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  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
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  • The Iron Oxides Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrence and Uses
    R.M.Cornell U. Schwertmann The Iron Oxides Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrence and Uses Weinheim • New York VCH Basel • Cambridge • Tokyo Contents 1 Introduction to the iron oxides 1 2 Crystal structure 7 2.1 General 7 2.2 Iron oxide structures 7 2.2.1 Close packing of anion layers 10 2.2.2 Linkages of octahedra or tetrahedra 12 2.3 Structures of the individual iron oxides 14 2.3.1 The oxide hydroxides 14 2.3.1.1 Goethite a-FeOOH 14 2.3.1.2 Lepidocrocite y-FeO(OH) 16 2.3.1.3 Akaganeite ß-FeO(OH) and schwertmannite Fe16016(OH)y(S04)z • n H20 18 2.3.1.4 5-FeOOH and 8'-FeOOH (feroxyhyte) 20 2.3.1.5 High pressure FeOOH 21 2.3.1.6 Ferrihydrite 22 2.3.2 The hydroxides 24 2.3.2.1 Bernalite Fe(OH)3 • nH20 24 2.3.2.2 Fe(OH)2 25 2.3.2.3 Green rusts 25 2.3.3 The oxides 26 2.3.3.1 Haematite a-Fe203 26 2.3.3.2 Magnetite Fe304 28 2.3.3.3 Maghemite y-Fe203 30 2.3.3.4 Wüstite Fe^O 31 2.4 The Fe-Ti oxide System 33 3 Cation Substitution 35 3.1 General 35 3.2 Goethite 38 3.2.1 AI Substitution 38 3.2.1.1 Synthetic goethites 38 3.2.1.2 Natural goethites 43 3.2.2 Other substituting cations 43 3.3 Haematite 48 3.4 Other Fe oxides 50 VIII Contents 4 Crystal morphology and size 53 4.1 General 53 4.1.1 Crystal growth 53 4.1.2 Crystal morphology 55 4.1.3 Crystal size 57 4.2 The iron oxides 58 4.2.1 Goethite 59 4.2.1.1 General 59 4.2.1.2 Domainic character 64 4.2.1.3 Twinning 66 4.2.1.4 Effect of additives on goethite morphology 68 4.2.2 Lepidocrocite 70 4.2.3 Akaganeite and schwertmannite 71 4.2.4 Ferrihydrite 73 4.2.5 Haematite 74 4.2.6 Magnetite 82 4.2.7
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  • Lead and Arsenic Speciation and Bioaccessibility Following Sorption on Oxide Mineral Surfaces
    LEAD AND ARSENIC SPECIATION AND BIOACCESSIBILITY FOLLOWING SORPTION ON OXIDE MINERAL SURFACES Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Douglas Gerald Beak, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Nicholas Basta, Co Advisor Dr. Samuel Traina, Co Advisor _________________________ Co Advisor Dr. Harold Walker Dr. Kirk Scheckel _________________________ Co Advisor Soil Science Graduate Program ABSTRACT The risk posed from incidental ingestion of arsenic-contaminated or lead- contaminated soil may depend on sorption of arsenate (As(V)) or lead (Pb(II)) to oxide surfaces in soil. Arsenate or lead sorbed to ferrihydrite, corundum, and birnessite model oxide minerals were used to simulate possible effects of ingestion of soil contaminated with As(V) or Pb(II). Arsenate or lead sorbed oxides were placed in a simulated gastrointestinal tract (in vitro) to ascertain the bioaccessibility of As(V) or Pb(II) and changes in As(V) or Pb(II) surface speciation. The speciation of As or Pb was determined using EXAFS and XANES analysis. The As(V) adsorption maximum was found to be 7.04 g kg-1, and 0.47 g kg-1 for ferrihydrite and corundum, respectively. The bioaccessible As(V) for ferrihydrite ranged form 0 to 5 % and for corundum ranged from 0 to 16 %. The surface speciation for ferrihydrite and corundum was determined to be binuclear bidentate. These results for As(V) sorbed to ferrihydrite and corundum suggest that the bioaccessibility of As(V) is related to the As(V) concentration, and the As(V) adsorption maximum.
