A Study Based on Kuching Area of Sarawak

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

COGNITIVE SCIENCES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Perceived Work Environment and the Occurrence of Accidents: A Study Based on Kuching Area of Sarawak

Li Sa Lau1, Talwar P. Y.1*, Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce1 and Yin Bee Oon1 1,2 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Perceived work environment could be described as the opinions and attitudes of workers towards their work condition. Elements of perceived work environment such as physical environment, supportive work environment, and perceived work tasks may possibly be important factors that influence the occurrence of accidents. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived work environment and the occurrence of accidents within an electronic manufacturing industry in Kuching, Sarawak. A cross-sectional survey utilizing a bilingual self-report questionnaire was conducted to garner data from 50 workers. Independent t-test and Pear- son moment correlation were used to assess data. The results indicated that the occurrence of accidents was not affected by age group. Although physical environment and perceived work tasks did not demonstrate significant relationships with the occurrence of accidents, supportive work environment exhibited a significant inverse relationship, thereby indicating that accidents could be lowered in the presence of higher supportive work environment. Thus, support and help from co-workers are essential determinants of safety at the workplace.

Keywords: Accidents, perceived work task, physical environment, supportive work environment, safety

INTRODUCTION healthy working environment, it is essential that every employer and every em- For the establishment of a safe and ployee make safety as his or her top priority. Safety management system im- ARTICLE INFO proves the work environment and reduc- E-mail address: [email protected] (Talwar P.Y.) es the risk of accidents. Despite this, it is *Corresponding author not uncommon for accidents to occur in the workplace due to negligence. Reports e-ISSN: 2550-1623 and news about accidents in the factory © Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human sector have been notably widespread. Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Several factors like physical environ-

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee ment, supportive work environment and industrial safety’, proposed by Heinrich perceived work tasks play crucial roles et al. (1980). Aimed at preventing unsafe in preventing workplace accidents. Phys- acts or unsafe conditions, this theory ical work conditions like lighting, tem- provided the foundation for accident perature and noise affect accident rates prevention measures. The first axiom (Bjerkan, 2010). For example, Chandra- which deals with accident causation sekar (2011) in his work reported that states that ‘‘the occurrence of an injury high temperatures caused the workers to invariably results from a complicated feel stressed and exhausted, and moreo- sequence of factors, the last one of which ver, the poor design of workplace made being the accident itself” (Heinrich, Pe- the space more prone to accidents. Relat- terson & Roos, 1980, p154). This theory edly, Tariq and Everett (2000) posited is also known as the ‘domino theory’, that an unsafe condition is a state where- since the accident sequence is likened to in the physical design of the workplace, a block of dominoes knocking each other ergonomics of tools and other materials down in a row. Heinrich et al. (1980) may interrupt the safety conditions at posited five metaphorical dominoes la- work. Within this context, Noorul, No- beled with accident causes. They are rudin, and Zalinawati (2012) suggested Social Environment and Ancestry, Fault that a workplace should be well-designed of Person, Unsafe Act or Mechanical or and well-planned. Besides, employees’ Physical Hazard (unsafe condition), Ac- perceptions towards safety also help cident, and Injury. According to the au- prevent accidents. Huang et al. (2014) thors, accidents could be avoided by and Clarke (2006a) emphasized that removing one of the dominoes, normally when workers were aware of hazards, the middle one or Unsafe Act. they tended to be more careful. In addition to these factors, a supportive work In Malaysia, safety within the work envi- environment could also encourage work- ronment of the manufacturing sector, ers to provide useful feedback about compared to other sectors, has been matters relating to safety at the work- ranked uppermost for occupational acci- place. For instance, Zohar (2002) indi- dents.. This could be a cause for concern cated that supervisors who showed their and it leads to critical issues for both concern personally through stimulating employees and the organization. Howev- open communication and discussion with er, due to the potential for the develop- the employees could reduce accident ment of the manufacturing sector, people rates in the workplace. All these aspects were willing to take the risk to work highlight the importance of perceived within this industry. In 2015, the contin- work environment and its influence on ually increasing growth of the manufac- safety as well as the risk of accidents, turing sector contributed nearly 25% either in an organization or industry. towards the GDP, wherein more than 60% of the products had been exported The theoretical framework for the pre- overseas (Trading economics, 2015). sent study was based on ‘the axioms of Correspondingly, the manufacturing

