Nathalia Mejía Sánchez
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Two New Species of Box Jellies (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida)
RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 29 010–019 (2014) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0312-3162.29(1).2014.010-019 Two new species of box jellies (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from the central coast of Western Australia, both presumed to cause Irukandji syndrome Lisa-Ann Gershwin CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT – Irukandji jellies are of increasing interest as their stings are becoming more frequently reported around the world. Previously only two species were known from Western Australia, namely Carukia shinju Gershwin, 2005 and Malo maxima Gershwin, 2005, both from Broome. Two new species believed to cause Irukandji syndrome have recently been found and are described herein. One, Malo bella sp. nov., is from the Ningaloo Reef and Dampier Archipelago regions. It differs from its congeners in its small size at maturity, its statolith shape, irregular warts on the perradial lappets, and a unique combination of other traits outlined herein. This species is not associated with any particular stings, but its phylogenetic affi nity would suggest that it may be highly toxic. The second species, Keesingia gigas gen. et sp. nov., is from the Shark Bay and Ningaloo Reef regions. This enormous species is unique in possessing key characters of three families, including crescentic phacellae and broadly winged pedalia (Alatinidae) and deeply incised rhopalial niches and feathery diverticulations on the velarial canals (Carukiidae and Tamoyidae). These two new species bring the total species known or believed to cause Irukandji syndrome to at least 16. Research into the biology and ecology of these species should be considered a high priority, in order to manage their potential impacts on public safety. -
Etiology of Irukandji Syndrome with Particular Focus on the Venom Ecology and Life History of One Medically Significant Carybdeid Box Jellyfish Alatina Moseri
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Carrette, Teresa Jo (2014) Etiology of Irukandji Syndrome with particular focus on the venom ecology and life history of one medically significant carybdeid box jellyfish Alatina moseri. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40748/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40748/ Etiology of Irukandji Syndrome with particular focus on the venom ecology and life history of one medically significant carybdeid box jellyfish Alatina moseri Thesis submitted by Teresa Jo Carrette BSc MSc December 2014 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology and Tropical Ecology within the College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Dedication: “The sea, once it casts its spell, holds one in its net of wonder forever.” Jacques Yves Cousteau To my family – and my ocean home ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I have to acknowledge my primary supervisor Associate Professor Jamie Seymour. We have spent the last 17 years in a variable state of fatigue, blind enthusiasm, inspiration, reluctance, pain-killer driven delusion, hope and misery. I have you to blame/thank for it all. Just when I think all hope is lost and am about to throw it all in you seem to step in with the words of wisdom that I need. -
Biology, Ecology and Ecophysiology of the Box Jellyfish Biology, Ecology and Ecophysiology of the Box Jellyfishcarybdea Marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)
Biology, ecology and ecophysiology of the box M. J. ACEVEDO jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Carybdea marsupialis MELISSA J. ACEVEDO DUDLEY PhD Thesis September 2016 Biology, ecology and ecophysiology of the box jellyfish Biology, ecology and ecophysiology of the box jellyfishCarybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Biologia, ecologia i ecofisiologia de la cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Melissa Judith Acevedo Dudley Memòria presentada per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Programa de Doctorat en Ciències del Mar (RD 99/2011). Tesi realitzada a l’Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC). Director: Dr. Albert Calbet (ICM-CSIC) Co-directora: Dra. Verónica Fuentes (ICM-CSIC) Tutor/Ponent: Dr. Xavier Gironella (UPC) Barcelona – Setembre 2016 The author has been financed by a FI-DGR pre-doctoral fellowship (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya). The research presented in this thesis has been carried out in the framework of the LIFE CUBOMED project (LIFE08 NAT/ES/0064). The design in the cover is a modification of an original drawing by Ernesto Azzurro. “There is always an open book for all eyes: nature” Jean Jacques Rousseau “The growth of human populations is exerting an unbearable pressure on natural systems that, obviously, are on the edge of collapse […] the principles we invented to regulate our activities (economy, with its infinite growth) are in conflict with natural principles (ecology, with the finiteness of natural systems) […] Jellyfish are just a symptom of this -
Phylogenetic and Selection Analysis of an Expanded Family of Putatively Pore-Forming Jellyfish Toxins (Cnidaria: Medusozoa)
GBE Phylogenetic and Selection Analysis of an Expanded Family of Putatively Pore-Forming Jellyfish Toxins (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) Anna M. L. Klompen 1,*EhsanKayal 2,3 Allen G. Collins 2,4 andPaulynCartwright 1 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/6/evab081/6248095 by guest on 24 June 2021 3Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France 4National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA’s Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: 19 April 2021 Abstract Many jellyfish species are known to cause a painful sting, but box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are a well-known danger to humans due to exceptionally potent venoms. Cubozoan toxicity has been attributed to the presence and abundance of cnidarian-specific pore- forming toxins called jellyfish toxins (JFTs), which are highly hemolytic and cardiotoxic. However, JFTs have also been found in other cnidarians outside of Cubozoa, and no comprehensive analysis of their phylogenetic distribution has been conducted to date. Here, we present a thorough annotation of JFTs from 147 cnidarian transcriptomes and document 111 novel putative JFTs from over 20 species within Medusozoa. Phylogenetic analyses show that JFTs form two distinct clades, which we call JFT-1 and JFT-2. JFT-1 includes all known potent cubozoan toxins, as well as hydrozoan and scyphozoan representatives, some of which were derived from medically relevant species. JFT-2 contains primarily uncharacterized JFTs. -
