LECTURE 3: Li-Ion (& Proton) Conductors
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Module 3: Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics Introduction
Objectives_template Module 3: Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics Introduction In this module, we will discuss about migration of the defects which happens via an atomistic process called as diffusion. Diffusivity of species in the materials is also related to their physical properties such as electrical conductivity and mobility via Nernst-Einestein relation which we shall derive. As we shall also see, the conductivity in ceramics is a sum of ionic and electronic conductivity and the ratio of two determines the applicability of ceramic materials for applications. Subsequently framework will be established for understanding the temperature dependence of conductivity via a simple atomistic model leading to the same conclusions as predicted by the diffusivity model. Subsequently we will look into the conduction in glasses and look at some examples of fast ion conductors, material of importance for a variety of applications. Presence of charged defects in ceramics also means the existence of electrical potential gradients, in addition to the chemical gradient, which results in a unified equation for electrochemical potential. Finally, we will look at a few important applications for conducting ceramic materials. The Module contains: Diffusion Diffusion Kinetics Examples of Diffusion in Ceramics Mobility and Diffusivity Analogue to the Electrical Properties Conduction in Ceramics vis-à-vis metallic conductors: General Information Ionic Conduction: Basic Facts Ionic and Electronic Conductivity Characteristics of Ionic Conduction Theory of Ionic Conduction Conduction in Glasses Fast Ion Conductors Examples of Ionic Conduction Electrochemical Potential Nernst Equation and Application of Ionic Conductors Examples of Ionic Conductors in Engineering Applications Summary Suggested Reading: file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/iitkrana1/Desktop/new_electroceramics_14may,2012/lecture13/13_1.htm[5/25/2012 3:03:41 PM] Objectives_template Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering, Y.-M. -
Section 1: Facts and History (PDF)
Section 1 Facts and History Fields of Study 11 Digital Learning 12 Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs 13 Academic and Research Affiliations 14 Education Highlights 16 Research Highlights 21 Faculty and Staff 30 Faculty 30 Researchers 32 Postdoctoral Scholars 33 Awards and Honors of Current Faculty and Staff 34 MIT Briefing Book 9 MIT’s commitment to innovation has led to a host of Facts and History scientific breakthroughs and technological advances. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is one of Achievements of the Institute’s faculty and graduates the world’s preeminent research universities, dedi- have included the first chemical synthesis of penicillin cated to advancing knowledge and educating students and vitamin A, the development of inertial guidance in science, technology, and other areas of scholarship systems, modern technologies for artificial limbs, and that will best serve the nation and the world. It is the magnetic core memory that enabled the develop- known for rigorous academic programs, cutting-edge ment of digital computers. Exciting areas of research research, a diverse campus community, and its long- and education today include neuroscience and the standing commitment to working with the public and study of the brain and mind, bioengineering, energy, private sectors to bring new knowledge to bear on the the environment and sustainable development, infor- world’s great challenges. mation sciences and technology, new media, financial technology, and entrepreneurship. William Barton Rogers, the Institute’s founding presi- dent, believed that education should be both broad University research is one of the mainsprings of and useful, enabling students to participate in “the growth in an economy that is increasingly defined by humane culture of the community” and to discover technology. -
Multistep Synthesis of Complex Carbogenic Molecules
THE LOGIC OF CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS: MULTISTEP SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX CARBOGENIC MOLECULES Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1990 by E LIAS J AMES C OREY Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Carbogens, members of the family of carbon-containing compounds, can exist in an infinite variety of compositions, forms and sizes. The naturally occurring carbogens, or organic substances as they are known more tradi- tionally, constitute the matter of all life on earth, and their science at the molecular level defines a fundamental language of that life. The chemical synthesis of these naturally occurring carbogens and many millions of unnatural carbogenic substances has been one of the major enterprises of science in this century. That fact is affirmed by the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1990 for the “development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”. Chemical synthesis is uniquely positioned at the heart of chemistry, the central science, and its impact on our lives and society is all pervasive. For instance, many of today’s medicines are synthetic and many of tomorrow’s will be conceived and produced by synthetic chemists. To the field of synthetic chemistry belongs an array of responsibilities which are crucial for the future of mankind, not only with regard to the health, material and economic needs of our society, but also for the attainment of an understanding of matter, chemical change and life at the highest level of which the human mind is capable. The post World War II period encompassed remarkable achievement in chemical synthesis. In the first two decades of this period chemical syntheses were developed which could not have been anticipated in the earlier part of this century. -
