Lecture 3: Evolution 1
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Network Map of Knowledge And
Humphry Davy George Grosz Patrick Galvin August Wilhelm von Hofmann Mervyn Gotsman Peter Blake Willa Cather Norman Vincent Peale Hans Holbein the Elder David Bomberg Hans Lewy Mark Ryden Juan Gris Ian Stevenson Charles Coleman (English painter) Mauritz de Haas David Drake Donald E. Westlake John Morton Blum Yehuda Amichai Stephen Smale Bernd and Hilla Becher Vitsentzos Kornaros Maxfield Parrish L. Sprague de Camp Derek Jarman Baron Carl von Rokitansky John LaFarge Richard Francis Burton Jamie Hewlett George Sterling Sergei Winogradsky Federico Halbherr Jean-Léon Gérôme William M. Bass Roy Lichtenstein Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael Tony Cliff Julia Margaret Cameron Arnold Sommerfeld Adrian Willaert Olga Arsenievna Oleinik LeMoine Fitzgerald Christian Krohg Wilfred Thesiger Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant Eva Hesse `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Him Mark Lai Clark Ashton Smith Clint Eastwood Therkel Mathiassen Bettie Page Frank DuMond Peter Whittle Salvador Espriu Gaetano Fichera William Cubley Jean Tinguely Amado Nervo Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Ferdinand Hodler Françoise Sagan Dave Meltzer Anton Julius Carlson Bela Cikoš Sesija John Cleese Kan Nyunt Charlotte Lamb Benjamin Silliman Howard Hendricks Jim Russell (cartoonist) Kate Chopin Gary Becker Harvey Kurtzman Michel Tapié John C. Maxwell Stan Pitt Henry Lawson Gustave Boulanger Wayne Shorter Irshad Kamil Joseph Greenberg Dungeons & Dragons Serbian epic poetry Adrian Ludwig Richter Eliseu Visconti Albert Maignan Syed Nazeer Husain Hakushu Kitahara Lim Cheng Hoe David Brin Bernard Ogilvie Dodge Star Wars Karel Capek Hudson River School Alfred Hitchcock Vladimir Colin Robert Kroetsch Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Stephen Sondheim Robert Ludlum Frank Frazetta Walter Tevis Sax Rohmer Rafael Sabatini Ralph Nader Manon Gropius Aristide Maillol Ed Roth Jonathan Dordick Abdur Razzaq (Professor) John W. -
Session Abstracts for 2013 HSS Meeting
Session Abstracts for 2013 HSS Meeting Sessions are sorted alphabetically by session title. Only organized sessions have a session abstract. Title: 100 Years of ISIS - 100 Years of History of Greek Science Abstract: However symbolic they may be, the years 1913-2013 correspond to a dramatic transformation in the approach to the history of ancient science, particularly Greek science. Whereas in the early 20th century, the Danish historian of sciences Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854-1928) was publishing the second edition of Archimedes’ works, in the early 21st century the study of Archimedes' contribution has been dramatically transformed thanks to the technological analysis of the famous palimpsest. This session will explore the historiography of Greek science broadly understood during the 20th century, including the impact of science and technology applied to ancient documents and texts. This session will be in the form of an open workshop starting with three short papers (each focusing on a segment of the period of time under consideration, Antiquity, Byzantium, Post-Byzantine period) aiming at generating a discussion. It is expected that the report of the discussion will lead to the publication of a paper surveying the historiography of Greek science during the 20th century. Title: Acid Rain Acid Science Acid Debates Abstract: The debate about the nature and effect of airborne acid rain became a formative environmental debate in the 1970s, particularly in North America and northern Europe. Based on the scientific, political, and social views of the observers, which rationality and whose knowledge one should trust in determining facts became an issue. The papers in this session discuss why scientists from different countries and socio-political backgrounds came to different conclusions about the extent of acidification. -
Internationalizing the University Curricula Through Communication
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 428 409 CS 510 027 AUTHOR Oseguera, A. Anthony Lopez TITLE Internationalizing the University Curricula through Communication: A Comparative Analysis among Nation States as Matrix for the Promulgation of Internationalism, through the Theoretical Influence of Communication Rhetors and International Educators, Viewed within the Arena of Political-Economy. PUB DATE 1998-12-00 NOTE 55p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association of Puerto Rico (18th, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 4-5, 1998). PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *College Curriculum; *Communication (Thought Transfer); Comparative Analysis; *Educational Change; Educational Research; Foreign Countries; Global Approach; Higher Education; *International Education IDENTIFIERS *Internationalism ABSTRACT This paper surveys the current situation of internationalism among the various nation