Dedicated to what works in global health programs GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021 Volume 9 Number 1 www.ghspjournal.org EDITORS Editor-in-Chief Stephen Hodgins, MD, MSc, DrPH, Associate Professor, Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Alberta Editor-in-Chief Emeritus: James D. Shelton, MD, MPH, Retired Associate Editors Matthew Barnhart, MD, MPH, Senior Science Advisor, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Cara J. Chrisman, PhD, Deputy Division Chief, Emerging Threats Division, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Elaine Menotti, MPH, Deputy Division Chief, Service Delivery Improvement, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Jim Ricca, MD, MPH, Director, Adaptive Management, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning, MOMENTUM, Jhpiego Madeleine Short Fabic, MHS, Supervisory Public Health Advisor, USAID, Bureau for Africa Abdulmumin Saad, MD, PhD, MPH, Senior Advisor, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Rajani Ved, MD, MPH, Executive Director, National Health Systems Resource Center, India Malaria: Michael Macdonald, ScD, Consultant, World Health Organization, Vector Control Unit, Global Malaria Programme Maternal Health: Marge Koblinsky, PhD, Independent Consultant Nutrition: Bruce Cogill, PhD, MS, Consultant Managing Staff Natalie Culbertson, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs Sonia Abraham, MA, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs EDITORIAL BOARD Zulfiqar Bhutta, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Aga Emmanuel (Dipo) Otolorin, Jhpiego, Nigeria Khan University, Pakistan James Phillips, Columbia University, USA Kathryn Church, Marie Stopes International, London School Yogesh Rajkotia, ThinkWell, USA of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom David Sleet, Bizell Group, LLC, Previously Center for Disease Scott Dowell, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USA Control and Prevention, USA Marelize Görgens, World Bank, USA John Stanback, FHI 360, USA Lennie Kamwendo, White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Lesley Stone, US Department of State/US Agency for Motherhood, Health Service Commission, Malawi International Development, USA Jemilah Mahmood, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Douglas Storey, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Societies, Malaysia Programs, USA Vinand Nantulya, Busitema University, Uganda Global Health: Science and Practice (ISSN: 2169-575X) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at www.ghspjournal.org. It is published quarterly by the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202. GHSP is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the Knowledge SUCCESS (Strengthening Use, Capacity, Collaboration, Exchange, Synthesis, and Sharing) Project. GHSP is editorially independent and does not necessarily represent the views or positions of USAID, the United States Government, or the Johns Hopkins University. For further information, please contact the editors at [email protected]. Global Health: Science and Practice is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Cover caption: Head antenatal nurse Margie Harriet Egessa providing antenatal counseling and checkups for a group of pregnant women at Mukujju clinic in Kenya. © 2014 Jonathan Torgovnik/Getty Images/Images of Empowerment Table of Contents March 2021 | Volume 9 | Number 1 COMMENTARIES Health for the People: Past, Current, and Future Contributions of National Community Health Worker Programs to Achieving Global Health Goals National community health worker programs are at the dawn of a new era, given the growing recognition of their importance for achieving global health goals and for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Now is the time to provide them with the respect and funding that they need and deserve. Henry B. Perry, Stephen Hodgins Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):1-9 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00459 VIEWPOINTS Global Access to Technology-Enhanced Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Students in Narrowing the Gap Although some medical education institutions in high-income countries have the capacity to shift education to eLearning during the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions in low- and middle-income countries might struggle to fully implement it. We argue for medical students to advocate for national and international collaboration in adopting technology-enhanced learning globally. Aleksander Dawidziuk, Michal Kawka, Bartosz Szyszka, Ignatius Wadunde, Aastha Ghimire Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):10-14 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00455 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Pathways to Care for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and HIV/AIDS Comorbidities in Soweto, South Africa: An Ethnographic Study Patients with type 2 diabetes are referred to tertiary hospitals in Soweto although their care could be managed at primary health care clinics. Primary health care needs to be strengthened by addressing health systemic challenges to provide integrated care for people who have comorbid conditions of type 2 diabetes and HIV/AIDS. Edna N. Bosire, Shane A. Norris, Jane Goudge, Emily Mendenhall Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):15-30 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00104 Global Health: Science and Practice 2021 | Volume 9 | Number 1 Table of Contents www.ghspjournal.org Inpatient Point-of-Care HIV Early Infant Diagnosis in Mozambique to Improve Case Identification and Linkage to Antiretroviral Therapy Introduction of point-of-care early infant diagnosis on the inpatient wards of 2 of the largest pediatric referral hospitals in Mozambique increased HIV testing volume and pediatric HIV case identification with improved linkage to antiretroviral therapy. Mércia Matsinhe, Timothy Bollinger, Nilza Lee, Osvaldo Loquiha, Bindiya Meggi, Nédio Mabunda, Chishamiso Mudenyanga, Dadirayi Mutsaka, Marcelina Florêncio, Aurora Mucaringua, Eugénia Macassa, Amir Seni, Ilesh Jani, W. Chris Buck Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):31-39 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00611 Test and Prevent: Evaluation of a Pilot Program Linking Clients With Negative HIV Test Results to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Zimbabwe Widespread HIV testing is identifying individuals who are not infected but are at high risk of HIV exposure. These individuals may be good candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We developed an intervention called Test and Prevent to intentionally link individuals with negative HIV test results to PrEP, which led to high rates of completed PrEP referrals and uptake. Kayla Stankevitz, Definate Nhamo, Joseph Murungu, Kathleen Ridgeway, Takudzwa Mamvuto, Rachel Lenzi, Megan Lydon, Naledi Katsande, Imelda Mahaka, Theresa Hoke Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):40-54 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00444 Bugs in the Bed: Addressing the Contradictions of Embedded Science with Agile Implementation Research Implementation research often fails to have its intended impact on what programs actually do. Embedding research within target organizational systems is an effective response to this problem. We present case examples from Bangladesh, Ghana, and Tanzania that demonstrate challenges associated with embedded science. We propose “agile science” as a means of sustaining scientific rigor while simultaneously catalyzing evidence utilization. James F. Phillips, Bruce B. MacLeod, S. Patrick Kachur Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):55-77 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00169 Levels, Trends, and Inequalities in Using Institutional Delivery Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Stratified Analysis by Facility Type Despite improvements in the use of institutional delivery services around the world, progress has not been uniform across low- and middle-income countries. Persistent and growing inequalities in the utilization of institutional delivery services warrant the attention of policy makers for further investments and policy reviews. Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Yaqoot Fatima, Saifuddin Ahmed, Abdullah A. Mamun Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):78-88 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00533 Global Health: Science and Practice 2021 | Volume 9 | Number 1 Table of Contents www.ghspjournal.org Expanding Contraceptive Method Choice With a Hormonal Intrauterine System: Results From Mixed Methods Studies in Kenya and Zambia Although the hormonal intrauterine system has limited availability in low- and middle-income countries, this highly effective long-acting reversible contraceptive method has the potential to be an important addition to the method mix. Introduction of the method in the public sector under “real-world” conditions in Kenya and Zambia shows promise to increase contraception use and continuation. Deborah Sitrin, Anne Pfitzer, Gathari Ndirangu, Ameck Kamanga, Brenda Onguti, Susan Ontiri, Jully Chilambwe, Victor Kabwe, Lola Aladesanmi, Leah Elliott, Neeta Bhatnagar Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(1):89-106 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00556 Economic Evaluation of Provision of Postpartum Intrauterine Device Services in Bangladesh and Tanzania Provision of a postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) within 48 hours of delivery was highly cost-effective compared with standard practice in 2 lower middle-income countries. Policy makers should