A Collector's Journ CHARLES LANG FREER AND EGYPT A Collector's Journey "I now feel that these things are the greatest art in the world," wrote Charles Lang Freer, to a close friend. ". greater than Greek, Chinese or Japanese." Surprising words from the man who created one of the finest collections of Asian art at the turn of the century and donated the collection and funds to the Smithsonian Institution for the construction of the museum that now bears his name, the Freer Gallery of Art. But Freer (1854-1919) became fascinated with Egyptian art during three trips there, between 1906 and 1909, and acquired the bulk of his collection while on site. From jewel-like ancient glass vessels to sacred amulets with supposed magical properties to impressive stone guardian falcons and more, his purchases were diverse and intriguing. Drawing on a wealth of unpublished letters, diaries, and other sources housed in the Freer Gallery of Art Archives, A Collectors Journey documents Freer's expe- rience in Egypt and discusses the place Egyptian art occupied in his notions of beauty and collecting aims. The author reconstructs Freer's journeys and describes the often colorful characters—collectors, dealers, schol- ars, and artists—he met on the way. Gunter also places Freer's travels and collecting in the broader context of American tourism and interest in Egyptian antiquities at the time—a period in which a growing number of Americans, including such financial giants as J. Pierpont Morgan and other Gilded Age barons, were collecting in the same field. A Collector's Journey CHARLES LANG FREER AND EGYPT A Collector's Journey CHARLES LANG FREER AND EGYPT ) Ann C. Gunter FREER GALLERY OF ART SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCALA PURLISHERS BOARD OF THE FREER AND SACKLER GALLERIES Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Mr. Paul G. Marks Chair of the Board Ms. Elizabeth E. Meyer Mr. Richard M. Danziger, Mrs. Constance C. Miller T ice Chair of the Board Mrs. Daniel P. Moynihan Mr. Jeffrey P. Cunard Mr. Frank H. Pearl Mrs. Mary Patricia Wilkie Ebrahimi Dr. Gursharan Sidhu Mr. George J. Fan Mr. Michael R. Sonnenreich Dr. Robert S. Feinberg Mr. Abolala Soudavar Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Professor Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis Mrs. Margaret M. Haldeman Mr. Paul F Walter Mrs. Richard Hehiis Ms. Shelby Wltite Mrs. Ann R. Kinney Mr. H. Christopher Luce Honorary Member Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma Sir Joseph Hotung ^ ^ Smithsonian *^ Freer Gallery of Art Funding for tins publication was provided bv the Freer and Sackler Galleries' Pubhcations Endowment Fund, initially established with a grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and generous contributions from private donors. Head of Publications: Lynne Shaner Editor: Gail Spilsbury Designer: Michael Hentges Copyright © 2002 Smithsonian Institution All rights reserved. Published by the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Washington, D.C. 20560-0707 in association with Scala Publishers, Gloucester Mansions, 140a Shaftesbury Avenue, London WC2H 8HD, England Page 12: Map of Eg}rpt, watercolor and ink on paper. c> 2002 Mike Reagan. Note: Dimensions are given in centimeters; height precedes width precedes depth. Library of Congress Catalogmg-in-Publication Data on page 160. Contents Foreword 6 Acknowledgments 8 1 "The Greatest Art in the World" 14 2 Egypt from Afar 50 3 Travels in Egypt, 1906—1907 52 4 In Pursuit of Antiquities 88 5 "Those Wlio Have the Power to See Beauty" 120 Chronology of Egyptian History 144 Notes 146 Selected Bibliography 155 Index 157 Foreword When the Freer Gallery of Art first opened its doors in May 1925, the most sensational archaeological discovery of the twentieth century was still virtually front-page news worldwide. Six months earlier, Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon had opened the tomb of Tutankhamun, the young Egyptian pharaoh whose magnificent resting place had miraculously survived among the many royal burials in the Valley of the Kings opposite Luxor. Along with the rest of the world, Americans showed an insatiable appetite for news and photographs of these extraordinary finds. Charles Lang Freer (1854—1919), the Detroit businessman whose collection and vision established the Smithsonian Institution's first art museum, would have appreciated both the beauty and the great antiquity of the treasures that emerged from the tomb. Charles Lang Freer himself collected Egyptian antiquities, and, like every other group of objects he collected, they had a specific role to play in his vision of beauty and its universal forms of expression. In practice, however, his own collecting of Egyptian antiquities was relatively modest, and tradition- ally his Egyptian collection has played a marginal role in the museum's activ- ities. This is for several reasons. First, Freer's collection was dominated by Chinese and lapanese art, Syrian and Persian ceramics, and late-nineteenth- century American paintings. His acquisitions of ancient Egyptian art were 6 