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Spatula Platalea (Vielliot, 1816) (Previamente Denominado Anas Platalea )

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Spatula Platalea (Vielliot, 1816) (Previamente Denominado Anas Platalea ) FICHA DE ANTECEDENTES DE ESPECIE Id especie: NOMBRE CIENTÍFICO: Spatula platalea (Vielliot, 1816) (previamente denominado Anas platalea ) NOMBRE COMÚN: Pato cuchara, Red Shoveler Fotografía de una pareja (macho de cabeza más clara y cuerpo más rojizo) de Spatula platalea (Autor: Charif Tala) Fotografía de dos machos de Spatula platalea (Autor: Juan Aguirre) Reino: Animalia Orden: Anseriformes Phyllum/División: Chordata Familia: Anatidae Clase: Aves Género: Spatula Sinonimia: • Anas platalea Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Des Sci. Nat., vol. 5, p. 157, 1816 • Rhynchaspis maculatus, Jardine and Selby, Ilustr. Of Ornith., vol. 3, pl. 140, 1844 • Rhynchaspis maculate, Hartlaub, Verzeichniss nat.-hist. Sammlung Ges. Mus., p 120, 1844 • Spatula rhynchotis C.R.Gray (in part), List Birds British Mus., vol. 3, p. 140, 1844 • Dafila caesioscapula, Bibra, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 5, p. 131, 1853 • Dafila caesioscapulata, Lichtenstein (nec Gmelin), Nomenclator Avium, p 650, 1856 • Saptula maculatus, Gould, Proc. Zool.Soc. London, 1856, p.95 Página 1 de 8 martes, 01 de diciembre de 2015 Nota Taxonómica: Hay diferencias entre autores, Birdlife International (del Hoyo et al 2014), UICN y South American (Remsen 2013) utilizan Spatula platalea como nombre válido, mientras que ITIS y IOC siguen reconociendo a Anas platalea como válido. ANTECEDENTES GENERALES Aspectos Morfológicos Es un pato de gran tamaño, alcanzando una longitud de 51 a 56 cm (Jaramillo 2005) y 523 a 608 g (Carboneras 1992). Presenta un evidente dimorfismo sexual. El macho posee pecho, abdomen y flancos de color rojizo castaño con manchas redondas negras; el dorso y escapulares rojo ladrillo con manchitas redondas negras; la cabeza y cuello rufescente claro con finas rayitas negras, más blanquecino en la corona donde hay más negro en el centro, el mentón es blanco. Las partes baja del dorso, lomo y supracaudales son negros con brillo verdoso, las subcaudales negras. Posee las cubiertas alares azul claro y un espéculo verde brillante con banda blanca por delante, lo que le confiere un patrón de coloración alar muy característico en vuelo. Las plumas primarias son pardo grisáceas. La cola gris oscuro, con las rectrices externas bordeadas de blanco. El pico es negruzco de forma especial como cuchara, lo que le confiere su nombre. El iris blanco y las patas amarillas (Goodall et al 1951). La hembra tienen una coloración general pardo acanelada, con manchas alargadas negras en pecho y flancos, igualmente la cabeza, el manto, subcaudales y supracaudales. Alas iguales al macho, pero más desteñidas (Goodall et al 1951). Aspectos Reproductivos Comienza a anidar entre fines de septiembre y octubre, nidificando en forma solitaria o pequeños grupos (Carboneras 1992). Ubica su nido en el suelo, donde coloca de cinco a ocho huevos. La hembra suele quedarse echada sobre el nido hasta último momento. Los huevos tienen un tinte levemente cremoso (Goodall et al 1951). Aspectos Conductuales Normalmente en parejas o grupos familiares en la época reproductora; en otras épocas pueden formar pequeñas bandadas. El macho es polígamo y territorial durante el invierno, llegando a congregarse en bandadas de cientos de individuos. Nada inclinando su cabeza para filtrar el agua superficial con su especializado pico. Buen volador. Confiado (Couve & Vidal 2004). Alimentación (sólo fauna) Se alimenta filtrando el agua de la superficie que rodea a los vegetales acuáticos, capturando los microorganismos que allí se encuentran (Couve & Vidal 2004). INTERACCIONES RELEVANTES CON OTRAS ESPECIES DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Se distribuye en el sur de Sudamérica, desde el extremo sur de Tierra del Fuego hasta la zona central del Chile, casi toda Argentina, parte de Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay y sur de Brasil. Se describe una pequeña población reproductiva en el sur de Perú (Carboneras 1992). En Chile, la especie habita desde La Serena hasta Tierra del Fuego e islas al sur del Canal Beagle (Couve & Vidal 2000). De acuerdo con Espinosa (1997, 1998, 1999, 2000) y Schmitt et al (2011), que compilan información de censos de aves acuáticas para Chile, la zona central del país es la que albergaría las mayores abundancias de la especie en Chile. Según Schmitt et al (2011), destaca la Laguna Batuco en la Región Metropolitana como una de las principales áreas de concentración para la especie, mencionando que Página 2 de 8 martes, 01 de diciembre de 2015 cumpliría con el criterio de proporción de población como Sitio Ramsar por esta especie (1.254 ejemplares en febrero de 2010). Extensión de la Presencia en Ch ile (km 2)=> 310.514 km2 Regiones de Chile en que se distribuye: Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana, Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, Maule, Biobío, La Araucanía, Los Ríos, Los Lagos, Aisén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Territorios Especiales de Chile en que se distribuye: Países en que se distribuye en forma NATIVA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay