B E N E Fa Ctio N

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M a

t Matoula Tomara-Sideris is a o

u graduate of the Pandeion Uni -

l a

versity and completed her T

o post-graduate studies in His - m OTHER TITLES tory, Historical Demography

Benefaction a r

Economy, Finance & Business a and Sociology at the University -

• Who are we? The geopolitics of Greek identity S of Paris 1-Sorbonne and the

in Modern Greece i (paperback), Georges S. Prevelakis d Ecole des Hautes Etudes en

• Tourism and Crisis in Europe XIX-XXI centuries e r

(paperback), Margarita Dritsas (edited) Theory and History i Sciences Sociales. As a profes - s • New Generation Research on a Changing Greece sor at Panteion University, she teaches Historical (paperback), Kevin Featherstone (edited) Demography, History of the Greek Community • Following the Nereids: Sea Routes and Maritime Benefaction was developed in the communities by leading B business (paperback), Maria-Christina Chatziioannou and Benefaction, as well as History of Cultural At - e & Gelina Harlaftis (edited) entrepreneurs of the diaspora, who lived and served by or -

n titudes. Her research focuses on the historical and • The Business of Olympic Games Sponsorship

ganising society and their respective communities. e (hardcover), Eleni Beneki &Nelly Kapsi conceptual analysis of benefaction. Her academic

f interests and publications concentrate mainly on Narratives Benefactors undertake objectives and functions, substitut - a

c Egyptian Greeks. She is the Scientific Project Leader • Chronicle of a Life in Shipping (hardcover),

John L. Koilalous ing for the official state, its collectives and institutions. They t of Cairo’s Greek Community Historical Archive, the Sci - • The Story of Minos Zombanakis- Banking without i o entific Project Leader of the Egyptian Greek Study So - Borders (handcover), David Lascelles realise a unique journey on their own personal terms, both n • Diplomats & Doormats An Hotelier’s Odyssey ciety, the President of the Society of Hellenic Diaspora

epic-making and benevolent in serving the common good. (paperback), Peter Alatsas i Stud y(Ε.Μ.Ε.ΔΙΑ./ www.hellenicdiaspora.com) n

For them benefaction means total passion which directs their and she was part of the Editorial Committee of

Coffee Table Books M • Mikis Theodorakis: My Posters (bilingual, paperback the Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora up to 2013,

individual and collective operations. o & collector’s edition), Maria Adamantides when the publication folded. She won a Teaching • Melina: Never on Sunday (bilingual, collector’s edition, d

e Award in 2016 from the Al Azhar University for hardcover) It may be a historic phenomenon, yet benefaction still con - • Greece Star & Secret Islands (bilingual, hardcover), r n Greek Egyptian studies. Maud Vidal- Naquet tinues to exist today, mainly in the form of institutional

• Magical Greece, 2nd edition (bilingual, hardcover), G She has published a number of papers in Greek

Andreas Smaragdis (photos) benevolence. r and English, as well as the following books: La e

e population de Leucade au 19ème siècle (doctoral the - Modern Greek Culture

The history, ideology, personal and social operations, mech - c • Mikis Theodorakis: Finding Greece in his Music sis at the Paris I-Sorbonne University, 1985), The e (paperback), Angelique Mouyis anism and practice of benefaction are all analysed thor - formation and succession of generations in 19th Cen - • Cretan Music: Unraveling Ariadne’s Thread - tury Greece: the demographic condition of youth (paperback), Maria Hnaraki oughly, in the context that benefactors represent the organic T

• Marika Mitsotaki: Recipes of Love h (1986), Higher education and social selection (1991), intellectuals of the middle-class, during their historic ascen - e Historical Demography: from demographic processes to o

Distribution : dency just as much as they do today, in the era of their r collective attitudes and behaviours (1998), Local Gov - y Nomiki Bibliothiki Kerkyra Publications

ernment in Greece (1999), Benefaction and Personal -

23 Mavromihali str . 6-8 Vlahava str . global domination. a

10680 Athens - Greece 10551 Athens - Greece n ity: Greek Benefactors of Cairo (2002), The Families Tel .: +30 210-3678.800 Tel .: +30 210-3314.714 d Fax. : +30 210-3678.922 Fax.: +30 210-3252.283 of Alexandria: Horemi-Benakis-Salvagou (2004),

