Pendemokrasian Di Malaysia Dan Integrasi Nasional (2003-2017)

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Pendemokrasian Di Malaysia Dan Integrasi Nasional (2003-2017) PENDEMOKRASIAN DI MALAYSIA DAN INTEGRASI NASIONAL (2003-2017) JAZIMIN BIN ZAKARIA TESIS YANG DIKEMUKAKAN UNTUK MEMPEROLEH IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH UN IVERSITI KEBAN GSAAN M ALAYSIA FAKULTI SAINS SOSIAL DAN KEMANUSIAAN UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA BANGI 2019 PERAKLJAN TESIS SARJANA /DOKTOR FALSAFAH (CERTIFICATION OF MASTERS IDOCTORAL THESIS) Nama Penuh Pengarang : (Author's Full Name) 3 rS Sesi Akademik No. Pendaftaran Pelajar (Academic (Student's Registration No.) 3 ' Session) 7'7o tq2 0t C Tajuk Tesis 4) (Thesis Title) Jctt.. cl_del - Merujuk kepada Klausa 4.2 Dasar Harta Intelek Pelajar UKM (Tambahan), tesis adalah hak milik pelajar. Saya mengaku tesis mi sebagai: (With regard to Clause 4.2 of the UKM Student Intellectual Property Policy (Supplementary), the thesis is the student's property. I hereby declare this thesis as:) RAHSIA Mengandungi makiumat rahsia di bawah AKTA RAHSIA RASMI (CONFIDENTIAL) 1972 (Consisting of classified information under the OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT 1972) TERHAD Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan del (RESTRICTED) organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan (Consisting of RESTRICTED information which has been determine by the organisation)body where the research was conducted) / y AKSES TERBLJKA Saya membenarkan tesis ml diterbitkan secara akses terbuka, tek: ITIDAK TERHAD penuh atau dibuat salman untuk tujuan pengajian, pembelajarar (OPEN ACCESSI penyelidikan sahaja. No. (I allow this thesis to be published through open access, full text RESTRICTED) copied for study, learning and research purposes only.) Bagi kategori Akses TerbukalTidak Terbad, saya membenarkan tesis (SarjanafDoktor Falsafah) mi diUN simpan di Perpustakaan IVERSITI Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)*KEBAN dengan syarat-syarat GSAAN M ALAYSIA kegunaan seperti berikut: (For the Open Access/Non-Restricted category, I allow this (Master's/Doctoral) Thesis to be kept in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Library with the following usage conditions:) 1. Perpustakaan UKM mempunyai hak untuk membuat salman untuk tujuan pengajian, pembelajaran, penyelidikan sahaja. (UKM Library has the right to reproduce the thesis for study, learning and research purposes only.) 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia dibenarkan membuat satu (1) salman tesis mi untuk tujuan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi dan mana-mana badan/ agensi kerajaan, tertakluk kepada terma dan syarat. (UKM Library is allowed to make one (I) copy of this thesis for exchange purpose among higher education institutions and any government body/agency, subject to terms and conditions.) DISAHKAN OLEH: (VERIFIED BY:) SIGNATURE) PENYEUAIPENGERJJSI JK SISWAZAH/ (SUPERVISOR 'SI CHAIRPERSON SUPERVISION COMMITTEE SIGNA TURE) -cov.-3_o rC'tStL KAD PENGENALAN NAMA PENYELIAJPENGERUSI /WO. PASPORT JK SISWAZAH (IDENTITY CARD/PASSPORT (SUPER VISOR'S NO.) /CHAIRPERSON SUPERVISION COMMITTEE NAME) Tarikh/ Tarikh/ Date: Date: UN IVERSITI KEBAN GSAAN M ALAYSIA ii PENGAKUAN Saya akui karya ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan ringkasan yang tiap-tiap satunya telah saya jelaskan sumbernya. 20 Julai 2019 JAZIMIN BIN ZAKARIA P 77388 UN IVERSITI KEBAN GSAAN M ALAYSIA iii PENGHARGAAN Dengan nama Allah yang maha pemurah lagi maha penyayang Segala puji bagi Allah yang maha agung kerana memberi peluang dan kekuatan kepada saya untuk menyiapkan tesis ini. Tidak ternilai ucapan terima kasih kepada Prof. Madya Dr. Sity Daud kerana sudi menyelia, mendidik serta mendorong saya sehingga berjaya menyiapkan tesis ini. Tidak terungkap penghargaan yang tinggi kepada kedua-dua ibu bapa saya Zakaria Chu Othman dan Norsalaseyah Bt Osman, isteri Nurul Azma Bt Mat Said, anak-anak dan seluruh keluarga yang telah memberi sokongan kepada saya dalam menempuh perjuangan selama ini. Tanpa mereka yang sentiasa memahami dan menyokong atas apa yang saya usahakan, sudah pasti ia sukar untuk dicapai. Tidak dilupakan juga kepada semua informan yang sudi memberi kerjasama dan ditemubual bagi menjayakan tesis ini. Penghargaan juga kepada rakan-rakan seperjuangan Hussain Yusri Nawawi, Norman Suratman dan yang lain kerana turut menjadi rujukan dalam perbincangan dan sumbangan buah fikiran. Di samping itu jutaan terima kasih juga diberikan kepada pihak Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia yang memberi kerjasama dan membantu dalam proses menyiapkan tesis ini. Kepada semua pihak yang terlibat secara langsung atau tidak, saya turut ingin mengucapkan ribuan terima kasih yang tiada tara atas segala jasa baik yang telah diberikan. Sayugianya tesis ini hanya sumbangan kecil kepada dunia ilmu dan sudah pasti bersifat serba kekurangan. Sesungguhnya segala yang baik dan sempurna itu milik Allah. Sekian. UN