comparatively few, and they presented limited opportunities for exhibition and publication because the bvilk of the holdings consist of tiny amulets, glass beads, and other small items. Moreover, without a resident specialist on the curatorial staff to build upon Freer's accjuisitions, the collection has remained essentially static. Under the stewardship of Richard Ettinghausen, curator of Near Eastern art at the Freer Gallery of Art from 1944 to 1967, portions of the collection were occasionally displayed, specialists consulted, and visitors warmly welcomed. With few other exceptions, only a small number of Freer's Egyptian acquisitions have been exhibited or published, and even the most famous of these are seldom displayed. In celebration of the museum's seventy-fifth anniversary in 1998, Ann C. Gunter, associate curator of ancient Near Eastern art, assembled an exhibition titled Charles Lang Freer and Egypt., which remains on view indefinitely For the first time, more than a few objects from the Egyptian holdings are on display for an extended period of time. Dr. Gunter 's research for the exhibition demon- strated both the potential for a broader exploration of Freer's ideas about the col- lection and the need to present the results of such study in a book. In recon- structing Freer's travels in Egypt and investigating the records of his acquisi- tions. Dr. Gunter conducted her own excavations among the rich resources of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler (jallery Archives. Her efforts have resurrected in these pages scores of the anonymous Egyptian artifacts that have long inhabited the museum's storerooms. For the first time since Freer acqiured these objects, they can be appreciated from the viewpoint of the collector him- self. Freer's understanding of ancient Egyptian art and its relation to his other possessions creates an absorbing story, which Dr. (runter narrates with learning and enthusiasm, presenting fresh insights into the mind of an individual who continues to inspire through his extraordinary vision, taste, and generosity. Julian Raby Director Acknowledgments In 1995, in connection with plans to celebrate the Freer Gallery of Art's seventy- fifth anniversary in 1998, I proposed an exhibition devoted to the ancient Egyptian objects acqviired by gallery founder Charles Lang Freer. I soon real- ized that the rich documentation for Freer's Egyptian travels and purchases preserved in the gallery's archives was too extensive to include in the exhibi- tion texts, and I conceived a longer study in which to explore the subject in greater depth. Milo C. Beach, former director of the Freer and Sackler gal- leries, and Thomas W. Lentz, former deputy director, encouraged both projects and supported applications to fund needed research. Grants from the Smhhsonian Institution's Research Opportunities Fund in 1998 made it possi- ble to travel in Egypt and to conduct research at the Griffith Institute, Oxford University. A Collections-based Research Grant from the Smithsonian's Office of Fellowships and Grants enabled me to return to Egypt in 2000 to see addi- tional sites and consult libraries and archives in London, ( jlasgow, Detroit, Ann Arbor, and New York. I owe a special debt to several colleagues for their key roles in the evo- lution of this book. Linda Merrill, former colleague and enduring friend, first alerted me to the rich potential of Charles Lang Freer's correspondence as a source for exploring his ideas about Egyptian art, and she shared my delight in 8 each new archival discovery. John Siewert's research on James McNeill Whistler led him to references in Freer's diaries to the collector's travels in Egypt and the Near East, which he kindly made available to me. Betsy M. Bryan, Alexander Badawy Chair in Egyptian Art and Archaeology at Johns Hopkins University, has made this project possible in countless ways. She reviewed the Freer's col- lection of Egyptian art, accompanied me on trips in Egypt and to Egyptian collections in England and Scotland, and introduced me to her Egyptological colleagues both in the LTnited States and abroad. She has unstmtingly made available her unrivaled knowledge of Egyptian art as well as her wise counsel, and I have benefited equally from her inspiration and example. Tammy Krygier and Thomas Kittredge, both doctoral candidates in Egyptian art and archae- ology at Johns Hopkins University, carried out essential research on Freer's Egyptian collection and on collectors of Egyptian art, respectively. Individuals and institutions both here and abroad generously supplied information and access to resources. I enjoyed a particularly rewarding period of research at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, thanks in no small measure to the hospitality provided by Margaret, Larry, Ben, and Katherine Root. Kathy Marquis, reference archivist at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, assisted with access to the records of Francis W. Kelsey. I^ori Mott, registrar of the University of Michigan Art Museum, located records of Margaret Watson Parker's gift of Raqqa ceramics.