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Paul and Rose Gotley VOLUME 4 No, 4 APRIL 2004 01tl journal ^m ^^^^1 ^ Association of Jewish Refugees Exodus and retro-exodus hi this month of commemorating the Exodus from Pharaonic Egypt it may not be inappropriate to reflect on exodus as a recurring theme in our historical experience. The great caesura in Jewish history is the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 AD. This cataclysmic event left us burdened with the unique fate of being a people without firm ground under our feet throughout the ensuing 20 centuries. In the welter of migrations which swept across Europe during the first millennium one wave carried Jews towards Spain (Sepharad) and another towards Germany (Ashekenaz). hi both countries they took Immigrants from Morocco en route to Israel, 1949 root and flourished - temporarily. The Crusades devastated the Rhineland in the made their escape. Polish Jewry, the largest numerically too weak to ensure a vibrant twelfth and thirteenth centuries, causing a community on the Continent, was caught in communal renaissance if it had not been for massive exodus to Poland. Two centuries a trap, although about one in ten escaped to what might be termed a retro-exodus - the later Spain and Portugal underwent 'ethnic Russia (where about half survived). influx of Russian Jews which in the last cleansing' - a process that forced thousands The post-1945 period saw a smaller, quarter-century has raised the size of the of Sephardim to seek asylum in Holland, though highly publicised exodus as several German Jewish community from around Italy and Turkey. thousand Shoah survivors tried to reach 40,000 to 100,000. Hereafter only relatively minor Jewish British-administered Palestine. (One of the A body of that size is clearly viable. population movement occurred until the age boats involved was appropriately Demographically the future of the of steamships and pogroms. (The pogroms named &odMs.) (inherently problematical) German- had been anticipated around 1650 by the Israeli independence transformed the domiciled community therefore seems horrendous Khmelnitsky massacres in situation. The promulgation of the Law of assured. But there are, of course, huge Ukraine which decimated once flourishing Return emptied the Displaced Persons' (DP) hurdles to be overcome. On the host Jewish communities.) camps in Germany and Austria within a society's part, there is the long echo of the From 1880 until the outbreak ofthe Great short time. Simultaneously a huge exodus of epithet 'Hitler's willing executioners' coined War, some 2 million poverty-stricken and Jews from Arab countries - from Morocco to by Professor Goldhagen. As for the Jewish persecuted Jews left the Russian Pale of Iraq - overwhelmed the fledgling Jewish community, it faces the daunting challenge of Settlement - der heim - for the USA, Britain, state. In addition, the bulk of the Bulgarian melding together two disparate entities: a South Africa and South .'Vmerica. and (the far more numerous) Romanian German-speaking minority and a majority of The Great War brought about a small communities made their way to Israel. Russophone newcomers. population shift within Austria-Hungary Back in Germany, the Jewish situation The gulf between the two extends beyond when thousands of Galician Jews fled from underwent several changes in the next half- language to lifestyle and even conduct the advancing Russians to Vienna, century. Moribund communities of handfuls during synagogue services (echoes of the Budapest and Prague. The postwar of survivors - self-styled Liquidations- pre-1933 animosity between yekkes and decade perpetuated this westward drift as gemeinden - took on a new lease of life as Ostjuden). Whether the evolution of a united France and Belgium encouraged East DPs from Eastern Europe decided to rebuild community will ever lead to a genuine European immigration to offset wartime their lives in the country which, however German-Jewish symbiosis is another population losses. burdened by its past, offered better matter Every so often a German public The year 1933 sounded the death knell for economic prospects than their homelands. figure with a Judeophobic agenda - a Walser, continued Jewish existence, first in Meanwhile, the DP founders of the or Mollemann, or Hohmann - pops up and Germany and then in mainland Europe. 