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee industry in Kuching had contributed (NPD) and permanent disability (PD) almost 27.4% towards the Sarawak cases occurred within the manufacturing economy with a total labor force of industry. In comparison to the other oc- 11.2%, and these contributions were cupational sectors, the marked difference expected to grow remarkably (Oxford in the number of NPD and PD cases is business group, 2016b). The approved quite alarming and a cause for con- investments in the manufacturing sector cern.Therefore, the current research is had risen from RM4.7 billion to RM8.3 focused on different aspects of safety billion, with an increase of 75% in 2013 within the electronic components manu- (Oxford business group, 2016b). The facturing industry in Kuching, Sarawak. electronics and electrical (E&E) component of the manufacturing sector re- OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS mained as the backbone of the export market (Oxford business group, 2016a). According to Barling, Loughlin, and Over the years, the E&E segment ex- Kelloway (2002), less than 1% of re- panded significantly in the market, main- search conducted by companies on occu- ly due to the advancement in technology. pational safety matters was available, This sector has played an important role and this condition had remained the as a key contributor towards the Sarawak same for more than twenty years.Most of economy. the studies have largely centred on the safety climate (Vinodkumar & Bhasi, Despite the significance of the manufac- 2009; Clarke, 2006b; Siu, Phillips & turing sector in the Malaysian economy, Leung, 2004; Smith & Dejoy, 2014; statistics provided by the Department of Hon, Hinze,& Chan, 2014), which is Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH, assumed to be of greater significance for 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2011, 2012b, the work environment. In Malaysia, very 2013, 2014, 2015) indicated that occupa- few known researches have specifically tional accidents within this sector had the focused on the perception of workers highest number of cases compared to towards workplace accidents, which also other sectors, with more than 1,440 re- could be considered as an important ported casualties. The occupational acci- segment of the safety climate. Therefore, dent statistics are shown in Table 1. the main objective of the present study is to identify the relationship between per- It is also evident from Figure 1 (Depart- ceived work environment and the occur- ment of Occupational Safety and Health rence of accidents in the electronic man- [DOSH], 2015) that the construction ufacturing industry. sector had higher death cases compared to other sectors. However, the highest METHOD number of non-permanent disability

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee

Table 1: Occupational accident statistics by manufacturing sector from 2010 to De- cember 2015

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Dec 2015

Death 59 45 40 58 45 46

Non-Permanent disability 1,493 1,471 1,535 1,469 1,510 1,906

Permanent Disability 162 133 147 128 112 89

Total 1,714 1,649 1,722 1,655 1,667 2,041

Figure 1: Occupational accidents by sector until December 2015

A quantitative study utilizing a cross- sured about the anonymity of their re- sectional non-probability sampling re- sponses. Permission was obtained from search design with a convenience sam- relevant authorities prior to collection of pling technique was used to evaluate data. data from 50 male respondents of an electronic component manufacturing The bilingual self-report questionnaire industry in Kuching, Sarawak. Primary consisted of three sections. Demographic data was gathered through a self- profiles of respondents were incorpo- administered questionnaire. In order to rated in Section A. Section B contained facilitate ease of understanding, both the instrument to measure perceived English and Bahasa Malaysia versions of work environment, and had three main the questionnaire were provided to the elements which included the physical respondents. Workers were informed environment, supportive work environ- about the purpose of the study and as- ment and perceived work tasks. Re-

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee spondents were required to encircle the Independent samples t test was conduct- appropriate score based on a scale rang- ed to identify any mean differences being from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 tween the lower age group (between 18 (strongly agree). The 15 questions on to 35 years) and higher age group (above perceived work environment were 35 years). Results indicated that signifi- adapted and modified from a scale de- cant differences in mean were not found veloped by Bjerkan (2010). Cronbach’s between the low age group (M=1.30, Alpha for the scale was found to be 0.77. SD=0.38) and high age group (M=1.28, Section C consisted of an instrument to SD=0.55), t(48) =0.048, p>0.05. An measure the occurrence of accidents, and insignificant t denoted that age did not comprised of three questions which were influence the occurrence of accidents. adapted and modified from Hon, Hinze, and Chan (2014). Respondents were Relationship between physical envi- required to encircle the appropriate score ronment and occurrence of accidents based on a scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (over five times). Independent t-test Pearson’s correlation between physical and Pearson moment correlation were environment and occurrence of accidents used to evaluate the data, which were showed a weak insignificant relation of r analyzed through SPSS (Statistical Pro- = 0.19, p > 0.05. gram for the Social Sciences) software, version 22. All tests were two-tailed and Relationship between supportive work significance level was set at p < 0.05, environment and occurrence of acci- unless stated otherwise. dents

