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176 DIVERSIDAD DE Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) EN ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN Diversity Of

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176 DIVERSIDAD DE Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) EN ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN Diversity Of DIVERSIDAD DE Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) EN ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN Diversity of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) in natural reserves in Yucatan State David A. Chay-Hernández1, Hugo Delfín-González1, Virginia Meléndez-Ramírez2 y Alejandro González-Hernández2. 1Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. A.P. 4-116 Mérida, Yucatán 97100 MÉXICO. 2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Entomología, A.P. 112-F, CP 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, MÉXICO. [email protected] Palabras Clave: Chalcididae, Parasitoides, Tipo de vegetación, Areas Naturales Protegidas, Yucatán. Introducción Las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP’s) constituyen porciones terrestres o acuáticas que albergan diferentes ecosistemas y su biodiversidad. A pesar de su importancia y del esfuerzo de conservación de las ANP’s, presentan problemáticas en común: deforestación, degradación de los recursos, muchas veces de mayor magnitud dentro de dichas áreas. A esto hay que agregar el rezago en la documentación de la riqueza de grupos importantes dentro de las ANP´s (SEMARNAT, 2005), como los insectos y en especial las avispas parasitoides (Hochberg, 2000). Las avispas parasitoides de la familia Chalcididae, son parte de la fauna amenazada y desconocida aún dentro de las ANP’s. Las especies de estas avispas han sido utilizados con éxito en programas de control biológico y otras presentan un alto potencial de uso (Clausen, 1978). En los ecosistemas terrestres tienen una función clave, ya que controlan los niveles de las poblaciones de especies de herbívoros, manteniendo la diversidad de éstos y al mismo tiempo conservan la integridad física de las plantas hospederas (LaSalle y Gauld, 1993); de esta forma contribuyen a conservar el balance de los ecosistemas, especialmente en las tierras bajas de áreas tropicales (Delvare, 1995). Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia, no se ha realizado aún una evaluación de su diversidad dentro de las ANP’s en áreas tropicales, en donde una de las prioridades es conocer la riqueza, biodiversidad y distribución geográfica de las especies de calcidoideos (González-Hernández, 2000). Por lo que en este trabajo se realizó una evaluación de la diversidad de Chalcididae en seis ANP’s de competencia estatal del estado de Yucatán. Materiales y Método Área de estudio. Se colectó en seis áreas naturales protegidas de competencia estatal: Parque Nacional Dzibilchaltún (DZB), Reserva Estatal de Dzilam (DZM), Zona Sujeta a Conservación Ecológica El Palmar (PAL), Parque Estatal Kabah (KBH), Parque Estatal Lagunas de Yalahau (YAH), Área Natural Protegida de Valor Escénico, Histórico y Cultural San Juan Bautista Tabi y Anexa Sacnicte (TAB) (Figura 1). Método de colecta de Chalcididae. Se establecieron cuatro transectos por ANP, en la vegetación dominante. Cada transecto fue de 100 x 200 m, en donde se intercalaron tres trampas Malaise (una cada 50 m), tres lotes de trampas amarillas (cada 50 m) y 15 trampas McPhail (una 176 cada 10 m). Se realizaron dos horas de redeo en cada transecto. Todas las trampas permanecieron 48 horas por sitio cada bimestre durante un período de un año, de enero de 2006 a enero de 2007. El material colectado se curó según las técnicas convencionales y se determinó con claves de diversos trabajos (Delvare y Bouček, 1992; Delvare, 1992; Bouček y Halstead, 1997). Parte del material se determinó por comparación con el material identificado por el Dr. J. A. Halstead depositado en Texas A & M University Insect Collection, College Station, Texas, EUA; y San Diego Natural History Museum, California, EUA. El material entomológico se deposito en la Colección Entomológica Regional de la UADY. Análisis de datos. Índice de ocurrencia y dominancia: propuesto por Scatolini y Penteado- Dias (2003) para determinar las especies en comunes, intermedias y raras; considerando la frecuencia y cantidad obtenidas en los muestreos de las ANP’s. Índice de ocurrencia= (Número de ANP’s en donde se registra la especie/Número total de ANP’s) x 100. Los resultados de este índice se clasifican de la siguiente manera: 0-25%=casual, 25- 50%=complementaria, 50-100%=constante. Índice de dominancia= (Número de individuos de la especie/Número total de individuos de cada ANP) x 100. Los resultados de este índice se clasifican de la siguiente manera: 0-2.5%=casual, 2.5- 5.0%=complementaria, 5.0-100%= dominante. La combinación de los resultados de éstos índices permite clasificar a las especies en Común: si es constante y dominante; Intermedia: si es constante y complementaria, constante y casual, complementaria y casual, complementaria y dominante; y complementaria y complementaria; y Rara: si es casual y casual. La diversidad se estimó con el índices de diversidad de Shannon (H’) (Magurran, 1998), y se calculó con el programa BIODIV (base logarítmica natural) (Baev y Paenev, 1995). Para evaluar la representatividad de las especies colectadas en las ANP’s, se estimo la riqueza de especies se realizó con el estimador no paramétrico Chao2, basado en la distribución de las especies entre las muestras (ANP’s) y utilizando datos de presencia-ausencia. El cálculo de este estimador se realizó con el programa EstimateS Ver 7.5.1. (Colwell, 2005). Resultados Se recolectaron 171 individuos pertenecientes a 3 subfamilias con 5 géneros y 46 especies (Cuadro 1). El número de especies por ANP fue: Palmar 12 especies, Dzilam 15 especies, Dzibilchaltún 15, Tabi 22 especies, Kabah 10 especies y Yalahau 16 especies (Cuadro 2). La reserva con mayor número de especies y diversidad fue Tabi, seguida de Yalahau. La reserva con la menor diversidad y registro de especies fue Kabah (Cuadro 2). Sin embargo la mayor abundancia se registro en Tabi y el Palmar. De acuerdo a los índices de ocurrencia y dominancia, las especies de Chalcididae registradas en este estudio pertenecen a la categoría de raras, seguidas de las intermedias y únicamente tres especies comunes (Cuadro 1). La representatividad de las especies en todas las ANP’s, fue muy baja, por lo que el esfuerzo de muestreo se considera insuficiente (Cuadro 2). Discusión y Conclusiones Se registra por primera vez las especies de Chalcididae que ocurren en seis ANP’s de competencia estatal del estado de Yucatán, en donde a pesar de ser poco abundantes, contribuyen 177 con el 46% de las especies reportadas recientemente para Yucatán (99 especies de acuerdo a Chay, D., Delfín, H., Gónzalez-Hernández, A. y Meléndez, R.V; datos no publicados). De esto se deduce que las ANP’s estatales pueden albergar aún más especies, lo que se confirma con la riqueza estimada (Chao2). La baja representatividad en general puede atribuirse en parte al tiempo e intensidad de muestreo (48 hrs), ya que en otros grupos de insectos el incremento del tiempo de colecta y el número de trampas han demostrado buenos resultados (Fraser et al., 2007, 2008). Otro factor que posiblemente influyo en los resultados es la ubicación de las trampas en un solo tipo de vegetación (dominante) de cada ANP, por lo que un muestreo en cada tipo de vegetación de cada ANP permitiría registrar más especies. Fig: 1. Áreas naturales protegidas de competencia estatal del Estado de Yucatán. La diversidad registrada en las ANP’s puede deberse al tipo, estructura y conformación espacial de la vegetación (Kruess y Tscharntke, 2000), esto se refleja en la alta diversidad de Tabi, la cual es una reserva con vegetación de selva mediana subcaducifolia, con agricultura de riego y pastizal cultivado; por lo que posiblemente la reserva puede estar funcionando como refugio para las especies de las áreas cultivadas. Sin embargo, la reserva de Kabah registro la diversidad más baja de todas las ANP’s; a pesar de tener una matriz circundante de selva mediana subcaducifolia con áreas en regeneración con más de 150 años, por lo que posiblemente el método de muestreo no sea el adecuado para este tipo de vegetación. En general, la conformación del paisaje y las actividades circundantes (Hunter, 2002) a las ANP’s posiblemente sean una de las causas que determinan la diversidad registrada en el presente estudio. En Palmar la vegetación de duna costera presenta escasa vegetación, por lo que los hospederos son más evidentes para los parasitoides. En Dzilam la vegetación corresponde a parches de selva baja inundable rodeada de ranchos ganaderos con pastizales, por lo que estos parches pueden actuar como refugio para los parasitoides. Dzibilchaltún y Yalahau son áreas impactadas por actividades humanas como el turismo y ganadería respectivamente, por lo que la vegetación de selva baja caducifolia está en constante regeneración, lo que favorece la confluencia de herbívoros y de sus depredadores (Chay et al., 2006); por lo que la diversidad de Chalcididae en estas áreas pudo verse favorecida. 178 Cuadro 1. Abundancia y clasificación de las especies colectadas en seis ANP’s estatales del estado de Yucatán. Simbología: Clas = Clasificación, C=Común, I = Intermedia, R = rara. Especies DZM PAL DZB KBH TAB YAH Clas Totales Brachymeria aeca 1 1 I 2 Brachymeria concitator 1 R 1 Brachymeria dorsalis 2 R 2 Brachymeria femorata 1 R 1 Brachymeria hammari 6 1 I 7 Brachymeria minuta 1 1 I 2 Brachymeria obtusata 2 1 I 3 Brachymeria ovata 1 4 I 5 Brachymeria pedalis 1 2 I 3 Brachymeria podagrica 4 R 4 Brachymeria tibialis 2 R 2 Conura maculata Grupo 3 1 1 I 5 Conura acragae 4 R 4 Conura igneoides 1 1 I 2 Conura igneopatruelis 3 1 1 6 4 C 15 Conura maculata 1 1 2 1 I 5 Conura maria 1 R 1
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