DOCSLIB.ORG

Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Bachman, John Christopher, Sokseiha Muy, Alexis Grimaud, Hao-Hsun Chang, Nir Pour, Simon F. Lux, Odysseas Paschos, et al. “Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction.” Chemical Reviews 116, no. 1 (January 13, 2016): 140–162. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00563 Publisher American Chemical Society (ACS) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109539 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. A Review of Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction John Christopher Bachman1,2,‡, Sokseiha Muy1,3,‡, Alexis Grimaud1,4,‡, Hao-Hsun Chang1,4, Nir Pour1,4, Simon F. Lux5, Odysseas Paschos6, Filippo Maglia6, Saskia Lupart6, Peter Lamp6, Livia Giordano1,4,7 and Yang Shao-Horn1,2,3,4 * 1Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 4Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States 5BMW Group Technology Office USA, Mountain View, California 94043, United States 6BMW Group, Research Battery Technology, Munich, 80788, Germany 7Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy ‡ These authors contributed equally *email: [email protected] A.G. current address: Chimie du Solide et Energie, FRE 3677, Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France or Réseau sur leStockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France 1 Abstract This review article is focused on ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid- state electrolytes to be used in electrochemical energy storage systems. Properties of the migrating species significantly affecting diffusion, including the valency and ionic radius, are discussed. The nature of the ligand and metal composing the skeleton of the host framework are analyzed and shown to have large impacts on the performance of solid-state electrolytes. A comprehensive identification of the candidate migrating species and structures is carried out. Not only the bulk properties of the conductors are explored, but the concept of tuning the conductivity through interfacial effects—specifically controlling grain boundaries and strain at the interfaces—is introduced. High-frequency dielectric constants and frequencies of low-energy optical phonons are shown as examples of properties than correlate with activation energy across many classes of ionic conductors. Experimental studies and theoretical results are discussed in parallel to give a pathway for further improvement of solid-state electrolytes. Through this discussion, the present review aims to provide insight into the physical parameters affecting the diffusion process, to allow for a more efficient and target-oriented research on improving solid-state ion conductors. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Applications of Solid-State Electrolytes 2. Fundamentals of Solid-State Ion Conductors 2.1. Known Chemistry of Solid-State Ion Conductors 2.2. Ion-Transport Mechanisms and Properties 3. Enhancing Lithium Conductivity by Structure Tuning 3.1. LISICON-Like 3.2. Argyrodites 3.3. NASICON-Like 3.4. Garnets 3.5. Perovskites 3.6. Relating Lattice Volume to Lithium-Ion Conductivity 3.7. Comparison of Normalized Lithium-Ion Conductivity 4. Reported Descriptors of Ionic Conductivity 4.1 Volume of Diffusion Pathway 4.2. Lattice Dynamics 5. Size-Tailored Ionic Conductivities 6. Conclusion and Future Perspectives 3 1. Introduction: Applications of Solid-State Electrolytes Solid-state inorganic electrolytes enable a number of emerging technologies ranging from solid oxide fuel cells,1 smart windows,2 sensors,3,4 memristors,5 microbatteries for on-chip power6 and solid-state batteries for electrical vehicles.7 While it is well known that silver- 8,9 and sodium- 10,11 ion conductors can have ionic conductivities comparable to that of liquid electrolytes,12 recent breakthroughs have led to marked increases in lithium-ion conductivity. Considerable research has focused on a number of crystal structures including LISICON-like (lithium superionic conductor),13 argyrodites,14 garnets,15 NASICON- like (sodium superionic conductor),16 lithium nitrides,17,18 lithium hydrides,19 perovskites20,21 and lithium halides,22 where increasing conductivities can be achieved by structural and compositional tuning within a given family of structures. Lithium-ion conductivities in the argyrodites,14 thio-LISICON23 as well as the 24-26 Li10MP2S12 (LMPS) (M = Si, Ge, Sn) structures are approaching that of liquid electrolytes such as -2 27 ethylene carbonate: dimethyl carbonate with 1 M LiPF6 ~ 10 S/cm, shown in Figure 1. These lithium- ion conductors provide exciting opportunities in the development of solid-state lithium-ion and lithium-air batteries for vehicle applications. Replacing the aprotic electrolytes used in current lithium-ion batteries7,28- 30 by these solid-state electrolytes can lead to transformative advances in electrode concentration polarization due to: the high lithium transference number of solid-state electrolytes (~1) compared to aprotic electrolytes (0.2-0.5),31,32 increased lithium-ion battery lifetime and safety33-37 due to the greater electrochemical stability voltage window,31,38-40 enhanced thermal stability,37,41 and diminished flammability.37,42 