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Time in War a Key Element in War

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Time in War a Key Element in War Largest amphibious landing since end of World War II, September 15, 1950, at Inchon Harbor, Republic of Korea (U.S. Army/31st Infantry Regiment) ime has always been considered Time in War a key element in war. Speed, by T definition, derives from time: “distance traveled divided by the time By Phillip S. Meilinger of travel” is the usual definition. Over two millennia ago, Sun Tzu remarked on its importance, noting that “speed is Go sir, gallop, and don’t forget that the world was made in the essence of war” and “divine swift- ness” is to be “esteemed.”1 Carl von six days. You can ask me for anything you like, except time. Clausewitz believed similarly, comment- —NAPOLEON ing that time had a major psychological effect that would help provide secrecy as well as speed.2 Not just theorists, but also practitioners (such as Napoleon as quoted in this article’s epigraph) have Colonel Phillip S. Meilinger, USAF (Ret.), served in the U.S. Air Force for 30 years. He holds a Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan. His latest book is Limiting Risk in America’s Wars: Airpower, recognized the importance of time and Asymmetrics and a New Strategic Paradigm (Naval Institute Press, forthcoming). timing in war. But what is time? JFQ 87, 4th Quarter 2017 Meilinger 93 There are several ways to describe the sold them into slavery; and then, as tradi- into position. What if Longstreet had at- concept, but most consider time to be a tion has it, sowed the ground with salt so tacked in coordination with his comrades straight line. Things begin, they develop, nothing would grow.6 as General Robert E. Lee had intended and they end. One can remember or read On August 6, 1945, a single B-29 instead of the piecemeal attacks that did about the past, but we cannot go back; bomber took off from the Mariana occur? One historian summed up the time marches inexorably forward, and the Islands, and at 0815 it arrived over day by stating, “Lee’s offensive, based future remains unknown. Hiroshima and dropped a single atomic upon attacks in progression until it de- Albert Einstein introduced a new bomb. The horrible blast and radiation veloped into a giant pincers squeezing concept: time was flexible and relative. effects of the bomb on the structures, both enemy flanks, required careful co- Physicists have adapted this bendable people, and land of the Japanese city were ordination and expert timing.”9 For the concept of time when discussing cos- not all that dissimilar from the effects of Confederates, that timing was off. mology. For theologians, God is both the Romans’ actions at Carthage two The Schlieffen Plan was devised in timeless and endless; He always was and millennia earlier.7 The difference between Germany in the last decade of the 19th always will be. Moreover, God’s time is the two events was that the destruction of century by the Chief of the Great General not an arrow but a circle: He sees all— Hiroshima was effected virtually instan- Staff, Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen. past, present, and future—whichever way taneously by one weapon, and not over a The plan posited a worst-case scenario He chooses to look.3 period of years by several legions. It was of a two-front war. To be successful, Besides its physical and theological the conquest of time, not of matter, that Schlieffen believed that Germany had to aspects, time also has a psychological so stunned the world—both then and hold in the East against Russia and then component, which we all experience. since. strike quickly in the West against Belgium Although the clock ticks on rhythmically, and France, knocking them out of the we often feel it differently. On some days, Time and Land Warfare war to enable a turn back to the East the clock appears to move very slowly— There have been countless examples in time to meet the lumbering Russian when we are waiting in anticipation for of when time played a key role on the army as it moved toward Germany. It was something to occur. On other occasions, battlefield. At Borodino in September assumed that the Russians would take 2 time appears to accelerate—as when we 1812, Napoleon met the Russian army months to mobilize and thus would not are enjoying ourselves and want to pro- outside Moscow. He thought it could initially be a serious threat. Therefore, the long the moment. be the decisive battle of the war—a war in the West had to conclude within For the military, it is the notion of victory would destroy the enemy army, 2 months. Schlieffen retired in 1905, time as an