states by a comparative analysis, as matrix, to promulgate the internationalizing process, as a worthwhile goal, within and without the college and university curricula; the theoretical influence and contributions of scholars in communication, international education, and political-economy, moreover, become allies toward this endeavor. The paper calls for the promulgation of a new and more effective educational paradigm; in this respect, helping the movement toward the creation of new and better schools for the next millennium. The paper profiles "poorer nations" and "richer nations" and then views the United States, with its enormous wealth, leading technology, vast educational infrastructure, and its respect for democratic principles, as an agent with agencies that can effect positive consequences to ameliorating the status quo. The paper presents two hypotheses: the malaise of the current educational paradigm is real, and the "abertura" (opening) toward a better paradigmatic, educational pathway is advisable and feasible. -
Staying Optimistic: the Trials and Tribulations of Leibnizian Optimism
Strickland, Lloyd 2019 Staying Optimistic: The Trials and Tribulations of Leibnizian Optimism. Journal of Modern Philosophy, 1(1): 3, pp. 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32881/jomp.3 RESEARCH Staying Optimistic: The Trials and Tribulations of Leibnizian Optimism Lloyd Strickland Manchester Metropolitan University, GB [email protected] The oft-told story of Leibniz’s doctrine of the best world, or optimism, is that it enjoyed a great deal of popularity in the eighteenth century until the massive earthquake that struck Lisbon on 1 November 1755 destroyed its support. Despite its long history, this story is nothing more than a commentators’ fiction that has become accepted wisdom not through sheer weight of evidence but through sheer frequency of repetition. In this paper we shall examine the reception of Leibniz’s doctrine of the best world in the eighteenth century in order to get a clearer understanding of what its fate really was. As we shall see, while Leibniz’s doctrine did win a good number of adherents in the 1720s and 1730s, especially in Germany, support for it had largely dried up by the mid-1740s; moreover, while opponents of Leibniz’s doctrine were few and far between in the 1710s and 1720s, they became increasing vocal in the 1730s and afterwards, between them producing an array of objections that served to make Leibnizian optimism both philosophically and theologically toxic years before the Lisbon earthquake struck. Keywords: Leibniz; Optimism; Best world; Lisbon earthquake; Evil; Wolff The oft-told story of Leibniz’s doctrine of the best world, or optimism, is that it enjoyed a great deal of popularity in the eighteenth century until the massive earthquake that struck Lisbon on 1 November 1755 destroyed its support. -
Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research Communication Studies, Department of Spring 4-12-2011 Secular Salvation: Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement Brent Yergensen University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss Part of the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons Yergensen, Brent, "Secular Salvation: Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement" (2011). Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication Studies, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SECULAR SALVATION: SACRED RHETORICAL INVENTION IN THE STRING THEORY MOVEMENT by Brent Yergensen A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Communication Studies Under the Supervision of Dr. Ronald Lee Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2011 ii SECULAR SALVATION: SACRED RHETORICAL INVENTION IN THE STRING THEORY MOVEMENT Brent Yergensen, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2011 Advisor: Ronald Lee String theory is argued by its proponents to be the Theory of Everything. It achieves this status in physics because it provides unification for contradictory laws of physics, namely quantum mechanics and general relativity. While based on advanced theoretical mathematics, its public discourse is growing in prevalence and its rhetorical power is leading to a scientific revolution, even among the public. -
Galileo in Early Modern Denmark, 1600-1650