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  • Properties of Synthetic Goethites and Their Effect on Sulfate Adsorption Munoz, Miguel A., Ph.D
    Order Number 8824578 Properties of synthetic goethites and their effect on sulfate adsorption Munoz, Miguel A., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988by Munoz, Miguel A. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark •/ . 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print • 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy ____ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ^ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page ______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _______ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print ______ 11. Page(s)___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages S 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC GOETHITES AND THEIR EFFECT ON SULFATE ADSORPTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Miguel A. Munoz, B.S., M.S. The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. J .M . Bigham Dr. S.J.
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  • Coralloite, Mn2+Mn23+(Aso4)2(OH)2⋅4H2O, a New Mixed
    American Mineralogist, Volume 97, pages 727–734, 2012 2+ 3+ Coralloite, Mn Mn2 (AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O, a new mixed valence Mn hydrate arsenate: Crystal structure and relationships with bermanite and whitmoreite mineral groups ATHOS MARIA CALLEGARI,1,* MASSIMO BOIOCCHI,2 MARCO E. CIRIOTTI,3 AND CORRADO BALESTRA4 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy 2Centro Grandi Strumenti, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Bassi 21, I-27100 Pavia, Italy 3Associazione Micromineralogica Italiana, via San Pietro 55, I-10073 Devesi-Ciriè, Italy 4Associazione Micromineralogica Italiana, via Delfino 74, I-17017 Millesimo, Italy ABSTRACT Coralloite is a new mineral found at the Monte Nero Mine (Rocchetta Vara, La Spezia, Liguria, 2+ 3+ Italy) having the simplified formula Mn Mn2 (AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O. It occurs as sub-millimetric lamellar cinnabar-red crystals elongated on [100] and flattened on (001), isolated or forming wisps up to 0.5–1 mm long. Associated phases are calcite, inesite, quartz, brandtite, sarkinite, and tilasite in a chert matrix. Crystals are pleochroic, yellow along [100] and orange-red in directions normal to it. Extinction is parallel to the cleavage traces and elongation is negative. The small crystal size does not allow accurate determination of refraction indices. Crossed polar observations of crystals placed in diiodomethane (n = 1.74) suggest that the mean refractive index is close to that value. Coralloite is triclinic, space group P1, a = 5.5828(7), b = 9.7660(13), c = 5.5455(7) Å, α = 94.467(3), β = 111.348(2), γ = 93.850(2)°, V = 279.26(6) Å3, Z = 1.
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  • Sorptive Interaction of Oxyanions with Iron Oxides: a Review
    Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 22, No. 1 (2013), 7-24 Review Sorptive Interaction of Oxyanions with Iron Oxides: A Review Haleemat Iyabode Adegoke1*, Folahan Amoo Adekola1, Olalekan Siyanbola Fatoki2, Bhekumusa Jabulani Ximba2 1Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town, South Africa Received: 5 December 2011 Accepted: 24 July 2012 Abstract Iron oxides are a group of minerals composed of Fe together with O and/or OH. They have high points of zero charge, making them positively charged over most soil pH ranges. Iron oxides also have relatively high surface areas and a high density of surface functional groups for ligand exchange reactions. In recent time, many studies have been undertaken on the use of iron oxides to remove harmful oxyanions such as chromate, arsenate, phosphate, and vanadate, etc., from aqueous solutions and contaminated waters via surface adsorp- tion on the iron oxide surface structure. This review article provides an overview of synthesis methods, char- acterization, and sorption behaviours of different iron oxides with various oxyanions. The influence of ther- modynamic and kinetic parameters on the adsorption process is appraised. Keywords: oxyanions, iron oxides, adsorption, isotherm, points of zero charge Introduction Iron oxides have been used as catalysts in the chemical industry [9, 10], and a potential photoanode for possible Iron oxides are a group of minerals composed of iron electrochemical cells [11, 12]. In medical applications, and oxygen and/or hydroxide. They are widespread in nanoparticle magnetic and superparamagnetic iron oxides nature and are found in soils and rocks, lakes and rivers, on have been used for drug delivery in the treatment of cancer the seafloor, in air, and in organisms.