Ionic Conduction in the Solid State
J. Chem. Sci., Vol. 118, No. 1, January 2006, pp. 135–154. © Indian Academy of Sciences. Ionic conduction in the solid state P PADMA KUMAR and S YASHONATH Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Solid state ionic conductors are important from an industrial viewpoint. A variety of such conductors have been found. In order to understand the reasons for high ionic conductivity in these sol- ids, there have been a number of experimental, theoretical and computational studies in the literature. We provide here a survey of these investigations with focus on what is known and elaborate on issues that still remain unresolved. Conductivity depends on a number of factors such as presence of interstitial sites, ion size, temperature, crystal structure etc. We discuss the recent results from atomistic computer simula- tions on the dependence of conductivity in NASICONs as a function of composition, temperature, phase change and cation among others. A new potential for modelling of NASICON structure that has been proposed is also discussed. Keywords. Ionic conduction; solid state; atomistic computer simulations; NASICON structure. 1. Introduction 2. A brief history of superionic conductors There exist many solids with high ionic conductivity The study of ionic conduction in solid state origi- (>10–4 W–1 cm–1) and they are of immense use in di- nated way back in 1838 when Faraday discovered verse technological applications. Some of these solids that PbF2 and Ag2S are good conductors of electri- which are also good electronic conductors are often city.2,3 These solids are, the first ever discovered referred to as ‘mixed conductors’, while the term solid electrolyte and intercalation electrode respecti- ‘superionic conductor’ or ‘fast ion conductor’ is re- vely. -
Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction
Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Bachman, John Christopher, Sokseiha Muy, Alexis Grimaud, Hao-Hsun Chang, Nir Pour, Simon F. Lux, Odysseas Paschos, et al. “Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction.” Chemical Reviews 116, no. 1 (January 13, 2016): 140–162. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00563 Publisher American Chemical Society (ACS) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109539 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. A Review of Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction John Christopher Bachman1,2,‡, Sokseiha Muy1,3,‡, Alexis Grimaud1,4,‡, Hao-Hsun Chang1,4, Nir Pour1,4, Simon F. Lux5, Odysseas Paschos6, Filippo Maglia6, Saskia Lupart6, Peter Lamp6, Livia Giordano1,4,7 and Yang Shao-Horn1,2,3,4 * 1Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 4Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States 5BMW Group Technology Office USA, Mountain View, California 94043, United -
10 Learning Areas for SDG Communications
10 Learning Areas for SDG Communications Discussion Note for the OECD DevCom Peer Learning Hub Presented at Global Festival for Ideas on Sustainable Development Bonn, 1-3 March 2017 Introduction The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) change the game for communicators in development institutions. They provide communicators with a formal mandate and specific targets to raise awareness, build knowledge and inspire people for sustainable development. They transform the development story that communicators need to tell about how development happens, and about what their organisations are doing to help. They oblige communicators to understand and engage with new audiences, and to collaborate with new partners in order to reach those audiences. This Note explores the implications of the SDGs for development communicators. It then proposes a framework of ten “learning areas” for development institutions to bear in mind when developing their SDG communications strategies and campaigns. It highlights early examples of public engagement on the SDGs and identifies resources that can help communications teams get started Help bring the DevCom Peer Learning Hub to and become more strategic about their SDG work. life: tell us how you are mobilising citizens for the SDGs! Prepared by the OECD Development Contact: [email protected] Communication Network (DevCom), this Note Visit: www.oecd.org/dev/devcom represents a first step towards a new DevCom Join: www.facebook.com/oecd.devcom Peer Learning Hub for SDG Communicators. The aim is to help communicators adapt to the “SDG era” by: 1. Providing them with a framework and principles to help approach the SDGs and decide on strategic priorities for public engagement. -
ABSTRACT METAL ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION INDUCED by FAST ION CONDUCTION in NATURAL and SYNTHETIC WIRE SILVER by Calvin J. Anderson A