1 Galileo in early modern Denmark, 1600-1650 Helge Kragh Abstract: The scientific revolution in the first half of the seventeenth century, pioneered by figures such as Harvey, Galileo, Gassendi, Kepler and Descartes, was disseminated to the northernmost countries in Europe with considerable delay. In this essay I examine how and when Galileo’s new ideas in physics and astronomy became known in Denmark, and I compare the reception with the one in Sweden. It turns out that Galileo was almost exclusively known for his sensational use of the telescope to unravel the secrets of the heavens, meaning that he was predominantly seen as an astronomical innovator and advocate of the Copernican world system. Danish astronomy at the time was however based on Tycho Brahe’s view of the universe and therefore hostile to Copernican and, by implication, Galilean cosmology. Although Galileo’s telescope attracted much attention, it took about thirty years until a Danish astronomer actually used the instrument for observations. By the 1640s Galileo was generally admired for his astronomical discoveries, but no one in Denmark drew the consequence that the dogma of the central Earth, a fundamental feature of the Tychonian world picture, was therefore incorrect. 1. Introduction In the early 1940s the Swedish scholar Henrik Sandblad (1912-1992), later a professor of history of science and ideas at the University of Gothenburg, published a series of works in which he examined in detail the reception of Copernicanism in Sweden [Sandblad 1943; Sandblad 1944-1945]. Apart from a later summary account [Sandblad 1972], this investigation was published in Swedish and hence not accessible to most readers outside Scandinavia. -
Pre-Darwinian Thinking, the Voyage of the Beagle, and the Origin of Species
Pre-Darwinian thinking, the voyage of the Beagle, and the Origin of Species How did life originate? What is responsible for the spectacular diversity that we see now? These are questions that have occupied numerous people for all of recorded history. Indeed, many independent mythological traditions have stories that discuss origins, and some of those are rather creative. For example, in Norse mythology the world was created out of the body of a frost giant! Some early attempts at scientific or philosophical discussion of life were apparent in Greece. For example, Thales (the earliest of the identified Greek philosophers) argued that everything stemmed ultimately from water. He therefore had a somewhat vague idea that descent with modification was possible, since things had to diversify from a common origin. Aristotle suggested that in every thing is a desire to move from lower to higher forms, and ultimately to the divine. Anaximander might have come closest to our modern conception: he proposed that humans originated from other animals, based on the observation that babies need care for such a long time that if the first humans had started like that, they would not have survived. Against this, however, is the observation that in nature, over human-scale observation times, very little seems to change about life as we can see it with our unaided eyes. Sure, the offspring of an individual animal aren’t identical to it, but puppies grow up to be dogs, not cats. Even animals that have very short generational times appear not to change sub- stantially: one fruit fly is as good as another. -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The new prophet : Harold C. Urey, scientist, atheist, and defender of religion Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j80v92j Author Shindell, Matthew Benjamin Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The New Prophet: Harold C. Urey, Scientist, Atheist, and Defender of Religion A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew Benjamin Shindell Committee in charge: Professor Naomi Oreskes, Chair Professor Robert Edelman Professor Martha Lampland Professor Charles Thorpe Professor Robert Westman 2011 Copyright Matthew Benjamin Shindell, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew Benjamin Shindell is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...... iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. -
Alexis Claude Clairaut
Alexis Claude Clairaut Born: 7 May 1713 in Paris, France Died: 17 May 1765 in Paris, France Alexis Clairaut's father, Jean-Baptiste Clairaut, taught mathematics in Paris and showed his quality by being elected to the Berlin Academy. Alexis's mother, Catherine Petit, had twenty children although only Alexis survived to adulthood. Jean-Baptiste Clairaut educated his son at home and set unbelievably high standards. Alexis used Euclid's Elements while learning to read and by the age of nine he had mastered the excellent mathematics textbook of Guisnée Application de l'algèbre à la géométrie which provided a good introduction to the differential and integral calculus as well as analytical geometry. In the following year, Clairaut went on to study de L'Hôpital's books, in particular his famous text Analyse des infiniment petits pour l'intelligence des lignes courbes. Few people have read their first paper to an academy at the age of 13, but this was the incredible achievement of Clairaut's in 1726 when he read his paper Quatre problèmes sur de nouvelles courbes to the Paris Academy. Although we have already noted that Clairaut was the only one of twenty children of his parents to reach adulthood, he did have a younger brother who, at the age of 14, read a mathematics paper to the Academy in 1730. This younger brother died in 1732 at the age of 16. Clairaut began to undertake research on double curvature curves which he completed in 1729. As a result of this work he was proposed for membership of the Paris Academy on 4 September 1729 but the king did not confirm his election until 1731. -