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  • IMA Master List
    The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Update: February 2013 In the following pages of this document a comprehensive list of all valid mineral species is presented. The list is distributed (for terms and conditions see below) via the web site of the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association, which is the organization in charge for approval of new minerals, and more in general for all issues related to the status of mineral species. The list, which will be updated on a regular basis, is intended as the primary and official source on minerals. Explanation of column headings: Name: it is the presently accepted mineral name (and in the table, minerals are sorted by name). Chemical formula: it is the CNMNC-approved formula. IMA status: A = approved (it applies to minerals approved after the establishment of the IMA in 1958); G = grandfathered (it applies to minerals discovered before the birth of IMA, and generally considered as valid species); Rd = redefined (it applies to existing minerals which were redefined during the IMA era); Rn = renamed (it applies to existing minerals which were renamed during the IMA era); Q = questionable (it applies to poorly characterized minerals, whose validity could be doubtful). IMA No. / Year: for approved minerals the IMA No. is given: it has the form XXXX-YYY, where XXXX is the year and YYY a sequential number; for grandfathered minerals the year of the original description is given. In some cases, typically for Rd and Rn minerals, the year may be followed by s.p.
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  • The Formation of Green Rust Induced by Tropical River Biofilm Components Frederic Jorand, Asfaw Zegeye, Jaafar Ghanbaja, Mustapha Abdelmoula
    The formation of green rust induced by tropical river biofilm components Frederic Jorand, Asfaw Zegeye, Jaafar Ghanbaja, Mustapha Abdelmoula To cite this version: Frederic Jorand, Asfaw Zegeye, Jaafar Ghanbaja, Mustapha Abdelmoula. The formation of green rust induced by tropical river biofilm components. Science of the Total Environment, Elsevier, 2011, 409 (13), pp.2586-2596. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.030. hal-00721559 HAL Id: hal-00721559 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00721559 Submitted on 27 Jul 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The formation of green rust induced by tropical river biofilm components Running title: Green rust from ferruginous biofilms 5 Frédéric Jorand, Asfaw Zegeye, Jaafar Ghanbaja, Mustapha Abdelmoula Accepted in Science of the Total Environment 10 IF JCR 2009 (ISI Web) = 2.905 Abstract 15 In the Sinnamary Estuary (French Guiana), a dense red biofilm grows on flooded surfaces. In order to characterize the iron oxides in this biofilm and to establish the nature of secondary minerals formed after anaerobic incubation, we conducted solid analysis and performed batch incubations. Elemental analysis indicated a major amount of iron as inorganic compartment along with organic matter.
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  • Mineral Fundort (Location) Quality Habit Size Qty
    Exchange list Elmar Lackner 22.03.2016 This is my exchange/trade list for advanced Collectors. All specimens are of good quality or rarity (sometimes both). Please accept that this minerals are only exchanged with comparable minerals ! Some rare Micromounts are small, but i don't use capsules (marked with small). Some hygroscopic minerals are sealed in glass-vials (mainly from Tolbachik vulcano) Quality: A = very good, B= good, C= acceptable Habit: xx = crystals, x= crystal, (xx) = intergrown crystals, (x) = intergrown crystal, oo= no crystals Sizes (Box Size !): MM: european Micromount Box, KS1 = Box 40*35*30mm, KS2 = 58*40*35mm, KS3 = 82*58*36mm, KS4 = 82*58*63mm, KS5 = 96*80*50mm Qty.: available specimens Mineral Fundort (Location) Quality Habit Size Qty. Prices More Info Adamite Tsumeb Mine, Otjikoto, Namibia B XX KS2 1 29 € green xls (Var. Cuproadamite) Adamite Mina Ojuela, Mapimi, Durango, Mexiko A XX KS3 1 15 € rich speciomen complety covered wid pale green xls Adamite (Var. Alumo-) Serpieri Mine, Laurion, Greece A+ xx MM 1 9 € very nice blue clusters on white matrix Akanthite Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Mexico A xx KS1 1 15 € xx up to 4 mm Akanthite Freiberg Distr., Erzgebirge, Sachsen, Germany A xx MM 1 9 € xx Albite Poudrette Quarry, MSH, Quebec, Kanada A+ XX KS4 1 19 € very rich specimen, pale pink crystals up to 5mm Allanpringite (Typl.) Grube Mark, Essershausen, Hessen, Germany B+ xx KS1 1 15 € rare one locality mineral, with Kakoxen and Wavellite Aluminopyracmonite (Typl.) La Fossa Crater, Vulcano, Sizilien, Italy B xx KS1, MM
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  • A Density Functional Theory and Cluster Expansion Study