RESULTS Pearson’s correlation between supportive work environment and the occurrence of Demographic profile accidents portrayed an inverse weak but significant relation of r=-0.33, p < 0.05. The majority (76%) of the respondents were in the age group of 18 to 35 years, Relationship between perceived work whilst 24% were above 35 years. Almost task and occurrence of accidents 98% of the workers were educated up to SPM level, whereas only 2% had ac- Pearson’s correlation between perceived quired their PMR qualification. Nearly work tasks and the occurrence of acci- 14% respondents had up to 10 years of dents showed an inverse weak and insig- work experience, 74% indicated 10 to 20 nificant relation of r=-0.12, p > 0.05. years of experience, and 12% had gained more than 20 years of work experience. DISCUSSION

Age and occurrence of accidents Work environment could be described as the inter-relation within the organizational members and between the organi-

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee zational members with their workplace prevented from falling down. In corrobo- (Osibanjo, Gberevbie, Adeniji & ration with this theory, appropriate atten- Oludayo, 2015). Within this context, tion must be provided by the manage- perceived work environment could be ment towards the design layout as well portrayed as the opinions and thoughts of as workplace settings, especially in jux- the employees towards their work condi- taposition with the safety of employees. tions, interactions with organizational In the present study, the work environ- members, climate and culture (Klein, ment is considered as the first domino Conn, Smith,& Sorra, 2001). In this sce- block, wherein accidents can be reduced nario of work environment, one of the by establishing a safe work environment. elements that influences work accidents Within the context of work environment, is working conditions (Kanten, 2013). the workplace is a setting where employ- For instance, in their study Martins et al. ees spend one-third of their time daily. (2015) found that inappropriate design, Hence, a safe workplace will ensure the chemical materials as well as psychoso- welfare and security of the workforce, cial aspects of work environment could thereby enabling the employees to per- be dangerous to the employees and form their tasks without any harm. Con- might also lead to their deaths. In the sequently, this aspect may well reduce factory setting, Dhillon (2014) reported the occurrence of accidents. that noise, poor lighting, temperature, and other factors had caused errors in the Elements of perceived work environment maintenance system. Furthermore, such as the physical environment, sup- Noorul, Norudin, and Zalinawati (2012) portive work environment and perceived elucidated that poor design and layout of work tasks may possibly be important the workplace might have exposed the factors that influence the occurrence of workers to hazardous situations, and accidents.Hence, the main aim of the might be factors leading to injuries and current study is to appraise the relation- accidents. In addition to this, the percep- ship between perceived work environ- tion of the employees towards safety ment and the occurrence of accidents in a could also indirectly predict the result of manufacturing industry. the injuries (Huang et al., 2014; Clarke, 2006a). Basok, Coetsee, and Cullinane Age group (2013) reported that workers gradually ignored safety rules due to work pressure The present study has found that there and achieving goals of increasing the were no significant differences in the quantity of products in order to reach occurrence of accidents between the target production. lower age group and the higher age group. Hence, the probability of an acci- As postulated by the Domino Theory, dent would be the same for both age which provided the theoretical basis for groups. This finding is in contrast to this study, accidents can be avoided if Laberge and Ledoux (2011) who report- the preceding domino blocks could be ed that older workers had less possibility