Hypotheses, Facts, and the Nature of Science by Douglas Futuyma How
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/futuyma_theory.html Hypotheses, Facts, and the Nature of Science by Douglas Futuyma How, for example, can you be sure that DNA is the genetic material? What if the scientists who "proved" it made a mistake? Has anything really been proved absolutely true? Is science merely one way—the dominant Western way—of perceiving the world, no more or less valid than other perceptions of reality? Is evolution a fact or a theory? Or is it just an opinion I'm entitled to hold, just as creationists are entitled to their opposite opinion? Consider a hypothetical example. You are assigned to determine why sheep are dying of an unknown disease. You take tissue samples from 50 healthy and 50 sick sheep, and discover a certain protozoan in the liver of 20 of the sick animals, but only 10 of the healthy ones. Is this difference enough to reject the NULL HYPOTHESIS: that the two groups of sheep do not really differ in the incidence of protozoans? To answer this question, you do a statistical test to see whether the difference between these numbers is too great to have arisen merely by chance. You calculate the chi-square (χ2) statistic (it is 4.76), look it up in a statistical table of chi-square values, and find that "0.025 < p < 0.05." What does this expression, which you will find the like of in almost all analyses of scientific data, mean? It means that (assuming you had a random sample of sick sheep and healthy sheep) the probability is less than 0.05, but more than 0.025, that the difference you found could have been due to chance alone and that there is no real difference in protozoan infection rates of sick and healthy sheep, at large. -
The New Celebrity Scientists. out of the Lab and Into the Limelight. Fahy, Declan
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research Baruch College 2016 Review: The New Celebrity Scientists. Out of the Lab and into the Limelight. Fahy, Declan. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. Aldemaro Romero Jr. CUNY Bernard M Baruch College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bb_pubs/59 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] POLYMATH: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ARTS & SCIENCES JOURNAL Fahy, Declan. The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and Into the Limelight. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. 287 pp. $38.00 hardcover (ISBN 978-1-4422-3342-3) Reviewed by Aldemaro Romero Jr. Baruch College In the last couple of decades, we have seen the widespread ascendancy of the phenomenon of celebrity in society. Celebrities as a cultural manifestation are not necessarily something new. We saw that notion in the twentieth century being exploited by Hollywood through their “star system” as well as by sports teams hungry to increase their revenues. Now that phenomenon has expanded into areas that we would not have imagined decades ago, and one of them is in the field of science. With the advent of social media and the relaxation of social views regarding stereotypes, we have seen the rise of the figure of the celebrity scientist. In a very timely and well written book, Declan Fahy analyzes this phenomenon in depth and provides us with an understanding into this trend. -
Worldview Guided by Least Action
Worldview guided by least action The principle of least action: A difference in energy of any kind will level off in the least time Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698‐1759) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646‐1716) The action The optimal among all conceivable changes in nature among all conceivable worlds is always at a minimum. is the actual. Maupertuis (1698‐1759) Leibniz (1646‐1716) Euler (1707‐1783)Lagrange (1736‐1813) Hamilton (1805‐1865) Open and path‐dependent processes Closed and path‐independent motions tt22 A 2Kdtpx d x U t Q dt A Ldt K U dt t tt11 The ppprinciple of least action A 2Kdtx U t Q dt t Fermat’s principle: Light takes the path of least time. Newton’s 2nd law of motion ddmdEdQp Favmdm; dt dt c22 v A bbbobymovesalong the path of resultan t force. The 2nd law of thermodynamics dQ dS;2;ln TS K S k P T B Heat flows along the path of least resistance. Any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Nature evolves from one state to another by consuming free energy in spontaneous symmetry breaking processes. Emmy Noether (1882‐1935) U(n) U(1) World in terms of actions The absolutely least action Neutrino SU(2) Photon U(1) World in terms of actions Electron and positron are least‐action paths wound from multiples of the most elementary action. Magnetic moment e e ; me 2 2 e Fine‐structure constant 4 oc World in terms of actions Proton (p) and neutron (n) are least‐action paths assembled from quarks and gluons wound from multiples of the most elementary action.