'Irukandji' Jellyfish: Carukia Barnesi
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Courtney, Robert (2016) Life cycle, prey capture ecology, and physiological tolerances of Medusae and polyps of the 'Irukandji' jellyfish: Carukia barnesi. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/49935/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/49935/ Life Cycle, Prey Capture Ecology, and Physiological Tolerances of Medusae and Polyps of the ‘Irukandji’ Jellyfish: Carukia barnesi Thesis Submitted by: Robert Courtney BSc (Hons 1A) November 11, 2016 For the Degree of: Doctor of Philosophy College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Supervisors: Principle Supervisor: Associate Professor Jamie Seymour, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns [email protected] Co-Supervisor: Emeritus Professor Rhondda Jones, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville [email protected] Co-Supervisor: Dr Nik Sachlikidis, NGSAquatic, [email protected] Thesis Dedication: I would like to dedicate this thesis to The Lions Foundation of Australia, for their continual financial support dedicated to stinger research, and to Dr. Jack Barnes, for his pioneering work in the field of Irukandji research. i Statement of the Contribution of Others: Robert Courtney is the primary author of this Thesis and was extensively involved in all aspects of this work under the supervision of: Associate Professor Jamie Seymour; Emeritus Professor Rhondda Jones; and Dr Nik Sachlikidis. -
A Comparison of the Muscular Organization of the Rhopalial Stalk in Cubomedusae (Cnidaria)
A COMPARISON OF THE MUSCULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE RHOPALIAL STALK IN CUBOMEDUSAE (CNIDARIA) Barbara J. Smith A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Center for Marine Science University of North Carolina Wilmington 2008 Approved by Advisory Committee Richard M. Dillaman Julian R. Keith Stephen T. Kinsey Richard A. Satterlie, Chair Accepted by _______________________ Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Cnidarian morphology ............................................................................................1 Class Cubomedusa..................................................................................................2 Cubomedusae anatomy ...........................................................................................4 -
Biology, Ecology and Ecophysiology of the Box Jellyfish Carybdea Marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)
Biology, ecology and ecophysiology of the box jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) MELISSA J. ACEVEDO DUDLEY PhD Thesis September 2016 Biology, ecology and ecophysiology of the box jellysh Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Biologia, ecologia i ecosiologia de la cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Melissa Judith Acevedo Dudley Memòria presentada per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Programa de Doctorat en Ciències del Mar (RD 99/2011). Tesi realitzada a l’Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC). Director: Dr. Albert Calbet (ICM-CSIC) Co-directora: Dra. Verónica Fuentes (ICM-CSIC) Tutor/Ponent: Dr. Xavier Gironella (UPC) Barcelona – Setembre 2016 The author has been nanced by a FI-DGR pre-doctoral fellowship (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya). The research presented in this thesis has been carried out in the framework of the LIFE CUBOMED project (LIFE08 NAT/ES/0064). The design in the cover is a modication of an original drawing by Ernesto Azzurro. “There is always an open book for all eyes: nature” Jean Jacques Rousseau “The growth of human populations is exerting an unbearable pressure on natural systems that, obviously, are on the edge of collapse […] the principles we invented to regulate our activities (economy, with its innite growth) are in conict with natural principles (ecology, with the niteness of natural systems) […] Jellysh are just a symptom of this situation, another warning that Nature is giving us!” Ferdinando Boero (FAO Report 2013) Thesis contents -
A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria
marine drugs Review A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria Isabella D’Ambra 1,* and Chiara Lauritano 2 1 Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy 2 Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-5833201 Received: 4 August 2020; Accepted: 30 September 2020; Published: 6 October 2020 Abstract: Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research. Keywords: venom; phospholipase; metalloproteinases; ion channels; transcriptomics; proteomics; biotechnological applications 1. -
Critical Evaluation of Characters for Species Identification in The