[email protected] [email protected] H which won an Athens Academy Award in 2006, www.nb.org www.economia.gr i

s The Greeks of Cairo (2007), Women, Gender and Di -

Like & Follow t

o asporic Lives, Labour, Community and Identity in

Εκδόσεις Κέρκυρα - Economia Publishing r Greek Migration (A collection edited by Evangelia y Economia Group Tastsoglou, 2009), The List of the Historical Archive of Cairo’s Greek Community (2010), The Egyptian Greeks on the cotton route (2011), Historical Demog - raphy: Mechanisms and Dynamics - The example of 19th Century Lefkada (in publication, 2016). EYERGETISMOS 1-118 FOTO J_Layout 1 12/11/2017 7:00 µµ Page 1

BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE THEORY AND HISTORY EYERGETISMOS 1-118 FOTO J_Layout 1 12/11/2017 7:00 µµ Page 2

ISBN: 978-960-9490-46-7 © Copyright: KERKYRA Publications S.A. – economia PUBLISHING 1st edition in English, November 2017

Production: KERKYRA Publications – economia PUBLISHING Translated by: Leoni Thanassoula, Nikos Sideris Edited by: George Vassiadis, Georgia Micha Index: Theoﬁlos Tsimos Publication coordinator: Eﬁ Andrikopoulou Art Design, Cover & Layout: Dionisis Tsakonas

Distribution

6-8, Vlahava str. 105 51 Athens - Greece 23, Mavromihali str., 106 80 Athens - Greece Tel .: +30 210-3314.714 Tel .: +30 210-3678.800 Fax: +30 210-3252.283 Fax: +30 210-3678.922 www.economia.gr www.nb.org [email protected] [email protected]

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, whether in its original form of in a translated or adapted version, without the publisher’s prior written permission. EYERGETISMOS 1-118 FOTO J_Layout 1 12/11/2017 7:00 µµ Page 3

MATOULA TOMARA-SIDERIS

BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE THEORY AND HISTORY

ATHENS 2017 EYERGETISMOS 1-118 FOTO J_Layout 1 12/11/2017 7:00 µµ Page 5

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION ...... 7 PREFACE...... 9 PART I THE NEO-HELLENIC DIASPORA 1. The Greek Diaspora and benefaction ...... 13 2. The origins of Egyptiot Hellenism ...... 18 3. The Egyptiot Greek communities ...... 20 4. Egyptiot Greek commercial life ...... 25 5. The role of fraternal associations ...... 29 6. Collectivity and individualism ...... 30 Endnotes...... 34 PART II BENEFACTORS AND BENEFACTION 1. Sources and methodology ...... 39 2. Benefactors and benefaction: Enlightenment influences ...... 46 3. Benefactors as organic intellectuals of the bourgeoisie ...... 52 4. The ideology of benefaction ...... 58 5. Recognition and reciprocation ...... 65 6. Benefaction in practice ...... 70 7. Benefactors and benefaction: two paradigms...... 74 8. Benefactor versus philanthropist ...... 76 9. Benefactor versus volunteer ...... 83 Endnotes...... 88 PART III BENEFACTION IN THE ERA OF GLOBALISATION 1. From personal benefaction to foundational benefaction ...... 95 2. The historical function of foundational benefaction ...... 101 3. The three periods of benefaction ...... 104 Endnotes...... 106 APPENDICES ...... 107 SOURCES ...... 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 115 INDEX ...... 119 EYERGETISMOS 1-118 FOTO J_Layout 1 12/11/2017 7:00 µµ Page 7

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION he present study provides an in-depth analysis of the historical T mechanisms of benefaction within the context of building a nation- state. The frame of reference is Gramscian theory, which conceptualises the modern benefactor as an organic intellectual of the bourgeoisie. This conceptual innovation introduces a new paradigm for the historical analysis of benefaction. The current paradigm draws its historical evi - dence from the Hellenistic era, where aristocrats rule, govern and have the duty to be benefactors of their country. The new paradigm draws its historical evidence from the modern period of nation-state build - ing, where benefactors function as organisers of culture and institu - tions, but do not occupy public office. Furthermore, while the current paradigm focuses on the personal and the social function of the bene - factor, the new paradigm focuses on the historical function of the benefactor as an organic intellectual of the bourgeoisie, an approach absent from previous conceptualisations. This paradigm shift is the main reason for the limited use of English and French secondary lit - erature in the present study, as work in those languages tends to relate to the old paradigm. The conceptualisation of the historical experience of nation-state con - struction in a peripheral country like Greece clearly reveals the speci - ficity of benefaction as compared to other practices demonstrating a sense of duty towards the community, such as philanthropy and vol - unteerism. Moreover, the concept of the benefactor as an organic intel - lectual of the bourgeoisie is extended to embrace the phenomenon of institutional benefaction, dominant today, whereby foundations act as collective organic intellectuals of the planetary hegemonic bourgeoisie. The role and the theoretical underpinning of benefaction are both cru - cial to our world in crisis. Professor Matoula Tomara-Sideris Athens, 19 April 2017