The enhanced stability and safety of solid-state inorganic electrolytes provides opportunities to simplify and redesign safety measures currently used in the battery cell, for example overpressure vents or charge interruption devices as well as sophisticated thermal management systems or constraints in the operational strategy in the battery pack. While many solid-state electrolytes are found to have a wide electrochemical stability window, there are still numerous fast ion conductors reported to date that are unstable at low potentials against negative electrodes such as graphite and metallic lithium,43 requiring the use of electrode materials such as 4 titanates to be used.44 Fast ion conductors can also react with positive electrode materials, resulting in low interfacial charge transfer kinetics.36,37 Although structural tuning by substitution within a given structural family can enhance lithium-ion conductivity, there is lack of fundamental understanding to establish a universal guide for fast ion conductors among different structural families. Thus it is not straightforward to predict the most conducting structure/composition, which limits the design of new or multi-layer lithium- ion conductors with enhanced conductivity and stability in order to meet all the requirements of solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, further studies in the lithium-ion conductivity trends and mechanisms among different classes of ion conductors are needed to provide insights into universal descriptors of lithium-ion conductivity, and aid the design of advanced lithium-ion conductors. In this review, we survey previous research to search for key physical parameters that have been found to have a large influence on the ionic conductivities of crystalline solids, with emphasis on solid- state inorganic lithium conductors. While previous reviews report detailed structures and conductivities for each class of solid electrolytes45 or focus on a specific family such as lanthanide oxides,12 perovskites20,21 and garnets15 for instance, we aim to provide researchers new insights into correlating lithium-conductivity with lattice volume or diffusion bottleneck sizes across several well-known structural families, and opportunities in developing universal descriptors governing ionic conductivity and using interfaces/sizes to design next-generation solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries. We first survey ions that are reported mobile in solid-state conductors, and cations and ligands that are used in the structure of solid-state conductors. We show that monovalent ions have the highest diffusion coefficients and lowest migration energies by comparing diffusion coefficients of M+ (Li+, Na+, K+ etc), 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ o M (Mg , Ca , Zn , Cd etc) and M (Tm and Al ) in Li2SO4 at 550 C. In addition, by examining the trends found in the diffusion coefficients and migration energies of monovalent cations in β-alumina at 440 oC, we discuss that the highest diffusion coefficient and lowest migration energies can be obtained for monovalent ions whose sizes are not too small nor too large for a given structure. Moreover, even though higher ionic conductivity can be obtained by increasing the concentration of mobile ions and/or lowering 5 the energy of migration, these two parameters cannot be decoupled, which limits the maximum ionic conductivity and highlights current challenges in lithium-ion conductor research. Second, we show that there are a number of structural families that exhibit high lithium-ion conductivities in the range of 10-2 to 10-3 S/cm at room temperature, and lithium-ion conductivity can vary greatly by up to 5-6 orders of magnitude within each family. Of significance,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Solid-State and Flexible Supercapacitor That Operates Across a Wide Temperature Range
    A Solid-State and Flexible Supercapacitor that Operates Across a Wide Temperature Range Ardalan Chaichi1,†, Gokul Venugopalan2,†, Ram Devireddy1, Christopher Arges2,*, Manas Ranjan Gartia1,* 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA 70803 2Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA 70803 † Equal contribution * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Electrochemical properties of most supercapacitor devices degrade quickly when the operating temperature deviates from room temperature. In order to exploit the potential of rGO in supercapacitors at extreme temperatures, a resilient electrolyte that is functional over a wide- temperature range is also required. In this study, we have implemented a flexible, low-resistant solid-state electrolyte membrane (SSEM) into symmetric rGO electrodes to realize supercapacitor devices that operate in the temperature range of -70 °C to 220 °C. The SSEM consists of a polycation-polybenzimidazole blend that is doped with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and this material displays uniquely high conductivity values that range from 50 mS cm-1 to 278 mS cm-1 in the temperature range of -25 °C to 220 °C. The fabricated supercapacitor produced a maximum capacitance of 6.8 mF cm-2 at 100 °C. Energy and power densities ranged from 0.83 to 2.79 mW h cm-2 and 90 to 125 mW cm-2, respectively. The energy storage mechanism with a SSEM occurs by excess H3PO4 migrating from the membrane host into the electrochemical double layer in rGO electrodes. The high temperature operation is enabled by the polycation in the SSEM anchoring phosphate type of anions preventing H3PO4 evaporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrolyte Panel
