'Connor , e f, g f f h 72 8 Julien Louys , Nigel Spooner , Danielle Questiaux , Lee Arnold , Gilbert J. Price , 73 9 i j Q1 Rachel Wood , Mahirta 74 10 a 75 11 Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia 76 12 b School of Archaeology and Anthropology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia 77 13 c Centre d'Estudis del Patrimoni Arqueologic de la Prehistoria, Facultat de Lletres-Edifici B, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain 78 d 14 ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia 79 15 e Australian Research Centre of Human Evolution (ARCHE), Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia f & 80 16 Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia g Defence Science and Technology Group, PO Box 1500, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, UK 81 17 h School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia 82 18 i Earth Chemistry, Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia 83 j 19 Jurusan Arkeologi, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadja Madja, Bulaksumur, Yogjakarta, 55281, Indonesia 84 20 85 21 86 22 article info abstract 87 23 88 Article history: 24 The migration of anatomically modern humans (AMH) from Africa to every inhabitable continent 89 Received 22 November 2018 included their dispersal through Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) to Australia. Significantly, this involved 25 90 Accepted 6 July 2019 overwater dispersal through the Lesser Sunda Islands between Sunda (continental Southeast Asia) and 26 Available online xxx 91 27 Sahul (Australia and New Guinea). However, the timing and direction of this movement is still debated. Here, we report on human skeletal material recovered from excavations at two rockshelters, known 92 28 Keywords: locally as Tron Bon Lei, on Alor Island, Indonesia. The remains, dated to the Late Pleistocene, are the first 93 29 Lesser Sunda Islands anatomically modern human remains recovered in Wallacea dated to this period and are associated with 94 Anatomically modern humans 30 cultural material demonstrating intentional burial. The human remains from Tron Bon Lei represent a 95 31 Late Pleistocene Indonesia population osteometrically distinct from Late Pleistocene Sunda and Sahul AMH. Instead, morphomet- 96 32 Human migration rically, they appear more similar to Holocene populations in the Lesser Sundas. Thus, they may represent 97 33 Craniometrics the remains of a population originally from Sunda whose Lesser Sunda Island descendants survived into 98 34 the Holocene. 99 © 35 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 100 36 101 37 102 38 103 39 104 40 1. Introduction East Africa into the Levant and/or the Arabian Peninsula, and finally 105 41 Asia, and involved genetic admixture with previously established 106 42 The Late Pleistocene migration of anatomically modern humans archaic hominins (e.g., Stoneking and Krause, 2011; Reyes-Centeno 107 43 Q2 (AMH) from Africa to mainland Southeast Asia and into Australia is et al., 2014; Bae et al., 2017; Martinon-Torres et al., 2017; Sikora, 108 44 of great paleoanthropological interest. Current migration models, 2017; Groucutt et al., 2018; Hershkovitz et al., 2018). The redating 109 45 based on archaeological material and morphological and genetic of the Liang Bua stratigraphy containing Homo floresiensis in Flores 110 46 analyses of paleoanthropological remains, indicate multiple AMH (Sutikna et al., 2016, 2018), substantive dating of the cave context of 111 47 dispersal events. These followed diverse migratory pathways from Homo sapiens fossil material in Sumatra at 73,000e63,000 BP 112 48 (Westaway et al., 2017), and new sites with human Pleistocene 113 49 deposits in several Wallacean islands have sparked renewed in- 114 50 115 * terest in this region. 51 Corresponding author. 116 E-mail address: sofi[email protected] (S.C. Samper Carro). 52 117 53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.07.002 118 54 0047-2484/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 119 Please cite this article as: Samper Carro, S.C et al., Somewhere beyond the sea: Human cranial remains from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Alor Island, Indonesia) provide insights on Late Pleistocene peopling of Island Southeast Asia, Journal of Human Evolution, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.07.002 YJHEV2638_proof ■ 17 July 2019 ■ 2/15 2 S.C. Samper Carro et al. / Journal of Human Evolution xxx (xxxx) xxx 1 In addition to determining the timing of the first arrival of AMH Sumatra and southern China inferred multiple migrations across 66 2 and modeling the migratory routes from Sunda (mainland South- this region before, during and after the middle Holocene (McColl 67 3 east Asia, Sumatra, Java and Borneo) to Sahul (Australia, Papua New et al., 2018). 68 4 Guinea and Aru Island), the impact of the Last Glacial Maximum The islands of southeastern Wallacea (Lesser Sunda Islands) are 69 5 (LGM; 26e15 ka) has generated significant attention in Island geographically peripheral to the central points of dispute above. 70 6 Southeast Asia (ISEA). The LGM led to a sea level drop of up to Archaeological evidence of AMH in the Lesser Sunda Islands dates 71 7 135 m. Following the LGM, the region saw repeated instances of back to at least ca. 40 ka cal BP in Sulawesi and Timor (e.g., Aubert 72 8 rapid sea level changes alternating with periods of relatively stable et al., 2014; O'Connor and Bulbeck, 2014; O'Connor et al., 2017a); 73 9 sea level, until current sea level was reached ca. 7 ka (Lambeck however, the lack of Pleistocene AMH fossils hinder assessments of 74 10 et al., 2014). the peopling history of these islands. Van der Plas (2007) conducted 75 11 The LGM is associated with climatic and environmental changes one of the few studies addressing the population dynamics of the 76 12 that would have affected insular biota, and consequently impacting Wallacean Islands. Based on Holocene AMH individuals from Flores, 77 13 human subsistence (O'Connor and Aplin, 2007; O'Connor et al., Van der Plas (2007), proposed that the eastward migration of AMH 78 14 2017a). Lower sea levels would have increased inter-island visibil- to Australia involved the colonization of these islands, and the 79 15 ity and changes in resource availability (Kealy et al., 2017; O'Connor evolution of a population complex that remained distinct even after 80 16 et al., 2017a). In tandem, these factors might have motivated human experiencing some low-level admixture with Asian immigrants 81 17 dispersal into neighboring islands. The Pleistocene-Holocene during the late Holocene. 82 18 transition, when sea levels rose rapidly after the Younger Dryas, The archaeological deposits from Tron Bon Lei (Alor Island, 83 19 is associated with major changes in human settlement and Indonesia) have provided a valuable arena for research into human 84 20 mobility, shifts in material culture, and the emergence of burial abilities and migration paths through Wallacea during the Late 85 21 traditions in East and Southeast Asia (Piper, 2016). Pleistocene, including the interval following the LGM (Fig. 1). In 86 22 Two opposing models have been proposed to explain the pop- 2014, three 1 Â 1 m test pits were excavated at Tron Bon Lei, in two 87 23 ulation history of East and Southeast Asia during the Late Pleisto- rockshelters located near the modern village of Lerabain. The ex- 88 24 cene and Holocene. The first of these, the two-layer hypothesis, is cavations yielded large amounts of shellfish, stone artifacts and fish 89 25 supported by linguistic data and select archaeological and fossil bones. Zooarchaeological assemblages suggest Alor had sparse 90 26 AMH evidence. It applies the name Australo-Melanesian to the terrestrial fauna during the Late Pleistocene-early Holocene, mostly 91 27 initial AMH colonists who occupied the lands from south China and comprised of small rodents and reptiles (Samper Carro et al., 2016, 92 28 Japan to Australia, and recognizes a subsequent middle Holocene 2017; O'Connor et al., 2017a,b; Hawkins et al., 2018), although it did 93 29 expansion of farming populations from central/northern China that host at least one endemic giant rat species (Louys et al., 2018).
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