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Artrópodos Como Agentes De Enfermedad

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Artrópodos Como Agentes De Enfermedad DEPARTAMENTO DE PARASITOLOGIA Y MICOLOGIA INVERTEBRADOS, CELOMADOS, CON SEGMENTACIÓN EXTERNA, PATAS Y APÉNDICES ARTICULADOS EXOESQUELETO QUITINOSO TUBO DIGESTIVO COMPLETO, APARATO CIRCULATORIO Y EXCRETOR ABIERTO. RESPIRACIÓN TRAQUEAL EL TIPO INTEGRA LAS CLASES DE IMPORTANCIA MÉDICA COMO AGENTES: ARACHNIDA, INSECTA CHILOPODA DIOCOS, CON FRECUENTE DIMORFISMO SEXUAL CICLOS EVOLUTIVOS DE VARIABLE COMPLEJIDAD (HUEVOS, LARVAS, NINFAS, ADULTOS). INSECTA. CARACTERES GENERALES. LA CLASE INTEGRA CON IMPORTANCIA MEDICA COMO AGENTES: PARÁSITOS, MICROPREDADORES E INOCULADORES DE PONZOÑA. CUERPO DIVIDIDO EN CABEZA, TÓRAX Y ABDOMEN APARATO BUCAL DE DIFERENTE TIPO. RESPIRACIÓN TRAQUEAL TRES PARES DE PATAS PRESENCIA DE ALAS Y ANTENAS METAMORFOSIS DE COMPLEJIDAD VARIABLE ARACHNIDA. CARACTERES GENERALES. LA CLASE INTEGRA CON IMPORTANCIA MEDICA COMO AGENTES ARAÑAS, ESCORPIONES, GARRAPATAS Y ÁCAROS. CUERPO DIVIDIDO EN CEFALOTÓRAX Y ABDOMEN. DIFERENTES TIPOS DE APÉNDICES PREORALES RESPIRACIÓN TRAQUEAL EN LA MAYORÍA CUATRO PARES DE PATAS PRESENCIA DE GLÁNDULA VENENOSAS EN MUCHOS. SIN ALAS Y SIN ANTENAS AGENTE CAUSA O ETIOLOGÍA DIRECTA DE UNA AFECCIÓN. ARTRÓPODOS COMO AGENTES DE ENFERMEDAD: *ARÁCNIDOS (ÁCAROS, ARAÑAS, ESCORPIONES) *MIRIÁPODOS (CIEMPIÉS, ESCOLOPENDRAS) *INSECTOS (PIOJOS, LARVAS DE MOSCAS, ABEJAS, ETC.) TIPOS DE AGENTES NOSOLÓGICOS : - PARÁSITOS (LARVAS O ADULTOS) - MICROPREDADORES - PONZOÑOSOS - ALERGENOS DESARROLLO DE PARASITISMO: - ECTOPARÁSITOS - MIASIS INOCULACIÓN O CONTAMINACIÓN CON PONZOÑAS (TÓXICOS ELABORADOS POR SERES VIVOS). MICROPREDACIÓN DE SANGRE POR ARTRÓPODOS HEMATÓFAGOS. DESENCADENAMIENTO DE CUADROS ALÉRGICOS ACTUANDO COMO ALERGENOS. Pediculus humanus var INSECTOS HEMATÓFAGOS: capitis • Culicidos . Pediculus humanus var • Simulidos corporis • Tabanidos . Phthirus pubis • Pulicidos . Larvas de mosca agentes • Triatomineos de miasis: . Sarcopsylla penetrans . Dermatobia hominis . Inoculadores o . Cochliomyia hominivorax contaminadores con ponzoña: . Sarcophaga sp. abejas, avispas, etc. Musca domestica . ACAROS: . ARAÑAS . ESCORPIONES . Sarcoptes scabiei . IXÓDIDOS . ARGÁSIDOS . ACAROS ALERGÉNICOS . Demanyssus . Tiroglifos ACARO DE FORMA REDONDEADA ( 220 A 350 Μ) PARÁSITO HUMANO DE LA PIEL, QUE CUMPLE UN CICLO DE HUEVO, LARVA, NINFA Y ADULTO DE 20 DÍAS DE DURACIÓN. EL PARASITISMO LO CUMPLEN HEMBRAS FECUNDADAS EN GALERÍAS QUE CAVA EN LA EPIDERMIS. Sarcoptes scabiei LA SARNA ES FUNDAMENTALMENTE UNA ETS, COSMOPOLITA, CARACTERIZADA POR PRURITO A PREDOMINIO NOCTURNO. LESIONES TÍPICAS( TÚNEL Y VESÍCULAS) CON DISTRIBUCIÓN CLÁSICA. DIAGNOSTICO FUNDAMENTALMENTE CLÍNICO. TRATAMIENTO CON PREPARACIONES INSECTICIDAS DERMATITIS POR ÁCAROS AGENTES DE SARNA ANIMAL ( Sarcoptidae o Psoroptidae) MECANISMO DE PARASITISMO DIRECTO. DERMATITIS PROFESIONALES POR ÁCAROS NO PARASITOS (Tyroglyphos, Dermatophagoides, etc) ALERGIAS CUTÁNEAS, DIGESTIVAS Y RESPIRATORIAS POR ÁCAROS HEMATÓFAGOS ( Dermanyssus sp., larvas de Trombicula sp., etc.). REACCIONES ALERGICAS MEDIADAS POR HIPERSENSIBILIDAD DE TIPO I. DOS ESPECIES CON ESPECIALIZACIÓN ECOLÓGICA INSECTOS ANOPLUROS HEMATÓFAGOS ADAPTACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA AL AMBIENTE CICLO HEMIMETABOLO QUE INCLUYE HUEVO (LIENDRE), NINFAS Y ADULTOS. TRANSMISIÓN DE INFECCIONES SOLO EN P.humanus var corporis RESERVORIO EXCLUSIVAMENTE HUMANO. TRANSMISIÓN INTERHUMANA O POR FOMITES EN CONTACTO DIRECTO. PEDICULOSIS: PRURITO Y SOBREINFECCIÓN BACTERIANA POR RASCADO. TRATAMIENTO: INSECTICIDAS PEDICULICIDAS. AGENTE DE PHTHIRIASIS, ETS. INSECTO ANOPLURO HEMATOFAGO . MORFOLOGÍA ADAPTADA AL MEDIO, CON FUSIÓN DE TORAX Y ABDOMEN. CICLO HEMIMETABOLO QUE INCLUYE HUEVOS (LIENDRE), NINFAS Y ADULTOS. SÍNTOMAS: PRURITO, COLORACIÓN AZULADA DE PIEL Y SOBRE INFECCIÓN BACTERIANA POR RASCADO. RESERVORIO EXCLUSIVAMENTE HUMANO. TRATAMIENTO: PEDICULICIDAS INSECTICIDAS. INSECTOS DÍPTEROS, CON IMPORTANCIA SANITARIA . COMO VECTORES (MECÁNICOS O BIOLÓGICOS) . AGENTES (MIASIS) . MICROPREDATORES . ALIMENTACIÓN POR PICADURA O REGURGITACIÓN/SUCCIÓN. IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA SOBRE TODO A NIVEL VETERINARIO. ESPECIES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN UNIVERSAL, REGIONAL O LOCAL. METAMORFOSIS COMPLETA HOLOMETABOLOS HUEVO LARVAS: TRES ESTADIOS PUPA ADULTO ES EL PARASITISMO POR LARVAS DE DÍPTEROS EN EL HOMBRE O ANIMALES , CON INVASIÓN Y DESTRUCCIÓN DE