    Lab Dept: Chemistry Test Name: ELECTROLYTE PANEL General Information Lab Order Codes: LYTE Synonyms: Electrolytes; Lytes CPT Codes: 80051 – Electrolyte panel Test Includes: Carbon Dioxide, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium concentrations reported in mEq/L, and AGAP (Anion Gap). Logistics Test Indications: The maintenance of osmotic pressure and water distribution in the various body fluid compartments is primarily a function of the four major electrolytes, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-. In addition to water homeostasis, these electrolytes play an important part in the maintenance of pH, regulation of proper heart and muscle functions, involvement in electron transfer reactions, and participation in catalysis as cofactors for enzymes. Lab Testing Sections: Chemistry Phone Numbers: MIN Lab: 612-813-6280 STP Lab: 651-220-6550 Test Availability: Daily, 24 hours Turnaround Time: 30 minutes Special Instructions: N/A Specimen Specimen Type: Blood Container: Green top (Li Heparin) tube, preferred Alternate tube: Red, marble or gold top tube Draw Volume: 0.6 mL blood Processed Volume: 0.2 mL serum/plasma Collection: Routine blood collection. Mix tubes containing anticoagulant by gentle inversion. Note: Venipuncture samples are preferred, but capillary specimens will be accepted. Special Processing: Lab Staff: Sample must be run within one hour of collection for CO2 stability. Centrifuge specimen, remove serum/plasma aliquot into a plastic sample cup. Avoid prolonged contact with separated cells. Store at refrigerated temperatures. Patient Preparation: None Sample Rejection: Mislabeled or unlabeled specimens Interpretive Reference Range: See individual analyte procedures Critical Values: See individual analyte procedures Limitations: See individual analyte procedures Methodology: See individual analyte procedures References: See individual analyte procedures Updates: 2/8/2016: Update alt tube types .
    [Show full text]
  • Module 3: Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics Introduction
    Objectives_template Module 3: Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics Introduction In this module, we will discuss about migration of the defects which happens via an atomistic process called as diffusion. Diffusivity of species in the materials is also related to their physical properties such as electrical conductivity and mobility via Nernst-Einestein relation which we shall derive. As we shall also see, the conductivity in ceramics is a sum of ionic and electronic conductivity and the ratio of two determines the applicability of ceramic materials for applications. Subsequently framework will be established for understanding the temperature dependence of conductivity via a simple atomistic model leading to the same conclusions as predicted by the diffusivity model. Subsequently we will look into the conduction in glasses and look at some examples of fast ion conductors, material of importance for a variety of applications. Presence of charged defects in ceramics also means the existence of electrical potential gradients, in addition to the chemical gradient, which results in a unified equation for electrochemical potential. Finally, we will look at a few important applications for conducting ceramic materials. The Module contains: Diffusion Diffusion Kinetics Examples of Diffusion in Ceramics Mobility and Diffusivity Analogue to the Electrical Properties Conduction in Ceramics vis-à-vis metallic conductors: General Information Ionic Conduction: Basic Facts Ionic and Electronic Conductivity Characteristics of Ionic Conduction Theory of Ionic Conduction Conduction in Glasses Fast Ion Conductors Examples of Ionic Conduction Electrochemical Potential Nernst Equation and Application of Ionic Conductors Examples of Ionic Conductors in Engineering Applications Summary Suggested Reading: file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/iitkrana1/Desktop/new_electroceramics_14may,2012/lecture13/13_1.htm[5/25/2012 3:03:41 PM] Objectives_template Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering, Y.-M.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of Lithium Solid Electrolyte Materials