ABSTRACT METAL ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION INDUCED BY FAST ION CONDUCTION IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC WIRE SILVER by Calvin J. Anderson An unusual metal isotope fractionation has been observed in association with the growth of wire silver, whose unique texture and morphology can be explained by superionic + conduction of Ag in Ag2S. This constitutes the first recognition of mass migration by fast ion conduction in nature. Stable Ag isotope analysis revealed natural wire silver is normally enriched in the heavy isotope 109Ag, while common fractionation mechanisms would predict the opposite. In synthetic wires grown at high temperature (>450°C), this fractionation is amplified by an order of magnitude more than expected by any known isotope effect. This may indicate a previously unrecognized isotope fractionation mechanism associated with superionic conductors in nature and in general, which would have important implications for the geochemistry of ore deposits, as well as fast-ion technologies including atomic switches and solid-state ion batteries. METAL ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION INDUCED BY FAST ION CONDUCTION IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC WIRE SILVER A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Calvin J. Anderson Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2018 Advisor: John Rakovan Reader: Mark Krekeler Reader: Elisabeth Widom ©2018 Calvin J. Anderson This Thesis titled METAL ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION INDUCED BY FAST ION CONDUCTION IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC WIRE SILVER by Calvin -
Appendices Due to Concerns Over the Quality of the Data Collected
APPENDIX A WSU 2014-19 STRATEGIC PLAN Appendix A: WSU Strategic Plan 2014-15 Strategic Plan 2014-2019 President Elson S. Floyd, Ph.D. Strategic Plan 2014-2019 Introduction The 2014-19 strategic plan builds on the previous five-year plan, recognizing the core values and broad mission of Washington State University. Goals and strategies were developed to achieve significant progress toward WSU’s aspiration of becoming one of the nation’s leading land-grant universities, preeminent in research and discovery, teaching, and engagement. The plan emphasizes the institution’s unique role as an accessible, approachable research institution that provides opportunities to an especially broad array of students while serving Washington state’s broad portfolio of social and economic needs. While providing exceptional leadership in traditional land-grant disciplines, Washington State University adds value as an integrative partner for problem solving due to its innovative focus on applications and its breadth of program excellence. The plan explicitly recognizes the dramatic changes in public funding that have occurred over the duration of the previous strategic plan, along with the need for greater institutional nimbleness, openness, and entrepreneurial activity that diversifies the University’s funding portfolio. In addition, the plan reaffirms WSU’s land-grant mission by focusing greater attention system-wide on increasing access to educational opportunity, responding to the needs of Washington state through research, instruction, and outreach, and contributing to economic development and public policy. While the new plan retains the four key themes of the previous plan, its two central foci include offering a truly transformative educational experience to undergraduate and graduate students and accelerating the development of a preeminent research portfolio. -
Ab Initio Investigation of the Stability of Electrolyte/Electrode Interfaces in All-Solid-State Na Batteries
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Ab initio investigation of the stability of electrolyte/electrode interfaces in all-solid-state Na batteries Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jb9x0h6 Journal Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7(14) ISSN 2050-7488 Authors Lacivita, V Wang, Y Bo, SH et al. Publication Date 2019 DOI 10.1039/c8ta10498k Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of Materials Chemistry A View Article Online PAPER View Journal Ab initio investigation of the stability of electrolyte/ electrode interfaces in all-solid-state Na batteries† Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/c8ta10498k Valentina Lacivita, *a Yan Wang, b Shou-Hang Boc and Gerbrand Ceder*ad All-solid-state batteries show great potential for achieving high energy density with less safety problems; however, (electro)chemical issues at the solid electrolyte/electrode interface may severely limit their performance. In this work, the electrochemical stability and chemical reactivity of a wide range of potential Na solid-state electrolyte chemistries were investigated using density functional theory calculations. In general, lower voltage limits are predicted for both the reduction and oxidation of Na compounds compared with those of their Li counterparts. The lower reduction limits for the Na compounds indicate their enhanced cathodic stability as well as the possibility of stable sodium metal cycling against a number of oxides and borohydrides. With increasing Na content (or chemical potential), improved cathodic stability but also reduced anodic stability are observed. An increase in the oxidation voltage is shown for Na polyanion systems, including borohydrides, NaSICON-type oxides, and Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. -
Practical Challenges and Future Perspectives of All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries, Chem (2018)