LOS TEJIDOS. LARVAS DE MOSCA. AGENTES DE MIASIS. ESPECIES BIONTÓFAGAS. PARASITAN Y SE ALIMENTAN SOBRE TEJIDOS VIVOS. Ej.: Dermatobia hominis . ESPECIES NECROBIONTÓFAGAS. PARASITAN Y SE ALIMENTAN SOBRE TEJIDOS VIVOS Y MUERTOS. Ej.: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Callitroga sp). ESPECIES NECRÓFAGAS. PARASITAN Y SE ALIMENTAN SOBRE TEJIDOS MUERTOS. Ej.: Musca domestica, Sarcophaga sp. ◦ OBLIGADAS O ESPECIFICAS: NECESITA OBLIGATORIAMENTE A UN HUÉSPED PARA DESARROLLARSE. ◦ FACULTATIVAS O SEMIESPECIFICAS: SE DESARROLLA EN TEJIDOS MUERTOS O MATERIALES ORGÁNICOS EN DESCOMPOSICIÓN PERO PUEDE DESARROLLARSE EN TEJIDOS NECROSADOS DE ANIMALES VIVOS ◦ ACCIDENTALES: SE DESARROLLA EN EXCREMENTOS, MATERIA ORGÁNICA EN DESCOMPOSICIÓN O ALIMENTOS Y ACCIDENTALMENTE INVADE LAS HERIDAS MIASIS CUTÁNEAS ◦ FORUNCULOSAS MIASIS PROFUNDAS O CAVITARIAS MIASIS DE HERIDAS Y ULCERACIONES MIASIS INTESTINAL Y URINARIA MIASIS OCULAR U OFTALMOMIASIS SITUACIÓN DE URUGUAY NO SE DISPONEN DE CIFRAS LAS MIASIS OPORTUNISTAS SON MOTIVO DE CONSULTA MUY FRECUENTE EN LOS SERVICIOS MÉDICOS AMBULATORIOS REGISTROS DE DECENAS DE CASOS ANUALES DE MIASIS FORUNCULOSA POR Dermatobia hominis POBLACIÓN DE RIESGO 65000 PERSONAS DEL TURISMO DE LA COSTA ATLÁNTICA, POBLACIÓN DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE ROCHA 20000 PERSONAS DE LAS SECCIONALES LIMÍTROFES ENTRE TACUAREMBÓ Y RIVERA. SIENDO LAS RESTANTES MIASIS DE APARICIÓN OCASIONAL FACTORES DE RIESGO EXPOSICIÓN DE ÚLCERAS Y HEMORROIDES, INFECCIONES BACTERIANAS DE HERIDAS O CAVIDADES NATURALES, MALA HIGIENE PERSONAL, TAREAS RELACIONADAS CON LA CRÍA DE ANIMALES DE CAMPO , PACIENTES CON FUNCIONES FÍSICAS Y/O MENTALES DISMINUIDAS, PERSONAS QUE DUERMEN CON BOCA ABIERTA (RINÍTICOS, OTITIS EXTERNA, CONJUNTIVITIS, TUMORES PERIORIFICIALES, ETC.) MOSCA ROBUSTA DE UNOS 12 A 18 MM DE LARGO COLOR AZUL BRILLANTE VIVE EN ZONAS BOSCOSAS Y SELVÁTICAS ADULTOS ESCASA SOBREVIDA POR PIEZAS BUCALES ATROFIADAS PROCESO DE TRANSPORTE: FORESIS SE POSAN SOBRE UN ANIMAL PARA PICARLO LAS LARVAS SALEN DE LOS HUEVOS Y PENETRAN EN LA PIEL DEJANDO UN ORIFICIO DE ENTRADA PARA RESPIRAR POR SUS ESPIRÁCULOS POSTERIORES Dermatobia hominis EL HOMBRE ES PARASITADO POR LA FORMA LARVARIA, OCURRIENDO EN EL DOS MUDAS ◦ ES ALARGADA CON LA PORCIÓN