    AN INVESTIGATION OF LITHIUM SOLID ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS WITH FIRST PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS BY NICHOLAS LEPLEY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Physics December 2013 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: N. A. W. Holzwarth, Ph.D., Advisor Freddie Salsbury Jr., Ph.D., Chair William Kerr, Ph.D. Timo Thonhauser, Ph.D. Table of Contents List of Figures iv Chapter List of Abbreviations v Chapter Abstract vi I Background 1 Chapter 1 Battery Chemistry and Challenges 2 1.1 Fundamental Operation . .2 1.2 State of the Art . .3 1.3 Solid Electrolyte Materials . .6 Chapter 2 Computational Methods 9 2.1 Density Functional Theory . .9 2.2 Implementation . 12 2.3 Additional sources of error . 13 II Summary of Published Work 14 Chapter 3 Computer modeling of lithium phosphate and thiophosphate electrolyte materials 15 3.1 Overview . 15 3.2 Publication results and conclusions . 15 3.3 My contributions . 16 3.4 Further results and conclusions . 16 Chapter 4 Computer Modeling of Crystalline Electrolytes: Lithium Thio- phosphates and Phosphates 17 4.1 Overview . 17 4.2 Publication results and conclusions . 17 4.3 My contributions . 21 4.4 Further results and conclusions . 21 ii Chapter 5 Structures, Li+ mobilities, and interfacial properties of solid electrolytes Li3PS4 and Li3PO4 from first principles 22 5.1 Overview . 22 5.2 Publication results and conclusions . 22 5.3 My contributions . 24 5.4 Further results and conclusions . 25 Chapter 6 Conclusions and future directions 27 III Appendix 32 Chapter 7 Computer modeling of lithium phosphate and thiophosphate electrolyte materials 33 Chapter 8 Computer modeling of crystalline electrolytes: lithium thio- phosphates and phosphates 41 Chapter 9 Structures, Li+ mobilities, and interfacial properties of solid electrolytes Li3PS4 and Li3PO4 from first principles 52 IV Curriculum Vitae 64 iii List of Figures 1.1 Schematic of Li-ion battery .
    [Show full text]
  • NMR Investigations of Crystalline and Glassy Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: a Brief Review
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review NMR Investigations of Crystalline and Glassy Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: A Brief Review Daniel J. Morales 1,2 and Steven Greenbaum 1,* 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA; [email protected] 2 Ph.D. Program in Physics, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10036, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 April 2020; Accepted: 28 April 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: The widespread use of energy storage for commercial products and services have led to great advancements in the field of lithium-based battery research. In particular, solid state lithium batteries show great promise for future commercial use, as solid electrolytes safely allow for the use of lithium-metal anodes, which can significantly increase the total energy density. Of the solid electrolytes, inorganic glass-ceramics and Li-based garnet electrolytes have received much attention in the past few years due to the high ionic conductivity achieved compared to polymer-based electrolytes. This review covers recent work on novel glassy and crystalline electrolyte materials, with a particular focus on the use of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for structural characterization and transport measurements. Keywords: NMR; inorganic electrolytes; glassy electrolytes; ceramic electrolytes 1. Introduction As lithium ion batteries continue to permeate the commercial market, the search continues to produce an all solid-state equivalent with the same or superior performance. While liquid organic electrolytes continue to exhibit high performance and long cyclability, the risk of thermal runaway and inability to utilize Li metal anodes without the risk of dendrite formation are ongoing issues.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
    A Review of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Yemeserach Mekonnen Aditya Sundararajan Arif I. Sarwat IEEE Student Member IEEE Student Member IEEE Member Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Florida International University Florida International University Florida International University Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract—Lithium ion batteries are one of the most technologies such as plug-in HEVs. For greater application use, commercially sought after energy storages today. Their batteries are usually expensive and heavy. Li-ion and Li- based application widely spans from Electric Vehicle (EV) to portable batteries show promising advantages in creating smaller, devices. Their lightness and high energy density makes them lighter and cheaper battery storage for such high-end commercially viable. More research is being conducted to better applications [18]. As a result, these batteries are widely used in select the materials for the anode and cathode parts of Lithium (Li) ion cell. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the common consumer electronics and account for higher sale existing and potential developments in the materials used for the worldwide [2]. Lithium, as the most electropositive element making of the best cathodes, anodes and electrolytes for the Li- and the lightest metal, is a unique element for the design of ion batteries such that maximum efficiency can be tapped. higher density energy storage systems. The discovery of Observed challenges in selecting the right set of materials is also different inorganic compounds that react with alkali metals in a described in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Materials Design for All-Solid-State Batteries: from Bulk to Thin Films