Plankton Benthos Res 9(2): 83–98, 2014 Plankton & Benthos Research © The Plankton Society of Japan Critical evaluation of characters for species identification in the cubomedusa genus Malo (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida, Carukiidae) ILKA STRAEHLER-POHL Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Received 27 November 2013; Accepted 8 January 2014 Abstract: Medusae of an undetermined species of the carukiid genus Malo were sampled for life cycle research at Port Douglas Marina, Port Douglas, Australia, in 2011. Due to confusing character variations within the specimens, identification to species level initially seemed impossible. To resolve their identity, the type material of Malo maxima Gershwin, 2005 and M. kingi Gershwin, 2007 were examined. Comparisons were made of the two, and also with the unknown species. Unexpectedly, no significant differences were found between M. maxima and M. kingi. Moreover, all character variations in them were observed as well in the unknown species. Accordingly, M. maxima from West- ern Australia and M. kingi from Queensland are considered to represent populations of the same species. Characters considered both reliable and unreliable for species determination in the genus are discussed, and an emended diagno- sis of Malo is proposed. The earlier name M. maxima is proposed for both populations and for the specimens from Port Douglas. Key words: Malo kingi, Malo maxima, medusa, morphology, taxonomy kingi Gershwin, 2007, yet some of the specimens showed Introduction characters used to define the species Malo maxima Gersh- Specimens of an unidentified cubozoan species were win, 2005 from Western Australia. Moreover, all speci- collected in April 2011 at a marina in Port Douglas (Aus- mens bore six eyes per rhopalium rather than two, as de- tralia). -
Seq Transcriptomics of the Cubozoan Alatina Alata, an Emerging Model Cnidarian
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGY, AND RNA- SEQ TRANSCRIPTOMICS OF THE CUBOZOAN ALATINA ALATA, AN EMERGING MODEL CNIDARIAN Cheryl L Ames, Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Dissertation directed by: Associate Professor Alexandra E. Bely, Biology Department Adjunct Professor Allen G. Collins, Biological Sciences Graduate Program Cnidarians are often considered simple animals, but the more than 13,000 estimated species (e.g., corals, hydroids and jellyfish) of the early diverging phylum exhibit a broad diversity of forms, functions and behaviors, some of which are demonstrably complex. In particular, cubozoans (box jellyfish) are cnidarians that have evolved a number of distinguishing features. Some cubozoan species possess complex mating behaviors or particularly potent stings, and all possess well- developed light sensation involving image-forming eyes. Like all cnidarians, cubozoans have specialized subcellular structures called nematocysts that are used in prey capture and defense. The objective of this study is to contribute to the development of the box jellyfish Alatina alata as a model cnidarian. This cubozoan species offers numerous advantages for investigating morphological and molecular traits underlying complex processes and coordinated behavior in free-living medusozoans (i.e., jellyfish), and more broadly throughout Metazoa. First, I provide an overview of Cnidaria with an emphasis on the current understanding of genes and proteins implicated in complex biological processes in a few select cnidarians. Second, to further develop resources for A. alata, I provide a formal redescription of this cubozoan and establish a neotype specimen voucher, which serve to stabilize the taxonomy of the species. Third, I generate the first functionally annotated transcriptome of adult and larval A. -
There Are Three Species of Chrysaora (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae) in the Benguela Upwelling Ecosystem, Not Two
Zootaxa 4778 (3): 401–438 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:01B9C95E-4CFE-4364-850B-3D994B4F2CCA There are three species of Chrysaora (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae) in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem, not two V. RAS1,2*, S. NEETHLING1,3, A. ENGELBRECHT1,4, A.C. MORANDINI5, K.M. BAYHA6, H. SKRYPZECK1,7 & M.J. GIBBONS1,8 1Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa. 2 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-7241 3 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5960-9361 4 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-4069 5Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão trav. 14, n. 101, São Paulo, SP, 05508- 090, BRAZIL. [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-8748 6Noblis ESI, 112 Industrial Park Boulevard, Warner Robins, United States, GA 31088. [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1962-6452 7National Marine and Information Research Centre (NatMIRC), Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, P.O.Box 912, Swakop- mund, Namibia. [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8463-5112 8 [email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-8151 *Corresponding author Abstract Chrysaora (Pèron & Lesueur 1810) is the most diverse genus within Discomedusae, and 15 valid species are currently recognised, with many others not formally described. -
Phylogenetic and Selection Analysis of an Expanded Family of Putatively Pore-Forming Jellyfish Toxins (Cnidaria: Medusozoa)
GBE Phylogenetic and Selection Analysis of an Expanded Family of Putatively Pore-Forming Jellyfish Toxins (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) Anna M. L. Klompen 1,*EhsanKayal 2,3 Allen G. Collins 2,4 andPaulynCartwright 1 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/6/evab081/6248095 by guest on 28 September 2021 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA 3Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France 4National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA’s Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: 19 April 2021 Abstract Many jellyfish species are known to cause a painful sting, but box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are a well-known danger to humans due to exceptionally potent venoms. Cubozoan toxicity has been attributed to the presence and abundance of cnidarian-specific pore- forming toxins called jellyfish toxins (JFTs), which are highly hemolytic and cardiotoxic. However, JFTs have also been found in other cnidarians outside of Cubozoa, and no comprehensive analysis of their phylogenetic distribution has been conducted to date. Here, we present a thorough annotation of JFTs from 147 cnidarian transcriptomes and document 111 novel putative JFTs from over 20 species within Medusozoa. Phylogenetic analyses show that JFTs form two distinct clades, which we call JFT-1 and JFT-2. JFT-1 includes all known potent cubozoan toxins, as well as hydrozoan and scyphozoan representatives, some of which were derived from medically relevant species. JFT-2 contains primarily uncharacterized JFTs.