    Rethinking the Magnetic Properties of Lepidocrocite: A Density Functional Theory and Cluster Expansion Study Daniel J. Pope and Aurora E. Clark Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA Micah P. Prange and Kevin M. Rosso Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99532, USA (Dated: February 23, 2020) The iron oxyhydroxide lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH) is an abundant mineral critical to a number of chemical and technological applications. Of particular interest is the ground state and finite tem- perature magnetic order, and the subsequent impact this has upon crystal properties. The magnetic properties, investigated in this work are governed primarily through superexchange interactions, and have been calculated using density functional theory and cluster expansion methods. Quantification of these exchange terms has facilitated the determination of the ground state magneto-crystalline structure and subsequent calculation of its lattice constants, elastic moduli, cohesive enthalpy, and electronic density of states. Further, using a collinear magnetic configuration model, the magnetic heat capacity versus temperature has been studied and the N´eeltemperature obtained. I. INTRODUCTION: In contrast to a-FeOOH (goethite) and b-FeOOH (aka- ganeite), whose structures consist of double chains of iron octahedra connected by corner-sharing,[1] the bulk struc- Iron oxides are a common class of minerals whose appli- ture of lepidocrocite is comprised of two-dimensionally cations span an array of disciplines, from biotechnology, periodic edge-sharing (Fe-O-Fe-O)- bonding interactions to environmental science, to electronics. Lepidocrocite, along both its a and c axes. Given this, it is reasonable g-Fe(III)OOH is a naturally occurring iron oxy-hydroxide to predict that magnetic order to be maintained at higher that is most common in rocks, soils, and rusts.[1] While temperatures than its polymorphic counterparts.
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  • Removal of Arsenate and Arsenite in Equimolar Ferrous And
    Article Removal of Arsenate and Arsenite in Equimolar Ferrous and Ferric Sulfate Solutions through Mineral Coprecipitation: Formation of Sulfate Green Rust, Goethite, and Lepidocrocite Chunming Su * and Richard T. Wilkin Groundwater Characterization and Remediation Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 14 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: An improved understanding of in situ mineralization in the presence of dissolved arsenic and both ferrous and ferric iron is necessary because it is an important geochemical process in the fate and transformation of arsenic and iron in groundwater systems. This work aimed at evaluating mineral phases that could form and the related transformation of arsenic species during coprecipitation. We conducted batch tests to precipitate ferrous (133 mM) and ferric (133 mM) ions in sulfate (533 mM) solutions spiked with As (0–100 mM As(V) or As(III)) and titrated with solid NaOH (400 mM). Goethite and lepidocrocite were formed at 0.5–5 mM As(V) or As(III). Only lepidocrocite formed at 10 mM As(III). Only goethite formed in the absence of added As(V) or As(III). Iron (II, III) hydroxysulfate green rust (sulfate green rust or SGR) was formed at 50 mM As(III) at an equilibrium pH of 6.34. X-ray analysis indicated that amorphous solid products were formed at 10–100 mM As(V) or 100 mM As(III).
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  • STRONG and WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS of TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS and THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth a Dissertati
    STRONG AND WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS AND THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Scott C. Warren James F. Cahoon Wei You Joanna M. Atkin Matthew K. Brennaman © 2018 Tyler William Farnsworth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Tyler William Farnsworth: Strong and weak interlayer interactions of two-dimensional materials and their assemblies (Under the direction of Scott C. Warren) The ability to control the properties of a macroscopic material through systematic modification of its component parts is a central theme in materials science. This concept is exemplified by the assembly of quantum dots into 3D solids, but the application of similar design principles to other quantum-confined systems, namely 2D materials, remains largely unexplored. Here I demonstrate that solution-processed 2D semiconductors retain their quantum-confined properties even when assembled into electrically conductive, thick films. Structural investigations show how this behavior is caused by turbostratic disorder and interlayer adsorbates, which weaken interlayer interactions and allow access to a quantum- confined but electronically coupled state. I generalize these findings to use a variety of 2D building blocks to create electrically conductive 3D solids with virtually any band gap. I next introduce a strategy for discovering new 2D materials. Previous efforts to identify novel 2D materials were limited to van der Waals layered materials, but I demonstrate that layered crystals with strong interlayer interactions can be exfoliated into few-layer or monolayer materials.
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