ANTERIOR MAS PROMINENTE TENIENDO EL ASPECTO DE GARROTE ◦ TOTALMENTE DESARROLLADA TIENE UN ASPECTO DE TONEL “GUSANO TÓRSALO” AMBAS PRESENTAN UNA SERIE DE ESPINAS DIRIGIDAS HACIA ATRÁS, EN UN PLAZO DE UNAS TRES SEMANAS ABANDONA A SU HOSPEDERO Y CAE AL SUELO PARA PUPAR ◦ MIASIS SUBCUTÁNEA FORUNCULOSA ◦ CADA LESIÓN CONTIENE UNA SOLA LARVA, PERO LOS FORÚNCULOS PUEDEN SER MÚLTIPLES ◦ EN EL HOMBRE LAS LESIONES SE ENCUENTRAN PREFERENTEMENTE EN LAS PARTES EXPUESTAS DEL CUERPO MOSCA VERDE AZULADA DE 10 A 15 MM DE LARGO, CON TRES BANDAS OSCURAS EN EL DORSO DEPOSITA PAQUETES DE 12 A 400 HUEVOS, SUPERPUESTOS LA LARVA ES UN PARÁSITO OBLIGADO Y TIENE FORMA DE TORNILLO Y MIDEN UNOS 12MM DE LARGO, EMERGE EN UNAS HORAS PENETRANDO CUALQUIER HERIDA PREEXISTENTE CASI EXCLUSIVA DEL CONTINENTE AMERICANO ES UNO DE LOS PRINCIPALES AGENTES DE LA MIASIS DESDE EL SUR DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS HASTA EL NORTE DE ARGENTINA MIASIS PREFERENTEMENTE CUTÁNEA, AUNQUE NO SE LIMITA SOLO A TEGUMENTOS SINO QUE TAMBIÉN PUEDE AFECTAR OTRAS CAVIDADES ABIERTAS DEL CUERPO MÉTODO BRASILEÑO: APLICACIÓN SOBRE EL FORÚNCULO DE UN TROZO DE TOCINO, GOMA DE MASCAR, CERA DE ABEJAS, AGUA OXIGENADA, ÉTER MÉTODO QUIRÚRGICO: ANESTESIA LOCAL, INCISIÓN Y EXTRACCIÓN DE LA LARVA. CONTROL DE DÍPTEROS: AMBIENTAL, QUÍMICO O BIOLÓGICO. CULICIDOS (MOSQUITOS), SIMULIDOS Y CULICOIDES (JEJENES), TABANIDOS, AFANIPTEROS (PULGAS) Y TRIATOMINEOS (VINCHUCAS) SON INSECTOS HEMATÓFAGOS, MICROPREDADORES DE SANGRE. SUS PICADURAS SON REALIZADAS POR DIFERENTES TIPOS DE APARATOS BUCALES, PICADORES Y CHUPADORES. EN ELLOS EL ACTO DE LA PICADURA Y ABSORCIÓN DE SANGRE ES MUY COMPLEJO FISIOLOGICAMENTE. EL EFECTO EN EL HOMBRE ES PRURITO Y REACCIÓN ALÉRGICA POR: • INOCULACIÓN DE SUSTANCIAS • REACCIÓN ALÉRGICA TIPO I • ALTERACIÓN MECÁNICA • CON DIFERENCIAS LIGADAS A LA CANTIDAD DE AGRESIONES EN EL TIEMPO AGENTES: ABEJAS Y AVISPAS. INOCULACIÓN DE PONZOÑA CON SISTEMA INOCULADOR ( AGUIJÓN) DESPRENDE AGUIJÓN Y VENTRÍCULO RESERVORIO EN ABEJAS. NO LO HACE EN AVISPAS. PRODUCE REACCIÓN INFLAMATORIA POR INOCULACIÓN DE PÉPTIDOS, ENZIMAS E HISTAMINA. RIESGO DE SENSIBILIZACIÓN ALÉRGICA Y FENÓMENOS DE HIPERSENSIBILIDAD DE TIPO I, EN PERSONAS ATÓPICAS MUCHAS GRACIAS.
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