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee of getting injured at work when com- According to Ling, Norslah, and Mo- pared to younger workers because of hammed (2013), job resources such as their added working experience. Older support and help from immediate superi- workers might have a propensity for tacit ors and co-workers could motivate knowledge which could be attributable to workers in a workplace. A supportive an extensive period of work familiarity. work environment would enable the Young workers, who had difficulties workers to share their feelings or prob- learning the job, were likely to be at risk lems, and hence facilitate in getting use- of accidents (Breslin & Pole, 2009). ful feedback and response from them. In According to Breslin et al. (2007), un- the present study, a significant but weak skilled young people who held manual negative relationship was found between jobs had a stronger connection to a high supportive work environment and the number of occupational injury cases. occurrence of accidents. This finding is similar to Liu et al. (2015), who also Physical environment reported a relationship between co- workers support and occupational safety Although no relationship was found be- climate (r = 0.88).A slightly differing tween physical environment and the view provided by Tucker, Turner, occurrence of accidents in the current Hershcovis, Chmiel, and Stride (2008), study, several other researchers have described that employees’ interest in found links between them. In their study, safety matters had a relatively stronger Min et al. (2013) identified that the risks effect when supported by co-workers in due to physical environment were the comparison to supervisor support since vibrations from tools and machines gen- they were closer to their colleagues ra- erating loud noise which made the work- ther than to the supervisor or the man- ers feel uncomfortable. A similar study agement team. conducted by Osibanjo, Gberevbia, Ad- eniji, and Oludayo (2015), conveyed that Perceived work task proper lighting system could reduce the number of mistakes as well as issues of Perceived work tasks could be described quality control. Lighting which was ei- as the outlook of the employees towards ther too dim or too bright or even an the tasks assigned, such as speed of the improper choice of coloured lighting task, work pressure, work demand, rou- system sometimes could possibly indi- tine work and other such work tasks. If cate that the workers were operating workers perceived themselves to be ca- under unfavorable conditions. These pable of managing their work tasks, then conditions might lead to errors while the likelihood of accidents at workplace manufacturing products or lead to the would be less. Moreover, a willingness occurrence of accidents at the workplace. to follow safety rules may possibly result in the reduction of occupational acci- Supportive work environment dents. According to Bronkhorst (2015), workers with autonomy would work

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee comfortably at their own work pace, the welfare and safety of each other, it were committed and would comply with would result in the reduction of occupa- the company rules. On the other hand, tional accidents thereby leading to an workers who were forced to increase optimum job performance at work. production and disregarded safety rules Hence, it could be suggested that em- might increase the probability of acci- ployers within an organization or indus- dents (Basok, Coetsee, & Cullinane, try should strive to provide safety 2013). Supporting this viewpoint, Bend- measures to ensure the welfare of em- er, Green, and Heywood (2012) reported ployees through requisite guidelines that workplace hazards could be intensi- which may be prepared by policy makers fied by accelerated work speed. Explain- within their areas of expertise. ing further, Sorock et al. (2001) stated that accidents might also happen easily CONCLUSION when workers were performing an unu- sual or a new task. In other words, the Engaging in any kind of work or em- occurrence of accidents could be an out- ployment provides ample benefits to an come of the direct and/or indirect effect individual. However, a wide range of of perceived work tasks. However, in workplace hazards poses a challenge to contrast to all these findings, no relation- the safety, health and welfare of the em- ship was found between perceived work ployees concerned. As an important tasks and the occurrence of accidents in segment of the safety climate, perceived the current study. work environment and its relationship with occupational accidents is of equal LIMITATION OF THE STUDY significance. One of the major findings of the present study is the implication of The quantitative methodology in this a supportive work environment for study utilized a non-probability conven- workplace accidents. The results of this ience sampling technique, since many study indicated that the occurrence of workers refused to be interviewed. Em- accidents could be lower in the presence ploying other sampling methods would of a higher supportive work environ- have resulted in a smaller sample size. ment. Hence, it could be concluded that Convenience sampling thus ensured support and help from co-workers are maximum number of respondents, alt- essential determinants of safety at the hough this did limit the generalizability workplace. of the findings. REFERENCES SUGGESTIONS Barling, J., Loughlin, C., & Kelloway, E. A safe and healthy work environment K. (2002). Development and test of should be the priority for any organiza- a model linking safety-specific tion or industry. If the employers as well transformational leadership and oc- as employees are equally responsible for

