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Entomology.Pdf Entomology Fleas, Lice, Mites, Mosquitoes, Ticks Looking for lice A daily business … Courtesy CDC Pediculus spp. Rickettsia prowazekii: epidemic typhus Bartonella quintana: trench fever Borrelia recurrentis: epidemic relapsing fever Sam R. Telford III. 2007. In ASM Manual of C.M. Evidence for Louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon’s Grand Army in Vilnius (Lithuania) PCR of dental pulp from the remains and lice in earth from the grave revealed DNA of Bartonella quintana and Rickettsia prowazekii in nearly one third of the buried soldiers. Raoult D. et al. 2006. JID. 193:112-120. Rickettsia prowazekii • The Polish Partisan Alec Ossowski was a prisoner in Auschwitz. •… • There was a Hungarian Jew who was ill with typhoid, so he scooped the lice from under his arm and put them inside the coat of the nasty SS-doctor. The doctor got the disease and died. De Standaard. 27 januari 2005. Pediculus sp. Nit of head louse attached to hair shaft. Pediculus humanus var. corporis Human body louse. Nymphal-staged lice and adults. Courtesy CDC Pediculus capitis Head of the head louse. Phthirus pubis Crab louse from pubic hair. Jigger (chigger) flea Typical lesion on a toe caused by the female flea Tunga penetrans. Courtesy Peters & Gilles H.M. Tunga penetrans Small flea, present in tropical areas. Tunga penetrans Large egg seen in a skin lesion. Xenopsylla cheopis (right) The oriental rat flea is the primary vector of the agent of plague, Yersinia pestis. Courtesy CDC Sarcoptes scabiei The adult itch mite is very small. Norwegian scabies Norwegian scabies is an extremely infectious condition, since tens of thousands of mites are present in the hyperkeratotic skin and squames of the patients. Early diagnosis of Norwegian scabies is thus crucial for therapeutic and infection control purposes. Wong S. et al. 2005. JCM 43:2542-2544. Demodex folliculorum Found in the follicles of simple hairs. Courtesy K-State Dermatobia hominis This myasis is acquired in a curious manner. The eggs are transported by various bloodsucking insects (such as mosquitoes). Courtesy Goddard J Dermatobia hominis The human bot fly is widely distributed in Central and South America, and in parts of Mexico. The larva occurs in diverse animals. Courtesy Goddard J Dermatobia hominis Second stage larva with a curious appearance known as ver macaque (macaw worm, tropical warble fly). Dermatobia hominis Third stage larva called torcel or berne. Dermatobia hominis Courtesy Mehrany M. Cordylobia anthropophaga Produces a furuncular type of myasis in Tropical Africa. Children are commonly affected. The lesions occur on areas normally covered with clothing. Courtesy Goddard J Tsetse fly: Glossina spp. • Male and female are haematophagous. • Feed on man and animals (pig, antelope...) Courtesy Tulane Glossina spp. Tse-tse Ixodes Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease Ehrlichia chaffeensis: human monocytic ehrlichiosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum: anaplasmosis Rickettsia conorii: boutonneuse fever Babesia spp.: babesiosis Sam R. Telford III. 2007. In ASM Manual of C.M. Amblyomma americanum The American lone star tick. Courtesy Iowa State University Entomology Ixodes ricinus Thicks are obligate, blood-sucking ectoparasites of many animals and man. This species is the vector of Lyme-disease in Europe. 1 cm Ixodes ricinus Female thick with four pairs of legs. Triatoma infestans South American “kissing bug” vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Courtesy CDC Phlebotomus sp. Female sandfly, a vector of the parasite responsible for Leishmaniasis. Courtesy CDC Sand fly • Tiny (3mm long). • Live in caves, cavities, tree holes … • Female: blood feeder. • Active at night (little or no wind). • Phlebotomus spp. Courtesy CDC Ripert C. 2007. Epidémiologie des maladies parasitaires 4. Occasional presence of Phlebotomus sp. in the Belgian Ardennes. Mosquitoes:Mosquitoes: basicbasic biologybiology • Larvae and pupae always found in water. • Adult mosquitoes of both sexes feed on nectar. • Females of most species need a blood meal for egg development. • In temperate climate: diapause (adults in dormant state) or produce dormant eggs. Mosquitoes: basic biology II • Three major breeding groups: – Permanent water breeders: Anopheles and many Culex in swamps, ponds, lakes, and ditches. – Floodwater breeders: salt marsh, inland flood water, and rice field mosquitoes. – Artificial container/tree hole breeders: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Courtesy US Navy Medical Department Courtesy US Navy Medical Department Mosquitoes as vectors • Aedes: filaria, viruses (e.g. Aedes aegypti for dengue and yellow fever). • Anopheles: malaria, filaria (Wuchereria bancrofti) , viruses. • Culex: filaria, viruses (e.g. Culex pipiens for SLE). Aedes aegypti • Worldwide within the 20°C isotherms. • Vector of yellow fever and dengue. • Urban mosquito. • Daytime biting mosquito. Courtesy CDC Courtesy Goddard J. 2003. Aedes aegypti RecordedRecorded inin Funchal,Funchal, • Worldwide within the MadeiraMadeira inin 20042004--2005.2005. 