    applied sciences Review Advances in Materials Design for All-Solid-state Batteries: From Bulk to Thin Films Gene Yang 1, Corey Abraham 2, Yuxi Ma 1, Myoungseok Lee 1, Evan Helfrick 1, Dahyun Oh 2,* and Dongkyu Lee 1,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; [email protected] (G.Y.); [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (E.H.) 2 Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0080, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.O.); [email protected] (D.L.) Received: 15 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 9 July 2020 Featured Application: All solid-state lithium batteries, all solid-state thin-film lithium batteries. Abstract: All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are one of the most fascinating next-generation energy storage systems that can provide improved energy density and safety for a wide range of applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles. The development of SSBs was accelerated by the discovery of new materials and the design of nanostructures. In particular, advances in the growth of thin-film battery materials facilitated the development of all solid-state thin-film batteries (SSTFBs)—expanding their applications to microelectronics such as flexible devices and implantable medical devices. However, critical challenges still remain, such as low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, interfacial instability and difficulty in controlling thin-film growth. In this review, we discuss the evolution of electrode and electrolyte materials for lithium-based batteries and their adoption in SSBs and SSTFBs.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Chemical Properties of Germanium
    Physical And Chemical Properties Of Germanium Moneyed and amnesic Erasmus fertilise her fatuousness revitalise or burrow incommunicatively. Creditable Petr still climbs: regarding and lissome Lazarus bully-off quite punctiliously but slums her filoplume devotedly. Zane still defilade venomous while improvident Randell bloodiest that wonderers. Do you for this context of properties and physical explanation of Silicon is sincere to metals in its chemical behaviour. Arsenic is extremely toxic, RS, carbon is the tongue one considered a full nonmetal. In nature, which name a widely used azo dye. Basic physical and chemical properties of semiconductors are offset by the energy gap between valence conduction! Other metalloids on the periodic table are boron, Batis ZB, only Germanium and Antimony would be considered metals for the purposes of nomenclature. Storage temperature: no restrictions. At room temperature, the semiconducting elements are primarily nonmetallic in character. This application requires Javascript. It has also new found in stars and already the atmosphere of Jupiter. Wellings JS, it is used as an eyewash and insecticide. He has studied in Spain and Hungary and authored many research articles published in indexed journals and books. What are oral health benefits of pumpkins? The material on this site may not be reproduced, germanium, the radiation emitted from an active device makes it locatable. Classify each statement as an extensive property must an intensive property. In germanium and physical chemical properties of the border lines from the! The most electronegative elements are at the nod in the periodic table; these elements often react as oxidizing agents. Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Electrolyte Batteries
    SOLID ELECTROLYTE BATTERIES John B. Goodenough and Yuhao Lu Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin Project ID: ES060 DOE Vehicle Technologies Annual Merit Review Meeting May 9-13, 2011 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information. 1 The University of Texas at Austin Overview Timeline Barriers • Project Start Date-Oct. 2009 • Lithium-ion solid electrolyte. • Project End Date- Sept. 2010 • Choice of redox couples. • Percent complete: 100% complete • Flow-through- cathode cell design Budget Partners • Funding received in FY09-FY10 – $315K • Karim Zaghib of Hydro Quebec • Funding received in FY10-FY11 – $315K 2 The University of Texas at Austin Milestones Develop and test a suitable test cell. (Jan. 10) Completed Optimize components of the cell. (Apr. 10) Completed Develop a lithium/Fe(NO3)3 cell. (July. 10) Completed Design of a new cell (Sept. 10) Completed Test flow-through cell (Jan. 11) Completed 3 The University of Texas at Austin Typical Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Cell e- e- - Separator + Li+ Anode Li+ Cathode (Reducing Agent) (Oxidizing Agent) Li+ SEI layer Electrolyte Capacity limited by Li solid solution in cathode and loss in SEI layer Voltage limited by Eg of carbonate electrolyte. 4 The University of Texas at Austin Why Oxides? E E Co: 4s0 Co: 4s0 Co(II): t4e2 µLi 4.0 eV Co(IV): t5e0 EFC EFC (pinned) Co(III): t6e0 Co(III): t6e0 O: 2p6 O: 2p6 N(E) N(E) Li CoO (0<x<0.55) LiCoO2 1-x 2 2- + Holes form peroxide (O2) for x> 0.55 or H inserted from electrolyte.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13: Electrochemical Cells