arrow—the orderly sequenc- open the door to the capital city, and and over the next decade his successor, ing of events—that matters most. Yet the force the tsar to surrender. Yet the Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke psychological aspect of time, especially Emperor was reluctant to use all his (nephew of the great von Moltke who its apparent suddenness, is also of great troops in the battle, especially his Old was a hero of the German wars of unifica- importance, especially in military opera- Guard. One general who was on the tion) continued to tinker with the plan. tions. John Boyd, an Airman and theorist scene reported that Napoleon stated, “I Unfortunately, the necessity of maintain- of war, devised his famous OODA want to see more clearly. My battle ing a rigid time schedule for the huge Loop—Observe, Orient, Decide, Act—to hasn’t begun yet. The day will be military turning movement that would illustrate the cycle through which the long. You have to know how to wait. move through Belgium and northern human mind makes decisions. Boyd Time always has to be considered. France remained a dominant feature.10 posited that the side whose OODA Loop Nothing is clear yet.” He then asked an When war broke out in July 1914, was quicker—who acted most appropri- aide what time it was, and when told, von Moltke feared the Russians would ately in the fastest time—would have an Napoleon remarked, “The time for my mobilize and attack more quickly than advantage.4 Military forces also use terms battle hasn’t come yet. It will begin had been anticipated, which they did. like tempo and synchronization to explain in two hours.”8 But the Emperor had As a result, he ordered six of his army the importance of conquering and best miscalculated. In 2 hours, the battle corps detached from the Western arm utilizing time in their operations.5 was already decided; his timing was off, to bolster the East. For this and other An example I have often used to il- and the Russian army survived to fight reasons, the rigidly timed attack in the lustrate this psychological effect concerns again. Napoleon would lose the war. West went awry. The German armies fell the fates of Carthage and Hiroshima. On the second day at Gettysburg, behind schedule and had to readjust their The Third Punic War ended with the Confederate Lieutenant General James timing. Gaps also developed between the defeat of Carthage at the hands of Rome. Longstreet was to attack the Union left armies as they maneuvered to readjust; When defeating the African power in 146 wing in conjunction with other unit at- the French and their British allies noticed BCE, the Romans wanted to ensure there tacks on the Union’s right and center the faulty German dispositions and hur- would be no Fourth Punic War, so they wings. But his corps took the wrong ried to act. Even so, it was a close-run razed Carthage; killed its inhabitants or road and was several hours late getting thing. As the German armies moved to 94 Recall / Time in War JFQ 87, 4th Quarter 2017 the Marne River shielding Paris, a hast- craft backed out before the tides began to attack (300 to 500 feet) using B-24 ily cobbled-together French army was recede. It was a brilliant maneuver, per- heavy bombers to strike the complex in a rushed to the front just in time—partly fectly timed, against what many thought coordinated attack. Nearly 200 bombers by 2,000 Parisian taxicabs—and managed were hopeless odds.13 Concurrently, would be used and, given the unusual to deliver a decisive tactical check to the MacArthur directed an assault by his tactics as well as the extreme distance, the enemy.11 The carefully timed Schlieffen forces at Pusan timed to coincide with B-24s were fitted with extra fuel tanks Plan had fallen apart, and the Western Operation Chromite; the North Koreans and supplied with a low-level bomb- Front soon devolved into a stagnant were caught in an enormous vise. The sight. In addition, the crews practiced trench war of attrition that would last for aggressors fled north to escape that trap over the Libyan desert, flying low and much of the next 4 years. even faster than they initially had moved dropping practice bombs on a dummy In June 1950, North Korea attacked south.14 complex built to resemble that at Ploesti. across the 38th parallel demarcation line Complete rehearsals were flown on July into the south. Caught unprepared, Timing and Air Warfare 28 and 29, and on both days the mission Republic of Korea (ROK) forces pre- Between the wars, U.S. thinkers and went flawlessly, “completely destroying” cipitously retreated south. The United planners at the Air Corps Tactical the dummy site.
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