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PREFACE he Neo-Hellenic reality has been shaped by a combination of T forces and processes. Prominent among them is the phenomenon of Hellenism abroad and the activity of benefaction. The articulation of the two is organic and their synergy at the economic, institutional and cultural levels has had a decisive impact on Neo-Hellenic society. The present study examines three central issues. In the first chapter, the modern phenomenon of Hellenism abroad is studied, with the principal focus being on the Greeks in Egypt, or Aigyptiotes (hereafter Egyptiots). In the second chapter, the ideology, function and practice of benefaction are analysed. Finally, in the third chapter, the modern forms of benefaction are discussed. The connecting link between the multi-faceted levels and dynamics of the historical development of benefaction is the role of the benefactor as a strategic bearer of the Enlightenment, acting as an organic intel - lectual of the bourgeoisie. This book, the fruit of extensive research, presents a wealth of archival data related to the practice of benefaction, as well as a systematic analysis of the phenomenon, thereby situating Neo-Hellenic benefac - tors within their relevant historical context.

Athens, 16 January 2017

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PART I

THE NEO-HELLENIC DIASPORA EYERGETISMOS 1-118 FOTO J_Layout 1 12/11/2017 7:00 µµ Page 13

1. The Greek Diaspora and benefaction he 19th and early 20th centuries constitute the “Age of Empire,” 1 Tthat is the international expansion of the colonial system with the western metropoles as its centre. Its dynamics and contradictions led to a series of crises which eventually resulted in the deconstruc - tion of the system during the “short twentieth century,” 2 in other words, from the years following World War I until the third quarter of the 20th century. A decisive moment for the development of the Greek communities abroad is the signing by the Ottoman Empire and Russia of the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca in 1774. By this treaty, the Ottomans extended to Greek shipowners the specific legal benefits of the Capitulations, which secured economic-tax facilities and law exemptions for Europeans active in the Empire, providing them with a crucial advantage over local economic actors. By granting full independence from the local Ottoman authorities to predominantly Western European merchants, the Capitulations promoted the imposition of the colonial system and offered European capitalism new possibilities of penetration into the economy of the Ottoman Empire. The Neo-Hellenic communities abroad followed the historical course of the international colonial system, colonial trade and the develop - ment of colonial relations. These communities, living outside the main territory of the national body, preserved their ethnic identity 3. They represent a collective entity with a common mentality and national conscience. Four periods can be traced when studying the phenome - non of the growth of Neo-Hellenic communities abroad. 4

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BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE – THEORY AND HISTORY

The first period (the genesis) starts during the 18th century and ends during the early 19th century. In this period, ethnic Greeks emi - grated from their homelands to England, France, Austro-Hungary, Northern Italy, the Balkans, Romania and Russia, establishing flour - ishing communities from Western Europe to the Black Sea. The second period (maturity) covers the remainder of the 19th cen - tury, when Greeks left their homelands to settle in North Africa, Asia and the Southern Hemisphere. The third period (completion) extends from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, up to World War I. The fourth period, which starts in 1918 and extends to the present day, is characterised by the decline of Hellenism abroad and the oblig - atory return of its members to Greece itself. The abolition of capitu - lations in the Ottoman Empire (1914) and Egypt (1937-1949) represents a turning point in the development οf anti-colonial move - ments, which resulted in the readjustment and final collapse of the international imperial system. The economic crisis which has affected Greece since 2010 has resulted in the revival of the phenomenon of emigration. A fifth period of the Greek diaspora is coming into shape. This time, however, the international socio-economic circumstances have changed. Greeks are now heading towards existing European and transatlantic com - munities, without establishing new ones, thereby contributing to the transformation of today’s ecumenical Hellenism. The historic Hellenic diaspora was organically integrated into the establishment of the colonial system and the resulting division of labour. Its role during this historical period was essential, and its effect on both local realities and the emergence of modern Hellenism, unde - niably crucial. Representatives of the Neo-Hellenic diaspora established the Philike Etaireia (Friendly Society), which laid the foundations for the outbreak of the Greek revolution in 1821. Representatives of the Greek commu - nities abroad coordinated the struggle for Greek independence from

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THE GREEK DIASPORA AND BENEFACTION