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee

cupational safety. Journal of Ap- of Enterprise Computing and Busi- plied Psychology, 87(3), 488-496. ness Systems, 1(1), 1-19. Basok, J., Coetsee, W. J., & Cullinane, Clarke, S. (2006a). Safety climate in an S. J. (2013). Safety climate dimen- automobile manufacturing plant: sions as predictors for risk behavior. The effects of work environment, Accident Analysis and Prevention, job communication and safety atti- 55, 256-264. tudes on accidents and unsafe be- Bender, K. A., Green, C. P., & Hey- havior. Personnel Review, 35(4), wood, J. S. (2012). Piece rates and 413-430. workplace injury: Does survey evi- Clarke, S. (2006b). The relationship dence support Adam Smith? Jour- between safety climate and safety nal of Population Economics, 25(2), performance: A meta-analytic re- 569-590. view. Journal of Occupational Bjerkan, A. M. (2010). Health, environ- Health Psychology, 11(4), 315-327. ment, safety culture and climate- Department of occupational safety and analyzing the relationships to occu- health. (2010a). Occupational acci- pational accidents. Journal of Risk dents by sector for the category of Research, 13(4), 445-477. death until December 2010. Re- Breslin, F. C., Day, D., Tompa, E., Irvin, trieved from E., Bhattacharyya, S., Clarke, J., http://www.dosh.gov.my/images/d Wang, A. (2007). Non-agricultural mdocuments/stats/ work injuries among youth: A sys- ve_maut_sect_122010.pdf tematic review. American Journal Department of occupational safety and of Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 151- health. (2010b). Occupational acci- 162. dents by sector for the category of Breslin, F. C. & Pole, J. D. (2009). Work NPD until December 2010. Re- injury risk among young people trieved from with learning disabilities and atten- http://www.dosh.gov.my/images/d tion-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder mdocu- in Canada. American Journal of ments/stats/ve_thuk_sect_122010.p Public Health, 99(8), 1423-1430. df Bronkhorst, B. (2015). Behaving safely Department of occupational safety and under pressure: The effects of job health. (2010c). Occupational acci- demands, resources, and safety cli- dents by sector for the category of mate on employee physical and PD until December 2010. Retrieved psychosocial safety behavior. Jour- from nal of Safety Research, 1-31. http://www.dosh.gov.my/images/d Chandrasekar. (2011). Workplace envi- mdocuments/stats/ ronment and its impact on organisa- ve_huk_sect_122010.pdf tional performance in public sector Department of occupational safety and organisations. International Journal health. (2011). Statistics of occupational accidents by sector in 2011.

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee

Retrieved from en/archive-statistics/2015/1713- http://www.dosh.gov.my/images/d occupational-accidents-statistics-by- mdocuments/stats/ sector-until-december-2015 ve_acc_sector_2011.pdf Dhillon, B. S. (2014). Human error in Department of occupational safety and maintenance: An investigation health. (2012a). Employers not keen study for the factories of the future. on investing in workers’ safety- 27th International Conference on FMM Sabah. Retrieved from CADCAM, Robotics and Factories http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php of the Future 2014, 65, 1-13. ?op- Heinrich, H. W., Peterson, D.,& Roos, tion=com_content&view=article&id N. (1980).Industrial Accident Pre- =679 vention (5thed.). New York: Mcgraw Department of occupational safety and Hill. health. (2012b). Occupational acci- Hon, C. K. H., Hinze, J., & Chan, A. P. dents statistics 2012. Retrieved C. (2014). Safety climate and injury from occurrence of repair, maintenance, http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php minor alteration and addition works: ?op- A comparison of workers, supervi- tion=com_content&view=article&id sors and managers. Facilities, =795 32(5/6), 188-207. Department of occupational safety and Huang, Y-H., Robertson, M. M., Lee, J., health. (2013). Occupational acci- Rineer, J., Murphy, L. A., Garabet, dents by sector until December A., &Dainoff, M. J. (2014). Super- 2013. Retrieved from visory interpretation of safety cli- http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php mate versus employee safety cli- ?op- mate perception: Association with tion=com_content&view=article&id safety behavior and outcomes for =843 lone workers. Transportation Re- Department of occupational safety and search Part F, 26, 348-360. health. (2014). Occupational acci- Kanten, S. (2013). The relationship dents by sector until December among working conditions, safety 2014. Retrieved from climate, safety behaviors and occu- http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php pational accidents: An empirical re- ?op- search on the marble workers. The tion=com_content&view=article&id Macrotheme Review, 2(4), 173-182. =1225: Klein, K. J., Conn, A. B., Smith, D. B., Department of occupational safety and &Sorra, J. S. (2001). Is everyone in health. (2015). Occupational acci- agreement? An exploration of with- dents statistics by sector until De- in-group agreement in employee cember 2015 [image]. Retrieved perceptions of the work environ- from ment. Journal of Applied Psycholo- http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/ gy, 86(1), 3-16.