'reborn' German communities have casts a long shadow and then disappears During the last peace-time years, half of spawned a small new generation of German from view. In other words, the jury on the Germany's (and two-thirds of Austria's) Jews speakers. However, they would have been future of German Jewry is still out. AJR JOURNAL APRIL 2004 Disparate Caribbean Simon Wiesenthal - 'A lifetime of service' neighbours Ronald Channing Richard Grunberger Simon Wiesenthal, a survivor of Mauthausen concentration camp who Haiti, which has recently moved has devoted his life to the tracking down briefly into the headlines, holds a few and prosecution of Nazi war criminals, sad records. It is one of the world's the perpetrators of the Holocaust, still poorest countries with probably the works at the age of 95 from his cramped, highest illiteracy rate. But it was also sparsely-furnished office in Vienna, the first country in which a slave known throughout the world as the population rose against the colonial Jewish Documentation Centre'. plantation owners and achieved The rare privilege of an honorary short-lived independence under knighthood, bestowed by HM the Toussaint L'Overture two Queen, has been awarded in recognition centuries ago. of his 'lifetime of service to humanity'. Among his many other awards are the Like other Caribbean islands, Haiti US Congressional Gold Medal and the attracted a number of Jewish Legion d'Honneur. immigrants, mainly of Sephardi - as Born in Ukraine in 1908, Wiesenthal well as Marrano - origin. In the years qualified as an architect in Prague and the capture in Argentina of Adolf before the last war Haiti also granted lived in Lvov with his wife Cyla. The Eichmann, who masterminded the visas - for a price - to Jews in transit Red Army's occupation of 1939 gave destruction of European Jewry, and to from Europe. By contrast, its near way to that of the advancing Nazis in his trial and execution in Israel. neighbour, San Domingo, boasted a 1941. His family were sent to a Wiesenthal also tracked dovra in Austria sizeable Ashkenazi population in the concentration camp and for slave laboiur; Karl Silberbauer, who arrested Anne late 1930s when the Dominican 89 members of the couple's families Frank, and Franz Strangl, commandant dictator Trujillo encouraged German were miurdered. When American forces of Treblinka who had decamped to and Austrian Jewish refugees to liberated Mauthausen in May 1945 Brazil. come to his country. His motives were Wiesenthal was barely alive. The honorary KBE recognises the partly economic and partly eugenic: At the earliest opportunity value of Simon Wiesenthal's work for he looked to the Jewish newcomers Wiesenthal began to collect evidence of the Jewish communities from Austria, to inject a European strain into his Nazi atrocities, in support of the US Germany and Central Europe who nation's African gene pool. Army's war crimes investigations. He subsequently made their homes in If Trujillo failed with the latter doggedly followed up leads which led to Britain. objective, he succeeded with the former The 3,000 German Jews who found refuge in the Dominican Kindertransport's grande Republic helped establish a number dame, Bertha Leverton, who of new industries and, although delivered a lecture on her many of them did not put down arrival as a child refugee and roots, they left their mark on the her life in Britain to an enthralled audience at the economy. IVIuseum of London, pictured Today, Dominica is one of the in front of the Lord Mayor's success stories of the Caribbean, golden coach while Haiti offers a vista of hopelessness. The reasons are partly PHOTO: RONALD CHANNING political, partly cultural. For decades the country was under the sway of AJR Journal the corrupt Duvalier dynasty and Richard Grunberger Editor-in-Chief JWl JACKMAN • their secret police, the dreaded Ronald Channing Executive Editor Howard Spier Editorial and Production **^ SILVERMAN Tonton Macoute. Haiti is also the only AJR Journal, Jubilee House, COMMERCIAL PROPERTY CONSULTANTS state in the world where the Voodoo Merrion Avenue, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4RL Tel: 020 8385 3070 Fax: 020 8385 3080 cult is accorded the semi-official e-mail: [email protected] 26 Conduit Street, London WIR 9TA status of a recognised religion. vwvw.ajr.org.ul( Telephone: 020 7409 0771 Fax: 020 7493 8017 AJR JOURNAL APRIL 2004 Where is the great refugee novel? Richard Grunberger NEWTONS Leading Hampstead Solicitors One of the outstanding features of the How to explain this dearth? My own advise on Property, Wills, Family Trusts publishing scene in recent years has pet theory is that social class, both ofthe and Charitable Trusts been the success of immigrant novels. authors of, and characters in, refugee Zadie Smith's White Teeth and Monica novels has a lot to do with it. French and German spoken Ali's Brick Lane - the one about Newcomers to an established society Home visits arranged Pakistanis and West Indians, the other tend to find themselves at the bottom of about Bangladeshis - are obvious cases the heap - from which position the next 22 Fitzjohn's Avenue, in point. Their subject matter - the generation may (or may not) emancipate London NW3 SNB culture clash of newcomers from the themselves. Tel: 020 7435 5351 Third World with the host society - is We 'continental Britons', however, Fax: 020 7435 8881 found to interest a wide readership. tended to project a rather more middle- The much-commented-on migration than working-class image (I have a of 'children of the Raj' to the mother- hunch that this bourgeois label applied country began in the aftermath of the more to German than Austrian Jews).
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