Ottoman rule, propagating a supra-local, national perspective. The declarations of Alexander Ypsilantis on February 24, 1821, addressed to the Greek diaspora, reformulate the Rigas Ferraios’ visions of a politico-military project: 5 Bulgarians and Albanians, Armenians and Grecians, Blacks and whites, with one common ardor, Let us don our sword for freedom, And with one heart, one mind, one soul, Strike at the Tyrant’s root, that he may perish! And ignite a flame all over Turkey, Running from Bosnia to the Arab lands! It was representatives of the communities abroad, entrepreneurs, politicians, intellectuals and benefactors who financed and staffed the economic structures and the state and cultural institutions, which con - stituted the backbone of the nascent Neo-Hellenic state. In 1770, during the 18th century genesis of the Neo-Hellenic dias - pora, 6 the first Greek community was formed in Calcutta. By sea or by land, the Greeks had begun seeking their fortune abroad, follow - ing compatriots who had set out before them. From the late 18th century onwards, Greeks are found throughout Western and Central Europe, in places like Dresden, London, and Paris. They established communities along the main overland trade routes, in the cities of Belgrade, Bucharest, Budapest, Vienna, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Nizhny, and in the ports of Odessa, Trieste, Marseilles, Venice and Livorno. Travelling overseas they reached Australia, the United States, Canada and South America. In all these places, Greek com - munities with their own schools, churches, hospitals and publishing houses came into being. During the 19th century, when the established communities were maturing, Greek emigrants shifted their orientation towards the South. Moving beyond the restricted boundaries of the contemporary Hellenic state, Greeks formed flourishing and lively communities

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INDEX

17 th Century 48 Archaeological Museum 23, 64 18 th Century 14, 15, 16, 27, 48, Argenteio Museum Chios 73 54, 56, 58, 65, 95 Argentis , Ambrose P. 62 19 th Century 13, 14, 15, 16, Argyrokastro (Gjirokastër ), Albania 55 18, 30, 50, 54, Arsakis , Apostolos 49, 54 57, 58, 60, 65, 102 Asia Minor Catastrophe 77 20 th Century 13, 14, 16, 18, 25, Asia 14, 20 27, 30, 48, 50, 58, Assea 23 60, 65, 95, 96, 102 Assiut 23 21 th Century 95 Astrakhan 54 6th Regiment 19 Aswan 23 Athanasakeio Archaeological A Museum, Volos 73 Abet Ananias 29 Athanasakis , Ioannis 56, 73 Abet Brothers 29 Athens College 49, 57, 64 Abet George 29 Athens Conservatory 64 Abet Raphael 29 Athens Home 98 Academy of Art, Vienna 54 Athens Old People’s Home 98 Academy of Budupest 54 Athens 25, 41, 43, 45, 49, Achillopouleio Hospital 43, 61, 63 Averof , George 21, 49, 63, 64, 105 Achillopoulos , Evangelos 30, 31, 41, Attica Boeotia Prefecture 58 42, 63, 73, 74 Australia 15, 16, 96 Admiral Codrington 19 Austrian Parliament 54 Africa 14, 16, 20, 55, 56 Austro-Hungary 14, 16, 54 Age of Empire 13 Autocephalous Church of Albania 98 Ahmed Talaat 19 Averofeio 42, 60, 63 Aïfantis 31 Alexandria 18, 19, 21, 22, B 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, Bad Ischl 68 43, 60, 61, 63, 67, Balis , Xenophon 62 68, 69, 82, 85, 109* Balkan Wars 65, 85 Ali, Mohammed 18, 19, 22, 25 Balkan 45 America 15, 63 Balkans 14, 20 American Civil War 23 Bank d’Alexandrie 31 American East Relief 78 Bank d’Escompte d’Égypte 31 Andritsakis & Co 27 Bank Générale d’ Égypte 31 Anglo-Egyptian Bank 31 Bank of Athens 31 Antoniadeio Rest Home 61 Bank of the East 31 Antoniadis Garden 67 Battle of Makrinitsas 85 Antoniadis, John 67 Battle of Navarino 19 Apostolidis , Vassilis 61 Battle of Platanos 85

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BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE – THEORY AND HISTORY