Tabla de Registros de la especie en Chile: No se agrega tabla de registros biológicos dado que es una especie de amplia distribución y posee más de 30 registros de ocurrencias asociados. Ver mapa de distribución de la especie. Mapa de los puntos de recolecta y avistamiento en Chile: Página 3 de 8 martes, 01 de diciembre de 2015 Otros mapas de la especie: Mapa de distribución de Spatula platalea (Fuente www.iucnredlist.org ). TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL ESTIMADO, ABUNDANCIA RELATIVA, ESTRUCTURA Y DINÁMICA POBLACIONAL Para Chile, s e la menciona como una especie frecuente en toda su área de distribución (Martínez & González 2004). Wetland International (2015) señala un tamaño poblacional global estimado de entre 25.000 y 1.000.000 de individuos, con una tendencia poblacional estable. Censos simultáneos efectuados en varios humedales de la cuenca de Chacabuco (Región Metropolitana), entre junio de 2007 y marzo de 2008, mostraron al pato cuchara como la especie de anátida más abundante, llegando a registrar casi 2.000 individuos en el mes de febrero. Siendo además una de las aves que se reproduce en abundancia en algunos de los humedales, tanto naturales como artificiales del sector, como son laguna Batuco y lagunas de la planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas La Cadellada (Quantitativa 2008). Por otro lado, Vilina & Cofré (2006) analizaron la información de censos de 19 humedales de Chile central, concluyendo que el pato cuchara fue la quinta especie más abundante en esos sitios. La importancia de la laguna Batuco es mencionada también por Schmitt et al (2011), ya que tanto en los censos efectuados en febrero como en los de julio de 2010 correspondió al sitio con mayores abundancias de la especie a nivel nacional, con 1.254 de 2.073 individuos censados en febrero de 2010 (60%) y con 244 de 473 censados en julio de 2010 (52%). PREFERENCIAS DE HÁBITAT Ocupa principalmente zonas bajas de lagos, lagunas y pantanos de aguas dulces, así como charcos de aguas temporales (Jaramillo 2005, Martínez & González 2004). Área de ocupación en Chile (km 2)=> DESCRIPCIÓN DE USOS DE LA ESPECIE: Sin información. PRINCIPALES AMENAZAS ACTUALES Y POTENCIALES Los humedales en Chile están bajo una fuerte presión antrópica que busca su conversión acelerada a Página 4 de 8 martes, 01 de diciembre de 2015 sistemas agrícolas productivos, recreacionales e inmobiliarios, principalmente; a esto se suma la fuerte presión por contaminación industrial y doméstica (Simeone 2012). En el centro y sur de Chile, los humedales están sujetos a perturbaciones de origen antrópico debido al uso de suelo (ej. plantaciones forestales exóticas; contaminación específica y difusa), resultado en alteraciones de su estructura y funcionalidad (Muñoz & Merino 2014). Figueroa et al (2009) aplicaron el índice del estado de conservación de ecosistemas lénticos someros (ECELS, propuesto por la Agencia Catalana del Agua 2004), que considera una serie de parámetros físico- químicos y biológicos, para evaluar la situación de 20 humedales de las regiones de Coquimbo y de Valparaíso, observando que el 65% de ellos (13) tuvieron una condición de regular a muy pobre, lo que sería manifestación de las presiones a que se encuentran sometidos este tipo de ambientes. De acuerdo con un estudio del estado ecológico de 12 cuencas, la del Maipo-Mapocho es una de las que presentó la peor calidad ecológica, seguida por las cuencas de los ríos Elqui, Limarí y Aconcagua (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente 2013). Las cuencas Mapocho-Maipo y Aconcagua son las cuencas donde se encuentran los humedales que concentran las mayores abundancias de Anas bahamensis , Spatuila platalea y Heteronetta atricapilla en el país. De acuerdo con Fariña et al (2012) actualmente, pese a los planes de manejo, el humedal El Yali está presionado por una serie de amenazas que ponen en riesgo su biodiversidad; de hech o el estudio realizado por CODESSER (2009) reconoce una serie de amenazas para este humedal costero, destacando: extracción de agua subterránea y desviación de cursos de agua para uso agrícola e industrial; gran expansión urbana: contaminación y eutrofización de las aguas de esteros, lagunas y vegas; reducción de vegetación nativa por incendios, prácticas agrícolas, ganaderas y forestales; cazadores furtivos; ingreso de vehículos doble tracción; vuelos rasantes de aeronaves civiles y militares que ahuyentas las aves; y, instalación de cableado eléctrico que causa colisión de aves. En el mismo complejo del Humedal El Yali, para la laguna Matanza el desvío de aguas ha sido definido como uno de los responsables de una disminución en su nivel en un 50%, lo que ha tenido como resultado pérdida del hábitat hidrófilo que lo rodea y mortalidad importante de rana grande chilena (Acuña et al 2014). Descripción % aproximado Referencias de la población total afectada ESTADOS DE CONSERVACIÓN VIGENTES EN CHILE PARA ESTA ESPECIE Inadecuadamente Conocida de acuerdo con el Reglamento de la Ley de Caza (DS N° 5/1998 MINAGRI), Comentarios sobre estados de conservación sugeridos anteriormente para la especie Previamente había sido clasificada en el Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados Terrestres de CONAF como Inadecuadamente Conocida (Glade 1988).
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