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CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 5, Issue 2 Hilary 2009

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CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 5, Issue 2 Hilary 2009 CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 5, Issue 2 Hilary 2009 ISSN 1756-6797 (Print), ISSN 1756-6800 (Online) Martin Llewellyn's Atlas of the History Channel & the Experiments East: a mystery partly unravelled with Walter de Milemete’s Kite Bomb In 1969, I visited Christ Church hoping that, given its Walter De Milemete’s De Nobilitatibus, Sapientiis, et size and prominence, the library might contain some Prudentiis Regum (Christ Church Library, MS 92) unusual cartographic material. Intrigued by an item has always held a special fascination for me. Most described in the hand-written catalogue as, 'Maps - famously it features the earliest known depiction of a 18th century, English and Foreign', I asked to see gun – a vase shaped piece of field artillery. I have what proved to be Martin Llewellyn's atlas of the shot a replica of this and upon detonation, it flashed East. It is my contention that this volume, unknown to and thundered and jumped and reared up on its map historians for over three and a half centuries, wooden stand in a most lively fashion. I report this constitutes the earliest sea atlas by an Englishman, because, to me, it is the challenge and excitement of and that, dating from about 1598, it contains the translating the images from the page into workable earliest known English charts of the East. machines that makes this treatise so enthralling. Christ Church's Donors' Book (p.84) records the gift Prepared as a gift to the 15 year-old Edward III on of the atlas (Map O.14, West Table A 3) by the eve of his coronation, De Nobilitatibus was Llewellyn's sons, William and Martin, apparently in intended to stimulate a boy’s imagination and it 1634 [though definitely between 1632 and 1639]: continues so to do. Wrapped in its buckskin-lined chemise, albeit the present one is most likely a later "Gulielmus lluellin & Martinus Filij Martini Civis replacement, this is not a book to be chained in a londinensis D.D. Cartas Geographicas patris manu library but one to be bundled up and stuffed in depictas & ab eodem observatas sinus Maritimi in saddlebags, one to be read by lantern light in a field- Africa & Asia a Capite bonae Spei ad Regnum China tent whilst on campaign and one to prompt practical & partem Americae peruanae" experimentation. continued on page 7 continued on page 2 THIS ISSUE Martin Llewellyn's Atlas of the East Walter de Milemete’s Kite Bomb A Cartographic Treasure House Where are Wake’s Books? Maps of the Mind Scribal Conversation in MS 152 (1) Medieval Mapping of Transylvania Detail of Oxford Castle plan, Christ Church Archives (Maps Oxford 1). The document is currently on display in the exhibition Travels on Page (Upper Library, February to March 2009). It tantalises with vigorous ideas and so when Wild mirror image on each of the facing folios, indicating Dream Films approached me in the summer of 2008 that the book was shut before the ink was dry. Such for a series about ancient technologies, I had no urgent haste in its preparation lends an additional hesitation in suggesting that we conduct some frisson to the excitement of this work. experiments with De Milemete’s kite bomb. In the drawing there are three soldiers leaning back and straining to hold the rope. I took this to be the starting point for determining size. “I want a kite that would need three men to hold it in a strong wind,” I told Martin Lester, a well-known kite expert, who was to build our kite. Originally the materials would most likely have been silk and a flexible wood such as willow. Urged partly by the constraints of a tight production budget and partly by Martin’s faith in the consistency of modern materials (we did not have the time for a learning curve) we were persuaded to have it built using a synthetic fabric and carbon fibre struts. As far as shape was concerned, there was no need Justin Reay and Mike Loades discussing the manuscript during filming to interpret De Milemete’s drawing. Martin Aerial bombardment as a concept is so ahead of its recognised it as a classic design used for certain time in 1327 that it requires a leap of faith to believe types of kites in the Far East and built it exactly as it that it may have been possible. All we have is this is depicted in the manuscript. image in De Milemete’s treatise. There are no known records of such a thing happening, though I have no doubt that the young Edward III would have carried out trials. How could he not, once having seen this image? Reconstructed kite-bomb in flight We needed a kite that would lift a payload and hold it steady over the target. This was the perfect design. The large surface area of the head (7 feet x 5 feet = 35 square feet) offered tremendous potential for lift Unfinished drawing of the kite bonb at the end of the manuscript (MS 92) and the long tail, a further 30 feet trailing back from It plays into every fear in the medieval mind – divine the vestigial wings, gave it stability. It is the retribution from above, flying dragons and the fires of aerodynamic effect of the long tail, both its weight hell – if such a thing could be made to work, it would and its drag, that balances the forces of lift to keep be a terror weapon of extraordinary power. the kite stable. Kites without long tails chase the wind, darting hither and thither in the sky like Through the good offices of the production company, swallows on a summer’s eve - not a desirable a team was assembled to build the kite and its attribute in a vehicle designed to carry a bomb. With accessories, whilst I had the good fortune to inspect this design the tail may thrash about in the sky like the original manuscript at its lodging in the library of that of an angry dragon, but the head of the kite Christ Church College, Oxford. Both Dr Cristina remains stable, as still as that of a hovering hawk. Neagu and Justin Reay F.S.A. were extremely generous and gracious in allowing me access and We headed for Brean Sands in Somerset on a bleak stimulating and informative in discussing the and grey August day for testing. There was barely a problems of recreating such a device. Intriguingly, wisp of wind and I had visions of impending red- the lines of the rope that attaches to the kite are in faced exertion, running and puffing along the wet 2 sands to get the thing airborne. To my amazement it In terms of tactical deployment it would be necessary was simply a question of offering it to the air and to be at least out of bowshot from the base of the feeding out the nylon cord by which it was tethered. It enemy’s walls – in other words about 300 yards rose majestically, almost vertically, and effortlessly. away. So having launched one’s kite and armed it Within seconds the great red war-kite loomed high with its payload, the next task would be to fly it over above our heads. It was a great thrill. I held the cord the enemy. This would require a great deal of line for a moment and felt the tremendous forces at play. and also a windlass-type machine both for holding Rarely do we feel the forces of nature in everyday the spool of line and for easing the strain in letting it modern life. When on occasion we do, we have a out. It would seem that the Milemete drawing had humbling glimpse of a terrifying power. On a day every detail correct. My only concern is the gauge of when the wind was hardly perceptible, and with the the rope that he represents. I believe that a rope of kite at no more than 50 feet, I could barely hold it and this width and weight would be so heavy that it would I could certainly lean back and rest my weight prevent the kite from flying. Hemp and linen fibres, against it. Martin told me that it would take very little as used for bowstrings, offered a contemporary extra wind for it to be necessary to have three burly technology that would have been adequate to take men to hang on to a kite of this size. Kiting on this the strain without necessitating a cable of such scale is not for wimps. weight. It may have been the intention of the artist to indicate that great forces were at play and that the gauge of the line is not to be taken too literally, though I am wary of being selective arbitrarily when it comes to deciding which pieces of visual evidence to take literally and which to discard. It may be that we are still failing to interpret a vital clue correctly. From its depiction in the manuscript as a flaming pot, I take the payload to be an incendiary rather than an explosive device. Greek Fire had been deployed in earthenware pots, either dropped by hand from castle ramparts or thrown in staff slings or th Base of the kite-bomb on the beach trebuchets, since its invention by Kalinikos in the 7 century AD and it seems very likely that this is what In addition to the soldiers there is in the Milemete we see here.
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