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Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia: a Conceptual Framework

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Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia: a Conceptual Framework Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia A conceptual framework Photo credit - © Shutterstock URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities. This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth. The paper was prepared by Tadashi Matsumoto and Loïc Daudey in the Urban Development Programme, under the supervision of William Tompson, in the Regional Development Policy Division directed by Joaquim Oliveira-Martins. It benefitted from valuable comments and inputs from colleagues: Joaquim Oliveira-Martins, Setsuko Saya, Claire Charbit, Isabelle Chatry, Aziza Akhmouch, Oscar Huerta Melchor, Marissa Plouin, Despina Pachnou, Oriana Romano, Nathalie Girouard, Robert Youngman, Xavier Leflaive, Osamu Kawanishi, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Sani Zou, Juan Casado Asensio, Alexis Robert, Stephanie Ockenden, Anna Drutschinin, David Gierten, James Sheppard and Kensuke Tanaka. Contributions from outside experts are also gratefully acknowledged, in particular from Paul Cheshire (Professor, London School of Economics), Tetsuo Kidokoro (Professor, University of Tokyo), Tommaso Vitale (Associate Professor, Sciences Po, CEE), Alvaro Artigas (Research Fellow, Sciences Po, CERI) and Jingmin Huang (Senior Urban Development Specialist, Asian Development Bank). The paper also benefitted from insights gained through opportunities for dialogue, in particular the two consultation workshops in Bangkok (February 2014) and Jakarta (March 2014). The OECD Secretariat would like to acknowledge gratefully the financial support of the Government of Japan. URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. The need for a distinct urban green growth model in Asia ................................................................... 5 1.2. Purpose of the paper.............................................................................................................................. 9 2. THE URBAN POLICY CONTEXT AND KEY POLICY STRATEGIES FOR URBAN GREEN GROWTH ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Urbanisation and economic growth trends in Asian cities .................................................................. 11 2.2. Environmental trends in Asian cities .................................................................................................. 18 2.3. Key policy strategies for green growth in Asian cities ....................................................................... 26 3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR URBAN GREEN GROWTH ............................................................................ 34 3.1. Energy: economic growth with minimised risk of increased GHG emissions ................................... 34 3.2. Land use and transport: towards sustainable urban form .............................................................. 36 3.3. Housing and buildings: potential for quality of life, energy savings and job creation........................ 38 3.4. Water resource management: a complex but fundamental policy issue ............................................. 42 3.5. Solid waste management: involving the urban poor in city greening ................................................. 42 3.6. Green goods and services: greening industrial processes and promoting green technology innovation .................................................................................................................................................. 43 3.7. Assembling opportunities for urban green growth in Asian cities ...................................................... 44 4. ENABLING STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING URBAN GREEN GROWTH .............................. 46 4.1. Integrating sub-national actions into national green growth and development strategies .................. 46 4.2. Financing urban green growth: reducing financing needs and diversifying cities’ revenue base ....... 48 4.3. Policy instruments: innovative and specific to the local context ............................................................. 52 4.4. Enhancing local co-operation and community engagement.................................................................... 57 4.5. Accelerating urban green investment through international co-operation ............................................... 60 4.6. Building capacity at all levels of government ................................................................................ 62 5. CONCLUSION: PROPOSED ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND CASE STUDY STRUCTURE . 65 5.1. Analytical framework for urban green growth in dynamic Asia ........................................................ 65 5.2. Case-study structure ............................................................................................................................ 66 NOTES .......................................................................................................................................................... 69 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 70 URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables Table 1. GDP per capita in selected countries and regions of the world (1993-2012) .......................... 6 Table 2. Ten countries with largest population in low-elevation coastal zones .................................. 25 Table 3. Sectors in which inertia and sensitivity to climate conditions are great ................................ 31 Table 4. Access to electricity in selected Asian countries ................................................................... 34 Table 5. Potential contribution of opportunity areas to green growth needs in Asian cities ............... 45 Table 6. National development plans and strategies in ASEAN countries.......................................... 47 Table 7. Actors involved in financing urban public transport systems................................................ 49 Table 8. Capacity development at three levels .................................................................................... 63 Figures Figure 1. Level of urbanisation by region ............................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. The conceptual framework for urban green growth .............................................................. 10 Figure 3. Urban versus rural population growth in the ASEAN region, China and India .................... 12 Figure 4. Shares of cities by size and selected regions and countries ................................................... 13 Figure 5. Contribution of exports to GDP of selected Asian countries ................................................ 14 Figure 6. Urban Slum Population in Asia ............................................................................................. 17 Figure 7. Total vehicles and motorisation index in selected regions of the world, 2005-35 ................ 18 Figure 8. Annual average ambient air quality in selected Asian cities (1994-2010) ............................ 20 Figure 9. Annual mean PM10 level in selected Asian and OECD cities, 2008-12 ............................... 21 Figure 10. Premature deaths from PM10 air pollution per million inhabitants ...................................... 21 Figure 11. Trends in greenhouse gas emissions, 2010-50 ...................................................................... 22 Figure 12. CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes) in selected cities.............................................................. 23 Figure 13. Top 20 cities most exposed to floods in terms of population in the 2070s (FAC scenario) .. 24 Figure 14. Location of poor households in Jakarta by sub-district, 2008 ............................................... 25 Figure 15. Typology and transport development paths ........................................................................... 38 Figure 16. Household energy spending and winter indoor temperatures in the United Kingdom .......... 41 Figure 17. Number of bilateral ODA activities and bilateral ODA finance to urban and rural areas in selected countries of dynamic
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