OECD Territorial Reviews: Trans-Border Urban Co-Operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region Faux-Titre 16X23.Fm Page 2 Tuesday, November 3, 2009 4:24 PM
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OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial Reviews Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region OECD Territorial Reviews Reviews Territorial OECD The Pan Yellow Sea Region (PYSR) covers the coasts of northern China (Bohai Rim), western Trans-border Urban and southern Korea and south-western Japan (Kyushu). It has been one of the fastest growing economic zones in East Asia since China’s opening in the early 1990s, thanks to the Co-operation in the region’s extensive manufacturing and transportation networks. Development has been driven by cities such as Dalian, Qingdao and Tianjin in China, Busan and Incheon in Korea, and Pan Yellow Sea Region Fukuoka and Kitakyushu in Japan. However, the PYSR has not yet fully utilised its assets nor reached its potential for growth. Further economic integration has been hindered by excessive competition and inadequate co-operation within the region. The regional transportation system requires structural changes to be integrated, especially in the container transportation market. Deepening the Sea Region Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Trans-border region’s social and cultural network remains a challenge. And environmental concerns are increasingly attracting attention. This report analyses these factors and assesses a wide range of policies to improve the PYSR’s competitiveness and integration. In particular, the report examines the PYSR’s trans-border governance system, which has emerged since the 1990s as a key regional policy agenda. The harmonisation of authorities within the region is a prerequisite to achieving economic success and addressing the PYSR’s diverse challenges. A comparative analysis of trans-border co-operation in OECD countries in Europe and North America is also included in an annex. This report will be of special interest to policy makers, researchers, NGOs and others active in trans-border development or Asian economic development. The Territorial Review of Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region is integrated into a wider programme of national territorial reviews undertaken by the OECD Territorial Development Policy Committee. The overall aim of the territorial review series is to provide practical policy advice to national governments. The trans-border cases previously reviewed include Oresund (Denmark/Sweden) and Vienna-Bratislava (Austria/Slovak Republic). The full text of this book is available on line via these links: www.sourceoecd.org/governance/9789264076112 www.sourceoecd.org/regionaldevelopment/9789264076112 Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: www.sourceoecd.org/9789264060029 SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information about this award-winning service and free trials, ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected]. ISBN 978-92-64-07611-2 04 2009 10 1 P www.oecd.org/publishing -:HSTCQE=U\[VVW: Faux-titre_16x23.fm Page 1 Wednesday, November 4, 2009 10:56 AM OECD Territorial Reviews: Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region Faux-titre_16x23.fm Page 2 Tuesday, November 3, 2009 4:24 PM ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. ISBN 978-92-64-07611-2 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-07612-9 (PDF) Series: OECD Territorial Reviews ISSN 1990-0767 (print) ISSN 1990-0759 (online) Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2009 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. foreword – 3 Foreword a t the beginning of this new millennium, regional economies are confronting momentous changes. The globalisation of trade and economic activity is increasingly testing their ability to adapt and maintain their competitive edge. There is a tendency for income and performance gaps to widen between and within regions, and the cost of maintaining social cohesion is increasing. on the other hand rapid technological change and greater use of knowledge are offering new opportunities for local and regional development but demand further investment from enterprises, reorganisation of labour and production, more advanced skills and environmental improvements. a mid this change and turbulence, regions continue to follow very differ- ent paths. some regions are doing well and are driving growth. others are less successful at capturing trade and additional economic activities. Many territories with poor links to the sources of growth and prosperity, are finding it difficult to keep up with the general trend. at the same time central governments are no longer the sole provider of territorial policy. The vertical distribution of power between the different tiers of government needs to be reassessed as well as the decentralisation of resources and competences in order to better respond to the different opportu- nities and demands of the different regions and improve policy efficiency. in that context public authorities need to weigh up current challenges, evaluate the strategies pursued in recent years and define new options. r esponding to a need to study and spread innovative territorial development strategies and governance in a more systematic way, in 1999 the oecd created the Territorial development policy committee (Tdpc) and its working party on u rban areas (wpua) as a unique forum for international exchange and debate. The Tdpc has developed a number of activities, among which are a series of specific case studies on metropolitan areas across national borders on the follow- ing themes: multi-level governance, sustainable development at local levels and regional networks for competitiveness. These studies, following a standard meth- odology and a common conceptual framework, allow countries to share their experiences and disseminate information on good practices, and are intended to produce a synthesis that will formulate and diffuse policy recommendations. Trans-border urban co-operaTion in The pan Yellow sea region – © OECD 2009 a cknowledgeMenTs – 5 Acknowledgements This review was elaborated by the directorate of public governance and Territorial development (goV) of the oecd, with the co-operation of the korean Ministry of land, Transport and Maritime affairs (MlTM) and the Japanese Ministry of land, infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MliT). special thanks are given to Mr. Jae-Young lee (then assistant Minister) and Mr. chang-soo Jung (assistant Minister) from the korean MlTM and Mr. Makoto Taketoshi (Vice-Minister) from the Japanese MliT. other officials regarding regional policy of both countries including Mr. sun-ho park, Mr. seog-Jun song, Mr. sang-hoon lee and Mrs. kong-Myoung oh (from korean MlTM) and Mr. Yasuyuki kurano, Mr. soichi nakajima, Mr. susumu shimaya (from Japanese MliT) are gratefully recognised for their invaluable input and contributions. The oecd secretariat also wishes to thank local authorities of cities of fukuoka and kitakyushu of Japan, busan city of korea, and Tianjin national development and reform commission of china for their hospital- ity during the oecd mission study in 2008. This review also benefited from the distinctive insights of international experts: dr. won-bae kim and dr. Jung-ho Moon (korea research institute for human settlements), dr. Yun-Jung chang and dr. Joong-Yup kim (incheon development institute), dr. ho-kyung bang (korea institute for international economic policy), dr. shoichi Yamashita (international