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Hexachlorobenzene I INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY Environmental Health Criteria 195 Hexachlorobenzene I IN I [S-ORGANIZATION PROGRAMME FOR THE SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS I -)MC A cooperative agreement among UNEP. ILO, FAO. WHO. UNIDO and OECD THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA SERIES Acetaldehyde (No. 167, 1995) Chlorobenzenes other than Acetonitrile (No. 154, 1993) hexachlorobenzene (No. 128, 1991) Acrolein (No. 127, 1991) Chlorofluorocarbons, fully halogenated Acrylamide (No. 49, 1985) (No. 113, 1990) Acrylic acid (No. 191 1997) Chlorofluorocarbons, partially halogenated Acrylonitrile (No. 28, 1983) (ethane derivatives) (No. 139, 1992) Aged population, principles for evaluating (methane derivatives) (No. 126, 1991) the effects of chemicals (No. 144, 1992) Chloroform (No. 163, 1994) Aldicarb (No. 121, 1991) Chlorophenols (No. 93, 1989) Aldrin and dieldrin (No. 91, 1989) Chlorothalonil (No. 183, 1996) Allethrins (No. 87, 1989) Chromium (No. 61, 1988) Aluminium (No. 194, 1997) Cresols (No. 168, 1995) Amitrole (No. 158, 1994) Cyhalothrin (No. 99, 1990) Ammonia (No. 54, 1986) Cypermethrin (No. 82, 1989) Anticoagulant rodenticides (No. 175, 1995) Cypermethrin, alpha- (No. 142, 1992) Arsenic (No. 18, 1981) DDT and its derivatives (No. 9, 1979) Asbestos and other natural mineral fibres DDT and its derivatives - (No. 53, 1986) environmental aspects (No. 83, 1989) Barium (No. 107, 1990) Deltamethrin (No. 97, 1990) Benomyl (No. 148, 1993) Diaminotoluenes (No. 74, 1987) Benzene (No. 150, 1993) 1,2-Dibromoethane (No. 177, 1996) Beryllium (No. 106, 1990) Di-n-butyl phthalate (No. 189, 1997) Biomarkers and risk assessment: concepts 1 ,2-Dichloroethane and principles (No. 155, 1993) (No. 62, 1987, 1st edition) Biotoxins, aquatic (marine and freshwater) (No. 176, 1995, 2nd edition) (No. 37, 1984) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Brominated diphenylethers (No. 162, 1994) (2,4-D) (No. 29, 1984) Butanols - four isomers (No. 65, 1987) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - Cadmium (No. 134, 1992) environmental aspects (No. 84, 1989) Cadmium - environmental aspects 1 ,3-Dichloropropene, 1 ,2-dichloropropane (No. 135, 1992) and mixtures (No. 146, 1993) Camphechlor (No. 45, 1984) Dichlorvos (No. 79, 1988) Carbamate pesticides: a general Diesel fuel and exhaust emissions introduction (No. 64, 1986) (No. 171, 1996) Carbaryl (No. 153, 1994) Diethylhexyl phthalate (No. 131, 1992) Carbendazim (No. 149, 1993) Diflubenzuron (No. 184, 1996) Carbon disulfide (No. 10, 1979) Dimethoate (No. 90, 1989) Carbon monoxide (No. 13, 1979) Dimethylformamide(No. 114, 1991) Carcinogens, summary report on the Dimethyl sulfate (No. 48, 1985) evaluation of short-term in vitro tests Diseases of suspected chemical (No. 47, 1985) etiology and their prevention, Carcinogens, summary report on the principles of studies on (No, 72, 1987) evaluation of short-term in vivo test Dithiocarbamate pesticides, (No, 109, 1990) ethylenethiourea, and propylenethiourea: Chlordane (No. 34, 1984) a general introduction (No. 78, 1988) Chiordecone (No. 43, 1984) Electromagnetic fields (No. 137, 1992) Chlorendic acid and anhydride Endosulfan (No. 40, 1984) (No. 185, 1996) Endrin (No. 130, 1992) Chlorinated paratfins (No. 181, 1996) Environmental epidemiology, guidelines on Chlorine and hydrogen chloride studies in (No. 27, 1983) (No. 21, 1982) Epichlorohydrin (No.33, 1984) continued at end of book This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 195 HEXACHLOROBENZENE First draft prepared by Mr R. Newhook and Ms W. Dormer, Health Canada, Canada (E 0/ PA Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the r- ation Programme for the Sound Manage t 'A. A \ / ,/, ~il l op, 0 World Health Organization 1-TV Geneva, 1997 