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee

Laberge, M. &Ledoux, E. (2011). Occu- productivity, and supervision in the pational health and safety issues af- Nigerian Public Sector. American fecting young workers: A literature Journal of Management, 15(2), 9- review. Work, 39, 215-232. 23. Ling, S. C., Norslah, M.,& Mohammed, Oxford business group. (2016a). Com- A-O. (2013) Organizational practic- petitive advantages: The sector has es and employee engagement: A a big role to play if development case of Malaysia electronics manu- goals are to be met. Retrieved from facturing firms. Business Strategy http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.co Series, 14(1), 3-10. m Liu, X. X., Huang, G. X., Huang, H. Q., Oxford business group. (2016b). Sara- Wang, S. Y., Xiao, Y. N.,& Chen, wak develops more value-added in- W. Q. (2015). Safety climate, safety dustries. Retrieved from behavior, and worker injuries in the http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.co Chinese manufacturing industry. m/overview/sarawak-develops- Safety Science, 78, 173-178. more-value-added-industries Martins, C. L., Echevarria-Guanilo, M. Siu, O. L., Phillips, D.R,.& Leung, T.W. E., Silveira, D. T., Gonzales, R. I. (2004). Safety climate and safety C. &Pai, D. D. (2015). Risk percep- performance among construction tion of work-related burn injuries workers in Hong Kong: The role of from the worker perspective. Re- psychological strains as mediators. trieved from Accident Analysis & Prevention, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01040707 36(3), 359-366. 20150000088015 Smith, T. D. &Dejoy, D. M. (2014). Min, K. B., Park, S. G., Song, J. S., Yi, Safety climate, safety behaviors and K. H., Jang, T. W. & Min, J. Y. line-of-duty injuries in the fire ser- (2013). Subcontractors and in- vice. International Journal of creased risk for work-related dis- Emergency Services, 3(1), 49-64. eases and absenteeism. American Sorock, G. S., Lombardi, D. A., Hauser, Journal of Industrial Medicine. Re- R. B., Eisen, E. A., Herrick, R. trieved from F.,&Mittleman, M. A. (2001). A http://www.researchgate.net/publica case-crossover study of occupation- tion/241694588 al traumatic hand injury: Methods Noorul, H. Z., Norudin, M. &Zalinawati, and initial findings. American Jour- A. (2012). Workplace accidents in nal of Industrial Medicine, 39, 171- Malaysia: Most common causes and 179. solutions. Business and Manage- Tariq, S. A. & Everett, J. G. (2000). ment Review, 2(5), 75-88. Identifying root causes of construc- Osibanjo, A. O., Gberevbia, D. E., Ad- tion accidents. Journal of Construc- eniji, A. A. &Oludayo, A. O. tion Engineering and Management, (2015). Relationship modeling be- 52-60. tween work environment, employee

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016

Lau Li Sa, Talwar P., Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce and Ong Yin Bee

Trading economics. Malaysia GDP an- Vinodkumar, M. N. & Bhasi, M. (2009). nual growth rate. (2015, November Safety climate factors and its rela- 24). Retrieved from tionship with accidents and personal http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ attributes in the chemical industry. malaysia/gdp-growth-annual Safety Science, 47, 659-667. Tucker, S., Turner, N., Hershcovis, M. Zohar, D. (2002). The effects of leader- S., Chmiel, N., & Stride, C. B. ship dimensions, safety climate, and (2008). Perceived organizational assigned priorities on minor injuries support for safety and employee in work group. Journal of Occupa- safety voice: The mediating role of tional Behavior, 23, 75-92. coworker support for safety. Jour- nal of Occupational Health Psy- chology, 13(4), 319-330.

Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development. Vol. 2 (1), 37-48, September 2016