Battle of Sarakinos 85 Choremeio Radiological Clinic 61 Battleship “George Averof ” 64 Choremeios Agricultular School, Chios 63 Belgrade 15 Choremis 27, 31, 79, 81 Belloyiannis 16 Choremis , Alexander 49 Benakeio Soup Kitchen 61 Choremis , Aristidis 63 Benakeios Library 57, 64 Choremis , Constantine 61 Benakis & Co 27 Choremis , George 44, 68, 69, Benakis Museum, Athens 64, 73, 113* 70, 73, 78, 85 Benakis 27, 31, 45, 49, Choremis , Ioannis C. 22 57, 64, 105 Choremis , Virginia, 22 Benakis , Anthony 64, 73, 85 Choremis -Mellor and Co 22 Benakis , Argine (Salvagos ) 62 Civil War 1946-1949 16 Benakis , Despina 25 Codicils 43 Benakis , Emmanue 19, 22, 25, 32, 58, Colonel Sèves 19 60, 61, 62, 64, 65 Commercial School, Kartaleio , Volos 63 Black Sea 14, 16 Community, Cairo 23, 24, Bodossakis 96, 97, 100, 101 56, 65, 74 Brighton 55 Community, Greek 15, 17, 19, 21, Brin , Sergey 96 22, 23, 29, 49, British pounds 73, 78 50, 56, 57, 61, 74 Bucharest Medical School 41 Community, Suez 22 Bucharest Philological Society 54, 55, 111* Congo 16 Bucharest 15, 16, 41, 49, 54 Consolidated Landen Interests Co of Budapest 15 Egypt & Warden Estates 24 Buffett, Warren 96 Constantine King I 64 Constantinidis , Elias 25 C Constantinople 24, 49, 55, 56, 60 Cairo 18, 19, 21, Consul General of Greece 21, 24, 39, 57 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, Consul, General British 61 31, 32, 42, 56, 60, Consular Court of Alexandria 42 61, 63, 67, 73, 74 Costopoulos 96, 98, 99 Cairo, Old 62 Court of Ilfov 41 Calcutta 15 Cozzika 67 Canada 15 Crete 18, 19 Cavafy , Constantine 25, 86 Cross of the Redeemer, Silver or Gold 66 Chamber of Commerce, Cairo 31 Cypriot 98 Chamber of Riverboats Association 24, 32 Cyprus 51, 82, 98 Chang Yung-Fa 96 Charity 75, 77, 98 D Charles Cookson 61 D’Anastasi Street 67 Charokopos , Panagis 49 Degas 55 Chatziandreou , Yiannis 25 Delacroix 55 Chios 45, 48, 51, 69 Delta, Penelope 19, 25, 45

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INDEX

Deltas, Stefanos 85 F Deutsche Orient Bank 31 Faqus 23 Diaspora Greek 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Father Frangias Kambanis 18 39, 40, 42, 48, 49, Fayum 23 50, 55, 56, 57, 58, Fenerlis , Agathoniki 55 63, 65, 86, 95, 101 Feraios , Regas 64 Dimitriou , Ioannis 23 Finsbury Circus 62 District, Glymenopoulos 43, 67, 68 Foundation, Bill Gates 96 District, Tsanaklis 43, 67 Foundation, Bodossakis 97, 100, 101 Dombolis , Ioannis 44, 48 Foundation, Goulandris 98 Doulous , Demetra 82 Foundation, Ioannou F. Costopoulos 98, 99 Dr Reddy & J.R.D. Tata 96 Foundation, Laskaridis Aikaterini 98 Dresden 15, 73 Foundation, Latsis 97, 105 Dumbastrasse 68 Foundation, Leventis 98 Foundation, Onassis 96, 105 E Foundation, Stavros Niarchos 97, 98, École Libre des Sciences Politiques 57 100, 101, 105 Educational Institute, Romania 54 Foundation, Vardinoyiannis 97, 105 Educational Regeneration, Association, 56 France 14, 57, 96 Eftyhidis , Stylianos 62 Frangiadis , Emmanuel 62 Egypt 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Frangoudis , George 49, 56, 57, 66, 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27, 67, 68, 69, 70 28, 28*, 29, 30, 31, 32, Franz , Schubert 54 42, 49, 50, 56, 57, 62, Friendly Society (Philike Etaireia ) 14 64, 67, 96, 109* Egyptiot Greek (Hellenism) 17, 18, 20, G 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, Garibaldi 85 32, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50, Gates, Bill 96 51, 53, 56, 59, 61-68, General Consulate of Greece 21 73, 74, 78, 82, 83, 85 Geneva 63, 97 El Marg-Helwan 67 George S. Frangoudis Museum 67 England 14, 24, 56, 62 Geralopoulos , Constantine 62 Enlightenment 46, 47, 48, 49, German Occupation, The 78 50, 51, 53, 60, Germany 49, 96 73, 101, 102, 104 Girls School, “Arsakeion ”, Romania 54 Epirus 21, 48 Girls School, Achillopouleio 60 Epitropakis , Asclepios 31 Giving for Greece 100 Euboea 24 Glymenopoulo Beach 68 Europe 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 57, 63 Glymenopoulos , Efstathios 67 European Super-Powers 32 Glymenopoulos , Pericles 67 Europeans 13, 22 Goulandris 96, 98 Eustathios Glymenopoulos Gallery 43, 67 Gounaris , Dimitris 56 Evangelical School, Smyrna 104 Gourgas Hospital 63