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer-review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations industrial Development Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hexachlorobenzene. (Environmental health criteria ; 195) 1 .Hexachlorohenzene - toxicity 2.Hexachlorobenzene - adverse effects 3.Environmental exposure l.Series ISBN 92 4 157195 0 (NLM Classification: QV 633) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©World Health Organization 1997 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN FINLAND 97/1 l(62 - VAMMALA - 5000 CONTENTS ENViRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR H EXAC H LOROB ENZEN E PREAMBLE viii ABBREVIATIONS xvii PREFACE xviii SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods 1.2 Sources of human and environmental exposure 1 13 Environmental transport, distribution and transformation 1 1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure 2 1.5 Kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans 2 1.6 Effects on laboratory animals and in vitro tests 3 1.7 Effects on humans 6 1.8 Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field 6 1.9 Evaluation of human health risks and effects on the environment 7 1.9.1 Health effects 7 1.9.2 Environmental effects 7 1.10 Conclusions 8 IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 9 2.1 Identity 9 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 9 2.3 Analytical methods 10 EHC 195: Hexach!orobenzene SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 16 3.1 Sources, uses and production processes 16 3.2 World production levels 'S 3.3 Entry into the environment '9 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION 21 4.1 Environmental transport and degradation 21 4.2 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification 21 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 24 5.1 Environmental levels 24 5.1.1 Air 24 5.1.2 Water 28 Soil 28 5.1.3 5.1.4 Sediment 34 5.1.5 Biota 35 5.1.6 Food and drinking-water 40 5.2 General population exposure 47 5.2.1 Human tissues and fluids 47 5.2.2 Intake from ambient air 60 5.2.3 Intake from drinking-water 60 5.2.4 Intake from foods 60 5.2.5 Apportionment of intakes 61 5.2.6 Trends in exposure of the general population over time 62 5.2.7 Occupational exposure during manufacture, formulation or use 63 KINETICS AND METABOLISM 65 6.1 Aquatic and terrestrial biota 65 6.2 Mammals 66 iv 7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 70 7.1 Single exposure 70 7.2 Short-term and subchsonic exposure 70 7.3 Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity 76 7.4 Mutagenicity and related end-points 81 7.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity 82 7.6 Immunotoxicity 86 8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 89 8.1 General population exposure 89 8.2 Occupational exposure 91 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD 92 9.1 Short-term exposure 92 9.1.1 Aquatic biota 92 9.1.2 Terrestrial biota 93 9.2 Long. term exposure 94 9.2.1 Aquatic biota 94 9.2.2 Terrestrial biota 95 10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 96 10.1 Evaluation of human health risks 96 10.1.1 Exposure 96 10.1.2 Health effects 96 10.1.3 Approaches to risk assessment 101 10.1.3.1 Non_neoplastic effects 101 10.1.3.2 Neoplastic effects 102 10.2 Evaluation of effects on the environment 103 11. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 105 IVA EHC 195: Hexach!orobenzene FURTHER RESEARCH 106 12.1 Environment 106 12.2 Human health 106 PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES 108 REFERENCES 109 RESUMÉ ET CONCLUSIONS 142 RSUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES 152 vi NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria monographs as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication.
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