Please cite this article in press as: Xia et al., Practical Challenges and Future Perspectives of All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries, Chem (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.11.013 Review Practical Challenges and Future Perspectives of All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries Shuixin Xia,1,4 Xinsheng Wu,1,4 Zhichu Zhang,1 Yi Cui,2,3,* and Wei Liu1,* The fundamental understandings and technological innovations in lithium-ion The Bigger Picture batteries are essential for delivering high energy density, stable cyclability, Lithium-ion batteries are one of and cost-effective energy storages with the growing demands in the applica- the most promising energy- tions of electrical vehicles and smart grid. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are storage devices for their high more promising than organic liquid electrolyte in terms of excellent safety in energy density, superior cycling developing lithium-metal anode as well as other high-capacity cathode chemis- stability, and light weight. tries, such as sulfur and oxygen. Considerable efforts have been made to give However, the state-of-the-art birth to the superionic conductors with ionic conductivities higher than lithium-ion batteries cannot satisfy À À 10 3 Scm 1 at room temperature. However, the high interfacial impedances the rising demand of high energy from the poor compatibility of SSEs with electrodes limit their practical applica- density. Advanced lithium tions, which are discussed in this review. Furthermore, the recent advances batteries based on metallic and critical challenges for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries based on the lithium anodes could provide cathode materials of lithium-intercalation compounds, sulfur, and oxygen are higher energy density and thus overviewed, and their future developments are also prospected. -
Japan Prize 2019
dic196 2019 ARK Mori Building, East Wing 35th Floor, 1-12-32 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-6035, JAPAN Tel: +81-3-5545-0551 Fax: +81-3-5545-0554 www.japanprize.jp CONTENTS Significance of the JAPAN PRIZE 1 JAPAN PRIZE - Peace and prosperity for mankind 2 The Japan Prize Foundation 3 Main Activities of the Foundation 4 THE JAPAN PRIZE 5 ■ Background of Establishment ■ Nomination and Selection Process ■ Fields Selection Committee and Selection Committee ■ Fields Eligible for the 2020 Japan Prize Profiles of Japan Prize Laureates 9 Directors, Auditors and Councilors of the Foundation 33 Significance of the JAPAN PRIZE Chairman Yoshio Yazaki The peace and prosperity of mankind are the common The strong desires and aspirations of the first president, aspirations for people of the world. When looking back Konosuke Matsushita (The founder of Panasonic), and over the history of humanity, science and technology have many of the predecessors involved in the creation of the played an immense role in this cause. prize still live on in Matsushita’s philosophy of “Lifelong The Japan Prize is an international award presented to Ambition”. individuals whose original and outstanding achievements Every year in April, the Presentation Ceremony and are not only scientifically impressive but have also served to Banquet are held in Tokyo in the presence of Their promote peace and prosperity for all mankind. Since its Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan, and are also inception in 1985, the Foundation has awarded 96 laureates attended by prominent figures such as the Speaker of the from 13 countries as of this year. -
Japan Prize 2011 Presentation Ceremony ■ the Nomination and Selection Process Takes Almost One Year from the Time That the Fi Elds Are Decided
dic196 Akasaka Twin Tower East, 13th Floor, 2-17-22 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, JAPAN Tel: +81-3-5545-0551 Fax: +81-3-5545-0554 www.japanprize.jp CONTENTS The Japan Prize for the world 1 Significance of the Prize 2 The Japan Prize Foundation 3 Main Activities of the Foundation 4 The Japan Prize 5 ■ Background of Establishment ■ Nominations and Selection Process ■ Fields Selection Committee and Selection Committee ■ Fields for the 2012 Japan Prize Selected Profiles of Japan Prize Laureates 9 Directors, Auditors and Councilors of the Foundation 25 The Japan Prize for the world President Masao Ito Science is an expression of humanity’s intellectual The Japan Prizes imply a deep acknowledgement of quest to understand nature and to clarify its mysteries, Japan’s indebtedness to the worldwide community of and technology expands the possible range of human science and technology, because Japan has been activity, providing vital support for contemporary life. benefi ted greatly from progress in many areas of science Science and technology are opening new horizons for and technology. Also, they represent Japan’s great hope humanity, and at the same time providing ways to for the future, which would not be conceivable without solve many diffi cult problems that our world is continued developments in science and technology. facing. Each year, we are honored to hold the award The Japan Prize was founded as a way of honoring ceremony and banquet in the presence of Their those who have made signifi cant contributions to the Majesties, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, and progress of science and technology, and thereby to the representatives of the Three Branches of government.