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BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE – THEORY AND HISTORY

Gousios , George 61, 85 Hospital KAT 64 Gramsci, Antonio 52, 71 Hospital, Achillopouleio 61, 63 Grand Cross of the Royal Order Hospital, Brothers Xenokratis 41, 42, 54 of the Phoenix 66 H o s p ital, Kotsikeio 43, 61 Great Britain 16, 96 Hospital, Thriasio , Eleusis 97 Great School of the Nation, 60 Greece 14, 16, 17, 18, I 21, 22, 24, 47, 48, 57, Ibrahim 19 63, 65, 70, 83, 84, 86, Ibrahimiya 23 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104 Ice Cream in Glym , film 68 Greek Chamber of Commerce 31 Imperial Orphange of Moscow 54 Greek Chamber of Commerce, Imvros 25 Alexandria 22, 26, 27, 32 Indian 96 Greek Community, Alexandria 21, 22, 23 Initiative against the Crisis 100 Greek Community, Bucharest 53 Ioannina 48, 104 Greek Community, Cairo 23, 24, 56, 65 Ionian Bank 31 Greek Community, London 55, 62 Ionides , Alexander 55, 62 Greek Consul 62 Ionides , Efrosyni 64 Greek crisis 14, 83, 84 Italy 14, 49, 85, 96 Greek Fraternal Association of London 62 Izvoarele 16 Greek identity 42, 49, 50, 53, 55 Greek Orthodox Community 23 K Greek Revolution 1821 14 Kaniskereio 61 Greek School of Vosporos 54 Kapodistrion University 45, 48, 64 Greek-Roman Museum Karagiorgas 31 of Alexandria 43, 67 Karakasis , Constantine 54 Greek-Turkish War 85 Kartaleios Commercial School, Volos 63 Grigoropoulos , Zenon 31 Kartaleios Girls’ School, Tsangarada 63 Gryparis , I., Consul General 57 Kartalis , Anthony G. 56 Kartalis , Ioannis 85 H Karystos 24 Hamzaoui 61 Kasapa , Despina 79 Heliopolis 23 Kassaveteio Kindergarten , Volos 63 Hellenic Centre 24 Kassaveteios Nursery, Volos Hellenic Military Academy 64 Kassavetis , Dimitrios I. 62, 65 Hellenic Naval Academy 49, 64 Kassavetis , Ieronimos 85 Hellenic Red Cross 56, 64 Kassavetis , Alexander D. 56 Hellenic State 15, 104 Kastoria 48 Hellenism, Ecumenical 14 Kastorianos , Manolakis 48 Helwan 23, 60, 61, 67 Katz, Stanley N. 104 Hobsbawm , Eric 25 Kavala 18 Home for the Incurables 64 Kazoulleio Girls’ School, Rhodes 63 Hospital Filanthropia 54 Kazoullis 27, 64, 82

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INDEX

Kazoullis, I oannis 65, 85 Maraslis, G regory 54 Kazoullis, M arika 82 Marazlivska 68 Kazoullis, S tefanos 85 Marseille 15 Kensighton 55 Martinos, D imitrios 32 Kenya 16 Masonic Lodge of Cairo 56 Khairy Beshara, d irector 68 Masonic Lodge 56 Klonaridis Brothers 31 Masonic Lodge, “Isis” 56 Komotini, T hrace 24 Mavrogiannis, S pyridon 62 Kotsikas Brothers 24 Medical Association 83 Kotsikas Distillery 60, 61 Medical School of Bucharest 41 Kotsikas, P olychronis 24, 25 Mediterranean 21, 45, 68 Kotsikas, T heocharis 24 Mega-Foundations 96, 104 Kotsikas, T heodore P. 2 5, 31, 60, 61, 62, Methoni, P ylos 18 63, 64, 65, 67 Metsovo 21, 63 Kydonies (Ayvalik) 48, 49 Millet 55 Kyriazis Brothers 31 Ministry of Agriculture, Kyriazis, E leni 41 Commerce and Industry 22 Ministry of Education 87 L Ministry of National Economy 22 Lagoudakis 31 Mitarakis Th. P. & Co 27 Land Bank of E gypt 31 Morocco 16 Lasithi, P sychro 18 Moschopolis 48 Laskaridis 96 Moscow 15, 54 Latsis Prize 97 Mouratiadis, C onstantine 61 Latsis 96 Mourouzis, A lexander 54 Lausanne 63 Mozambique 16 Lebanon 80, 81 Municipality of Athens 100 Left, The 16, 22 Museum of Modern Art, Andros 98 Lemonias Brothers 32 Museum of Modern Art, New York 98 Leventis 96 Musikverein 54 Libya 16 Muslim Charitable Organisation Livorno 15 of Cairo 29 , 30 London 15, 55, 62, 78 “My Last Wishes” (Choremis, Georgios) 44 Lord Cromer 57 Lyceum of Greek women 65 N Naguib, M . President 28* M Nasser, Gamel Abdul, President 28* Madagascar 16 Nasserism 68 Manchester 22, 55 National Bank of Egypt 31 Manousakis, S tylianos 32 National Bank of Greece 78 Mansoura 23, 31, 86 National Centre 17, 33, 51, 59, Marangakis & Z erefos Brickworks 31 64, 82, 84, 105 Maraslis Library 54 National Gallery 64