20°C isotherms. Eurosurveillance, 20.11.2007 Eurosurveillance, 20.11.2007 • Vector of yellow fever and dengue. • Urban mosquito. • Daytime biting mosquito. Courtesy CDC Courtesy Goddard J. 2003. Aedes albopictus • Asian Tiger Mosquito. • Agressive, daytime biting mosquito. • Associated with used automobile tires. • Vector of yellow fever, dengue and Lacrosse encephalitis virus. Courtesy Goddard J. 2003. CRC Press Goddard J. 2003. CRC Press Aedes albopictus • Asian Tiger Mosquito. • Agressive, daytime biting mosquito. • Associated with used automobile tires. Courtesy Goddard J. 2003. CRC Press Aedes albopictus • Asian Tiger Mosquito. • Agressive, daytime biting mosquito. • Chikungunya outbreak in Réunion, a French “overseas département”. • Arboviral disease. • Fever and arthralgias. Courtesy Goddard J. Eurosurveillance. 2006. Volume 11. Issue 1, at http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ Aedes albopictus • Chikungunya fever in the province of Ravenna, Italy: A. albopictus is the most likely vector … • A. albopictus in … Belgium, the Netherlands, … Eurosurveillance. 2007. Volume 12. Issue 9, at http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ • A. albopictus in NL: via “lucky bamboo” from SE-China. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007. 151:1333-1338. Courtesy Goddard J. Aedes albopictus Chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus, Italy. 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14:852-854. Courtesy Goddard J. Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus • Ziet gij muggen lang van poot? Aarzelt niet, maar slaat ze dood. • Main malaria vector in the Low Countries. • Lives in pig stables and attics. • The larvae are found in brackish water along the coast from the southern Baltic to Spain. Pictures by courtesy of Walter Reed. AnophelesAnopheles freebornifreeborni Courtesy Anopheles gambiae • Most important vector in Africa. • < 1000 m • 2 (7) km • 0 – 4 h maximal activity. • Endophilic species. Courtesy CDC Anopheles gambiae • 1930: Brazil. • 1937-1938: large fatal epidemics associated with A. gambiae in Brazil. • 1939-1941: eradicated from Brazil. • 1943-1945: eradicated from Egypt. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002. 2:618-627. UK NEQAS Parasitology on the web Approximately 60 different species of Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit malaria. Malaria transmission Mosquito to man Blood transfusion Mother to child Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922) • Physician of the French Army. • 1880: Constantine, Algeria, The malaria parasite: Laveriana, Plasmodium. • Nobel Prize in 1907. Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932) 20 August 1897: mosquito day • Surgeon-Major in the British Indian Medical Service wrote to his wife: “I know that this little thing a million men will save”. • Studied bird malaria. • Nobel Prize in 1902. Battista Grassi • 1899 • Only female mosquitoes are able to transmit malaria. • Blood is necessary for oogenesis. Courtesy CDC Courtesy Plasmodium falciparum limited to (sub-) tropical areas (summer isotherm of 20°C, altitude < 2000 m). Sporogony in the mosquito • Plasmodium falciparum – 8 days at 30°C – between 20 (18) and 33°C • Plasmodium vivax – development occurs at 16°C M. Wéry, 1995. Developmental period in mosquito • Plasmodium falciparum: 22 days at 20°C, 10 days at 27°C (minimal temperature (18) 2O°C) • Plasmodium malariae: 30-35 days at 20°C, 25 days at 24°C (minimal temperature 16°C) Beaver et al. 1984. Developmental period in mosquito • Plasmodium ovale: 16 days at 25°C, 14 days at 27°C (minimal temperature (18) 2O°C) • Plasmodium vivax: 30+ days at 16°C, 16 days at 20°C, 10 days at 30°C (minimal temperature 16°C) Beaver et al. 1984. Malaria: Vector Control • Source reduction (larval control) – Historically most effective campaign in Brazil and Egypt (1930s and 1940s). – Bacillus thurigiensis var. israelensis (Bti toxins). – Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis): larger bodies of water. CDC, www.cdc.gov/malaria/ New strategy against Aedes aegypti in Vietnam Kay B., Nam V. 2005. Lancet: 365:613-617. • Major sources of A. aegypti are large water storage containers. • 1998-2003: Elimination from 32 of 37 communes with Mesocyclops spp. (cyclopoid copepods) (309730 people). • No dengue cases since 2002. New strategy against Aedes aegypti in Vietnam Kay B., Nam V. 2005. Lancet: 365:613-617. • Mesocyclops spp. (cyclopoid copepods) • WHO: only in countries free of Guinea worm (Mesocyclops spp. are intermediate host) • Gnathostoma and Diphyllobothrium ? Malaria: Vector Control • Indoor residual spraying – DDT, dieldrin – more expensive insecticides – failure of eradication (1955-1969) – environmental concerns • Insecticide-treated
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