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Herbal Medicine Use in Murang'a County and Antiflea Activity And

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Herbal Medicine Use in Murang'a County and Antiflea Activity And HERBAL MEDICINE USE IN MURANG’A COUNTY AND ANTIFLEA ACTIVITY AND SAFETY OF TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA AND SENNA DIDYMOBOTRYA EXTRACTS BY GITHINJI, JAMES MAINA (B.PHARM) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of Nairobi 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for the award of a degree in the University. Signature ………………………………………………. Date ………………………………. Githinji, James Maina (B.Pharm) Reg. No J56/75109/14 Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nairobi This thesis is submitted for examination with our approval as University supervisors. Signature ………………………………………………Date ………………………………. Prof. T. Maitho (BVM, MSc, PhD) Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nairobi Signature ………………………………………………. Date ………………………………. Prof. J. M. Mbaria (BVM, MSc, PhD) Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my dear wife, best friend and soul mate Jane, our sons Nephat, Brian, Alfred and Teddy for their support and encouragement throughout the study period. They have been my anchors and inspiration. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was developed with the invaluable assistance and support of my supervisors Prof T. Maitho and Prof. J. M. Mbaria. I take this opportunity to thank them for their guidance and unconditional commitment throughout my work. I wish to acknowledge with humility, my dedicated lecturers, Prof. T. Maitho, Prof. S.E. Mitema, Prof. J. M .Mbaria, Dr. G. Aboge, Dr. I. Mapeney, Dr. G. Muchemi, and Dr. L. Kanja for their tireless effort in imparting knowledge in the course of my study. I also wish to acknowledge the following people who also offered their assistance during the study; Mr. Jared Onyancha for his guidance and selfless support in handling the study materials, Mr. Joseph Nderitu, Mr. Kenneth Maloba and Ms. Lucy Mwangi of the Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology laboratory for their continuous support. Special appreciation goes to Dr. Ali Koech for availing the flea specimens on time and whenever called upon, Mr. Richard Otieno for professionally handling of the specimens in the parasitology laboratory, and Mr. Mathias Muindi, of the East Africa Herbarium for his technical support both in the field and in the herbarium, especially in plant identification and labeling. I also wish to convey gratitude to the Chairman and members of Murang’a Herbalists Association and Murang’a County Cultural Officer, Mrs. Catherine Mwangi for their willingness and enthusiasm in sharing their knowledge and experience on herbal medicines. I wish also to appreciate Mrs. Dorcas Nduati for the analysis of data and Dr. R W. Chege for her role in proofreading and typesetting the thesis. My special gratitude goes to the University of Nairobi administration for creating enabling environment to study for Master of Science degree in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Finally, I appreciate the Chairman of the Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology Prof. J.M. Mbaria, for his leadership, and vision. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................ xiii ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background Information .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Justification of the study .................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 General Objective ................................................................................................ 4 1.4.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................... 4 1.5 Assumptions of the study ................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 6 2.1 Scope of the Literature Review ........................................................................................ 6 2.2 Traditional botanical insecticides ..................................................................................... 6 2.2.1Tithonia diversifolia.............................................................................................. 7 2.2.1.1 Botanical description ........................................................................................ 8 2.2.1.2 Ethno-medical uses and biological activity .................................................... 8 2.2.2 Senna didymobotrya .......................................................................................... 10 v 2.2.2.1 Botanical description ...................................................................................... 10 2.2.2.2. Ethno-medical uses and bioactivity ........................................................................ 12 2.3 Fleas’ Life Cycle and Role as Disease Vectors ............................................................. 13 2.3.1 Life cycle of fleas. ............................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Behaviour of fleas .............................................................................................. 15 2.3.3 Public Health importance .................................................................................. 16 2.4 Summary of Common Insecticide Used to Control Fleas .............................................. 17 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................. 19 3.1 Area of Study ................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.1 Population and Climatic Conditions .................................................................. 19 3. 2 Study design .................................................................................................................. 22 3. 3 Selection and recruitment of herbalists ......................................................................... 22 3. 3. 1 Ethno-botanical Survey ................................................................................... 22 3. 3. 2 Plant Materials .......................................................................................................... 24 3. 3. 3 Extraction of plant materials ..................................................................................... 25 3. 3. 4 Preparation of stock extracts ............................................................................ 26 3. 3. 5 Preparation for tubes of dilutions of the crude extracts ............................................ 27 3. 3. 6 Experimental animals ................................................................................................ 28 3. 4 Bioassay Studies ............................................................................................................ 29 3. 4. 1 Piloting of In vitro Anti-Fleas Activity ........................................................... 29 3. 4. 2 Determination of in vitro anti-flea Activity of Tithonia diversifolia and Senna didymobotrya ..................................................................................................... 31 3. 5 Acute Dermal Toxicity ........................................................................................ 32 3.6 Determination of Acute Toxicity Levels of the Active Crude Extract in Rats ..... 34 3. 7 Disposal of Experimental Animals ...................................................................... 35 vi 3. 8 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 36 3. 9 Ethical Consideration ........................................................................................... 37 3. 10 Information Dissemination ................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ......................................................................................... 38 4.1 Findings on the Survey of herbal medicines use in Murang’a County. ........................
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