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BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE – THEORY AND HISTORY

National Library 97 Pasha Sherif 19 National Opera 97 Pasha Suleiman 19 National Polytechnic of Metsovo 48 Pasha Tewfik 19 Naxos 24, 43, 44, 78 Pasha Zulfiqar 19 Negropontes, Paul 62 Patriarch Gregorios V 64 New York 49, 97, 98 Patriarch Sofronios of Alexandria 73 Niarchos , Stavros 97 Patriarchate of Alexandri 21, 61, 62, 98 Nikolaides , Nikos 25 Patriarchate, Ecumenic 21 Nile, The 24, 32 Patries 29 Nizhny 15 Peloponnese 18, 23 Nouzha 67 Père, Michel 19 Nursing School of Evangelismos 57 Petit Trianon 32 Nursing School 64 Phanariots 48 Phytopathological Institute 64 O Porfyropoulos , Mark 51 Odessa 15, 49, 54, 55, 68 Port Said 23 Olympic Games 64, 84 Practical School of Poultry Farming 57 Omidyar , Peter 96 President , Chamber of Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre 97 Riverboats Association 24 Onassis Cultural Centre 97 President , Greek Community Onassis 96 of Alexandria 21, 22 Orphanage, Benakeio , Alexandria 61 President , Greek Community of Cairo 23 Orphanage, Kaniskereio 61 President , International Orphanage, Spetseropouleio , Cairo 56, 61 Mohammed Ali Association 22 Ottoman Empire 13, 14, 18, 19, 21 President of the Greek Red Cross 56 Oxford 61 Psomadellis & Co 27 Psychas , Miltiadis 64 P Page, Larry 96 Q Paidion tou Areos 64 Queen Olga 64 Paidousis , Argyro 80 Panagiotatou , Angeliki 85 R Panathenaic Stadium 64 Railroads, Ramla Pandeion University 69 Rallis , Anthony Th. 62 Pandos , Alexander 56, 57, 65 Rallis 31 Papagiannis , George 62 Rallis, Alexander 62 Paraskevoulatos , George 32 Rallis, Anthony D. 62 Paris 15, 57 Rallis, Constantine Th. 62 Pasha Ferih Ismail 18 Rallis, Efstratios S. 62 Pasha Hassan 18 Rallis, Pandias S. 62 Pasha Ismail 19 Rallis, Pandias Th. 62 Pasha Kasim 19 Ramleh -Victoria-Bacos , tram route 67 Pasha Sampri 19 Reboulis , Marcos 31

