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Literature Review of Organic Chemicals of Emerging Environmental Concern in Use in Auckland December TR 2008/028

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Literature Review of Organic Chemicals of Emerging Environmental Concern in Use in Auckland December TR 2008/028 Literature Review of Organic Chemicals of Emerging Environmental Concern in Use in Auckland December TR 2008/028 Auckland Regional Council Technical Report No.028 December 2008 ISSN 1179-0504 (Print) ISSN 1179-0512 (Online) ISBN 978-1-877483-69-1 Technical Report, first edition Reviewed by: Approved for ARC publication by: Name: Judy-Ann Ansen Name: Paul Metcalf Position: Team Leader Position: Group Manager Stormwater Action Team Environmental Programmes Organisation: Auckland Regional Council Organisation: Auckland Regional Council Date: 1 November 2008 Date: 1 October 2009 Recommended Citation: AHERNS, M., 2008. Review of Organic Chemicals of Potential Environmental Concern in Use in Auckland. Prepared by NIWA for Auckland Regional Council. Auckland Regional Council Technical Report 2008/028. © 2008 Auckland Regional Council This publication is provided strictly subject to Auckland Regional Council's (ARC) copyright and other intellectual property rights (if any) in the publication. Users of the publication may only access, reproduce and use the publication, in a secure digital medium or hard copy, for responsible genuine non-commercial purposes relating to personal, public service or educational purposes, provided that the publication is only ever accurately reproduced and proper attribution of its source, publication date and authorship is attached to any use or reproduction. This publication must not be used in any way for any commercial purpose without the prior written consent of ARC. ARC does not give any warranty whatsoever, including without limitation, as to the availability, accuracy, completeness, currency or reliability of the information or data (including third party data) made available via the publication and expressly disclaim (to the maximum extent permitted in law) all liability for any damage or loss resulting from your use of, or reliance on the publication or the information and data provided via the publication. The publication and information and data contained within it are provided on an "as is" basis. i Literature Review of Organic Chemicals of Emerging Environmental Concern in Use in Auckland M. Ahrens Prepared for Auckland Regional Council All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the client. Such permission is to be given only in accordance with the terms of the client's contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. NIWA Client Report: HAM2007-141 June 2008 NIWA Project: ARC07209 National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd Gate 10, Silverdale Road, Hamilton P O Box 11115, Hamilton, New Zealand Phone 07 856 7026, Fax 07 856 0151 www.niwa.co.nz ii Contents 111 Executive SuSummarymmary ....................................................................................................... 111 222 Review of Chemicals of Potential Environmental Concern ............................................................................ 333 2.1 General introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Chemicals in use ..................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances ..................................... 5 2.1.3 Scope of work ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1.4 Methodological approach ................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Criteria for assessing potential environmental concern ................................................... 9 2.2.1 Rating environmental hazard – using the PBT classification ........................................... 9 2.2.2 Persistence ................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Bioaccumulation potential ............................................................................................. 13 2.2.4 Toxicity and adverse biological effects .......................................................................... 14 333 Common Organic Compounds and Materials in UUsesesese .......................................................................................... 212121 3.1 Plastics .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Polyester ................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Polyethylene terephthalate ............................................................................................ 25 3.1.3 High- and low-density polyethylene .............................................................................. 26 3.1.4 PVC ................................................................................................... 27 3.1.5 Polypropylene ................................................................................................... 28 3.1.6 Polystyrene ................................................................................................... 28 3.1.7 Polycarbonate ................................................................................................... 30 3.1.8 Polyvinylidene chloride .................................................................................................. 31 3.1.9 Polyamide ................................................................................................... 31 3.1.10 Polylactic acid ................................................................................................... 31 3.1.11 Polytetrafluoroethylene ................................................................................................. 31 3.1.12 Polysulphones ................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Synthetic resins ............................................................................................................. 32 3.2.1 Epoxy resin ................................................................................................... 32 3.2.2 Polyurethane ................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Acrylate polymers ................................................................................................... 34 iii 3.2.4 Polyacrylamide ................................................................................................... 35 3.2.5 Phenolic resins ................................................................................................... 36 3.2.6 Melamine resin ................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Paints and coatings ........................................................................................................ 36 3.3.1 Oil-based (alkyd) paints .................................................................................................. 37 3.3.2 Acrylic paint ................................................................................................... 38 3.3.3 Paint strippers ................................................................................................... 38 3.3.4 Other coatings ................................................................................................... 38 3.4 Silicone sealants, oils and polymers .............................................................................. 39 3.4.1 Siloxanes and polysiloxanes (silicones) ......................................................................... 39 3.4.2 Silanes ................................................................................................... 40 3.4.3 Silanols ................................................................................................... 40 3.5 Plasticisers and other plastic additives .......................................................................... 41 3.5.1 Plasticisers ................................................................................................... 42 3.5.2 Heat stabilisers ................................................................................................... 48 3.6 Flame retardants ............................................................................................................ 48 3.6.1 Chlorinated flame retardants ......................................................................................... 49 3.6.2 Brominated flame retardants ......................................................................................... 51 3.6.3 Other flame retardants .................................................................................................. 57 3.7 Organic peroxides .......................................................................................................... 58 3.8 Organic solvents ............................................................................................................ 59 3.8.1 Common solvents ................................................................................................... 59 3.8.2 Halogenated solvents ................................................................................................... 61 3.9 Petrol, diesel, and fuel additives ...................................................................................
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