IVERSITI KEBAN GSAAN M ALAYSIA iv ABSTRAK Adaptasi sistem demokrasi barat melalui penjajahan telah mempengaruhi struktur politik Malaysia dengan transformasi kepada sistem politiknya secara keseluruhan. Lantaran itu elemen sejarah dan kerencaman komposisi etnik di negara ini telah memberikan limitasi dalam melunaskan prinsip demokrasi bagi tujuan kestabilan politik. Namun begitu terdapat unsur hegemoni yang kuat dalam demokrasi di negara ini serta pengemblengan politik yang berasaskan etnik (etnopolitik) dalam perbahasan pendemokrasian di Malaysia. Maka kajian ini adalah hasil perbahasan dan kupasan mengenai proses demokrasi di Malaysia dan kesan terhadap integrasi nasional dalam tempoh kepimpinan Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003-2009) sehingga Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (2009-2017). Permasalahan kajian ini bermula dengan proses demokrasi di Malaysia yang telah memberi kesan kepada integrasi nasional masyarakat berbilang etnik di negara ini. Pendemokrasian telah dilihat melalui pemboleh ubah seperti institusi, unsur kawalan dan masyarakat sivil. Kajian ini juga menggunakan teori kesepaduan sosial bagi mengukur tahap integrasi nasional yang terkesan dari pendemokrasian sekaligus berkeupayaan dalam memahami masalah integrasi. Kajian menggunakan kaedah kualitatif seperti kajian perpustakaan dan temubual. Objektif kajian ini ialah mengenalpasti tahap pendemokrasian di Malaysia yang turut menjadi faktor yang memberi kesan kepada tahap integrasi nasional. Kajian telah mendapati tiga penemuan penting pertama, amalan pendemokrasian di Malaysia mempunyai fasa tertentu mengikut kepimpinan politik. Kedua, tahap integrasi nasional di Malaysia masih berada di tahap yang sederhana berasaskan keadaan geopolitik negara ini. Ketiga, kajian ini mendapati pendemokrasian menjadi faktor yang memberi kesan kepada pencapaian integrasi nasional. Hal ini kerana ruang demokrasi dimanipulasikan untuk bersikap etnosentrik. Di samping itu etnopolitik telah membayangi demokrasi di Malaysia sehingga konflik etnik yang dikenali sebagai timbalbalas perkauman atau counter racism sering tercetus. Oleh yang demikian kajian telah memberikan sumbangan yang signifikan kepada bidang sains politik dalam konteks integrasi nasional. Selain daripada mengenalpasti masalah integrasi nasional, kajian turut menjadi input kepada penggubalan dasar awam bagi menyantuni integrasi nasional dalam mencapai demokrasi. UN IVERSITI KEBAN GSAAN M ALAYSIA v DEMOCRATIZATION IN MALAYSIA AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION (2003-2017) ABSTRACT The adaptation of western democracy, as a result of colonialism, has allowed Malaysia to transform its overall political system. However, the historical backgrounds and the multi-ethnic composition of Malaysia have conversely limited its capacity to fully adhere with democratic principles integral for its political stability, resulting in the prevalence of hegemony and ethnic-oriented political mobilization (ethno-politics). This study is the result of the debate and criticism of democratization in Malaysia and its impact on national integration during the premierships of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003-2009) and Najib Razak (2009-2017). The problem statement of this study lies in that, instead of strengthening national integration, democratization had affected multi-ethnics national integration process. Democratization is examined through variables such as institutions, control elements and civil society. This study applies social cohesion theory to measure the stage of national integration supposedly brought about by democratization and, in due process, to help in understanding integration problems. As a quantitative study, it employs data collection methods such as library research and interviews. The objective of this study is to identify the level of democratization in Malaysia that plays a key role in influencing national integration. It has three major findings. Firstly, due to the current national geopolitical background, democratization and national integration level in Malaysia were virtually moderate. Secondly, it was found that ethno-politics exerted a strong influence on Malaysia's political setting and this had led to frequent recurrence of ethnic conflicts or counter racism in Malaysia. Thirdly, democratization hampered national integration when democracy was manipulated to be ethnocentric. Hence, this study offers significant contribution to the field of political science in the context of national integration. Other than identifying national integration issues, it also provides useful input for public policy-making that should take into account the importance of realizing national integration for democratization. UN IVERSITI KEBAN GSAAN M ALAYSIA vi KANDUNGAN Halaman PERAKUAN ii PENGHARGAAN iii ABSTRAK iv ABSTRACT v KANDUNGAN vi SENARAI JADUAL ix SENARAI ILUSTRASI x SENARAI SINGKATAN xii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Pengenalan
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