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INDEX

Rhodesia 16 School, Zervoudakeio 60 Rodokanakeion Girls’ School, Odessa 55 Schools, Arsakeion , Psychiko 49 Rodokanaki and Co 26 Scientific Association of Rodokanaki , Ioannis 62 Alexandria “Athenaion ” 57, 61 Rodokanaki 27, 31 Scotidis , Nicholas 24 Rodokanaki , Theodore Paul 55 Sekiaris , Ambrose 62 Romania 14, 16, 49, 51, 53, 54 Sidi Maria 18, 19 Romanian/Vlach language 55 Sinai Monastery 61 Rostovitch , Alexander 23 Sinas , Simon 54 Rousseau 55 Siriotis , Theodore 69 Roussos, Emmanuel 32 Sivitanidis , Vassilis 64 Royal Northern College of Music 55 Skleros , George 25 Russia 13, 14, 20, 48, 49, 54 Skoll , Jeff 96 Skouloudis , Apostolos 62 S Smyrna 48, 49, 104 Social Dynamo 100 Salvagos 27, 31 Social groceries, medical, kitchen 83 Salvagos , C. M and Co 27 Sofikitis , Frixos 43, 44, 78 Salvagos , Constantine 62 Soup Kitchens 83 Salvagos , Mikes 31 South African Association Salvation Army 63 Spartalis , Dimitrios 62 Santorini 85 Spartalis , Michael D. 62 Sarpakis , Stylianos 31, 65 Spartalis , Nicholas 54 Skylitzis , Matthaios 62 Spathis , Spyros 32 School , Charokopeio Professional 49 Spetseropoulos , Dimitrios 23 School , Jesuit 19 Spetseropoulos , George 23, 24 School , Sivitanideio Technical Spitalul Fratilor Xenokrati 41 and Professional 64 St. Constantine & Helen 61 School , Chetham 55 St. George 62 School, Latseio 97 St. Petersburg 15, 45, 48 School of Commerce, Odessa 54 St. Spyridon 61 School , Xenakeios elementary 24, 43, 60 Stella beer 31 School, Abeteios 29, 60 Stournaris , Nikolaos 49, 64, 105 School, Achillopouleio , Alexandria 60 Strafti Brothers T. G. 27 School, Achillopouleio , Volos 63 Sudan 16 School, Agricultural Horemeio , Chios Suez Canal 22 School, Evangelical, Smyrna 104 Suez 22, 23, 24 School, Familiadeio 60 Swiss Red Cross 63 School, Kaplaneio , Ioannina 104 Switzerland 43, 96 School, Panteios 57, 65, 66, 69, 70 Syros 22, 78 School, Salvageios Technical 60 School, Therapia 54 School, Tositsaia 60 T School, Tsanaklideio , Komotini 63 Taganrog, Azov 54

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BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE – THEORY AND HISTORY

Tagaris 31 Veyne , Paul 75 Tamvakos , Dimitris N. 62 Victoria and Albert Museum 55 Tamvakos , Nicholas 62 Vienna Library 54 Tanganyika 16 Vienna 15, 54, 68 Tanta 23, 31 Vingtrinier , Aimé 18 Tashkent 16 Vlassopoulos , Panagiotis 32 Tatar 68 Volanakis 31 Thermopylae 87 Volos 63, 65, 73 Thessaloniki 21 Voltos , Alexander 65 Thessaly 85 Voltos , Hercules 65 Tositsas , Anastasios 21 Vosporus 54 Tositsas family 21, 67 Tositsas , Eleni 64 W Tositsas , Michael 20, 21, 49, 64, 105 Watts , G. F. 55 Town Hall, Chalkida 63 We Are All Citizens 100 Treaty of Kioutsouk-Kainartzi 13 West, The 19, 20, 30, 48 Trebizond 25 World War I 13, 14, 84, 85, 86, 102 Trieste 15, 49 World War II 16, 27, 65, 78, 81, 84 Tripoli (Libya) 24 Tripolis , Arcadia 23 X Tsanaklis , Nestor 24, 61 Xenakis , Angeliki 43, 44 Tsirkas , Stratis 18, 25 Xenakis , Constantine 24, 30, 78 Tunisia 16 Xenakis , Demetrios 44 U Xenokratis , Athanasios 54 Xenokratis , Constantine 40, 41, 54 Uganda 16 Xenokratis , Theodore 54 Union South Africa 16 United Egyptian Nile Transport Co 24 United Kingdom 55 Y USA 15, 16, 96, 102 Ypsilantis , Alexander 15 Uzbekistan 16 Z V Zagazig 23 Valsamides , Athanasios 32 Zappas, Constantine 55 Vardinoyiannis 96 Zappas, Evangelos 53, 55, 110 Varvakis Mosque , Odessa 68 Zappeion Girls’ School 55 Varvakis , Ioannis 54, 68 Zeitoun 23, 25 Vassanis , Pantazis 49, 64 Zerlentis , Christofis 55 Vatimbellas , Ioannis 85 Zervoudakis 31 Venetokleio Girls’ School , Rhodes 63 Zizinia Theatre 43, 67 Venice 15 Zizinias , Stefanos 67 Venizelos , Eleftherios 22, 56, 57, Zografeia educational establishments 55 58, 69, 70, 112 Zografos , Christakis 55

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THE BOOK BENEFACTION IN MODERN GREECE – THEORY AND HISTORY WAS PUBLISHED BY KERKYRA PUBLICATIONS-ECONOMIA PUBLISHING PRINTED AND BOUND BY ALFA PACK SA IN ????? COPIES IN ATHENS, NOVEMBER 2017

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