    March 19, 2015 Chapter 13: Electrochemical Cells electrochemical cell: any device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa March 19, 2015 March 19, 2015 Voltaic Cell -any device that uses a redox reaction to transform chemical potential energy into electrical energy (moving electrons) -the oxidizing agent and reducing agent are separated -each is contained in a half cell There are two half cells in a voltaic cell Cathode Anode -contains the SOA -contains the SRA -reduction reaction -oxidation takes place takes place - (-) electrode -+ electrode -anions migrate -cations migrate towards the anode towards cathode March 19, 2015 Electrons move through an external circuit from the anode to cathode Electricity is produced by the cell until one of the reactants is used up Example: A simple voltaic cell March 19, 2015 When designing half cells it is important to note the following: -each half cell needs an electrolyte and a solid conductor -the electrode and electrolyte cannot react spontaneously with each other (sometimes carbon and platinum are used as inert electrodes) March 19, 2015 There are two kinds of porous boundaries 1. Salt Bridge 2. Porous Cup · an unglazed ceramic cup · tube filled with an inert · separates solutions but electrolyte such as NaNO allows ions to pass 3 through or Na2SO4 · the ends are plugged so the solutions are separated, but ions can pass through Porous boundaries allow for ions to move between two half cells so that charge can be equalized between two half cells 2+ 2– electrolyte: Cu (aq), SO4 (aq) 2+ 2– electrolyte: Zn (aq), SO4 (aq) electrode: zinc electrode: copper March 19, 2015 Example: Metal/Ion Voltaic Cell V Co(s) Zn(s) Co2+ SO 2- 4 2+ SO 2- Zn 4 Example: A voltaic cell with an inert electrode March 19, 2015 Example Label the cathode, anode, electron movement, ion movement, and write the half reactions taking place at each half cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Fabrication of a 1.5 F – 5 V Solid State Supercapacitor
    Development and fabrication of a 1.5 F – 5 V solid state supercapacitor Pietro Staiti and Francesco Lufrano CNR-ITAE, ISTITUTO DI TECNOLOGIE AVANZATE PER L’ENERGIA “NICOLA GIORDANO” Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse n. 5 Messina, Italy Phone: 0039 090 624226 / fax: 0039 090 624247 E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche that has financially supported the research project for the development of this type of supercapacitor. Keywords Supercapacitor, energy storage, solid electrolyte, acidic electrolyte. Abstract A five cells supercapacitor prototype with special electrolyte is designed and fabricated at the Institute CNR-ITAE of Messina. It has a nominal capacitance of 1.5 F and a maximum voltage of 5 V. The electrodes of prototype are formed of high surface area carbon material and Nafion ionomer. Nafion is used as an electrolyte membrane separator between the electrodes of each single cell and as a binder/ion conductor in the electrodes. The fabricated prototype achieves specific capacitance of 114 F/g (referred to the weight of active carbon materials for single electrode), that is comparable to the specific capacitance previously obtained from a smaller scale single cell of same type of supercapacitor. A power density of 1.4 kW/l and a RC-time constant of 0.3 s have been calculated for the device. Introduction Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors (SCs) are promising energy storage devices, which are being considered for applications such as electric vehicles, uninterruptible power systems, and computer memory protection. Their main characteristic is the excellent high-rate charging-discharging ability that makes these devices, referring to this specific aspect, more efficient than batteries and fuel cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication and Testing of All-Solid-State Nanoscale Lithium Batteries Using Lipon for Electrolytes
    E3S Web of Conferences 53, 01008 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185301008 ICAEER 2018 Fabrication and Testing of All-solid-state Nanoscale Lithium Batteries Using LiPON for Electrolytes Feihu Tan1, XiaoPing Liang1, Feng Wei1 and Jun Du2, * 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China. 2General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China. Abstract. The amorphous LiPON thin film was obtained by using the crystalline Li3PO4 target and the RF magnetron sputtering method at a N2 working pressure of 1 Pa. and then the morphology and composition of LiPON thin films are analysed by SEM and EDS. SEM shows that the film was compact and smooth, while EDS shows that the content of N in LiPON thin film was about 17.47%. The electrochemical properties of Pt/LiPON/Pt were analysed by EIS, and the ionic conductivity of LiPON thin films was -7 3.8×10 S/cm. By using the hard mask in the magnetron sputtering process, the all-solid-state thin film battery with Si/Ti/Pt/LiCoO2/LiPON/Li4Ti5O12/Pt structure was prepared, and its electrical properties were studied. As for this thin film battery, the open circuit voltage was 1.9 V and the first discharge specific capacity was 34.7 μAh/cm2·μm at a current density of 5 μA/cm-2，indicating that is promising in all-solid- state thin film batteries. 1 Introduction conductivity, [13-15] the ionic conductivity of LiPON films prepared by magnetron sputtering is up to ~10-6 S/cm, Lithium ion battery is a common energy supply unit in therefore, LiPON films were prepared by magnetron the current equipment.
    [Show full text]