Komoditas : Bunga-bungaan Tahun 2004-2008 (467 judul) Jinze Noordijk, Katrien Delille, Andre P. Schaffers, Karle V. Sykora, Optimizing grassland management for flower-visiting insects in roadside verges, Biological Conservation, Volume 142, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 2097-2103, ISSN 0006-3207, DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.009. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5X-4WBB71H- 1/2/3622bace9a5f6c088d770bcaa28dcc2f) Abstract: The decline of flower-visiting insects is a threat to ecological processes and to the services these insects provide. Roadside verges in the Netherlands span approximately 80,000 km and are often covered with semi-natural grasslands. As such, they also provide a suitable habitat for many insects, but this has received little attention so far. We investigated the effects of different management treatments on flower-visiting insects. We studied flower visitation in a 3 years old experimental set-up with five mowing treatments each replicated five times. Management types were: no management and mowing once or twice per year with and without the removal of hay, representing common forms of management and neglect. During an entire growing season, both flowers (number of species and inflorescences) as well as insects (total abundance and actual flower visits) were investigated. Mowing twice per year with removal of hay showed highest values for all measured variables and this effect persisted throughout the growing season. The early summer cut proved to be very important for insect feeding opportunities, due to the re-flowering of plants later in the growing season. Flower abundance showed high correlations with both plant species richness and the number of insect visits. Although overall, mowing twice a year with hay removal was the most beneficial treatment for flower-visiting insects, these plots were entirely devoid of flowers for some period right after mowing, indicating that a rotational scheme might further promote insect diversity and abundance. Keywords: Diversity; Flower-abundance; Semi-natural grassland; Insect conservation; Mowing; Roadside verge; Vegetation management Ziyin Yang, Youying Tu, Susanne Baldermann, Fang Dong, Yi Xu, Naoharu Watanabe, Isolation and identification of compounds from the ethanolic extract of flowers of the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity, LWT - Food Science and Technology, Volume 42, Issue 8, October 2009, Pages 1439-1443, ISSN 0023-6438, DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.03.017. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WMV-4W04KS5- 4/2/b02c39e16e3c25208dd3df444d6ebce6) Abstract: While beneficial health properties of tea leaves have been extensively studied, less attention has been given to that of flowers of the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant. In this work, the ethanolic extract and its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (EEA) from the tea flowers were found to possess the potent antioxidant activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay. The compounds present in EEA had comparatively strong DPPH scavenging activity and strongly contributed to the antioxidant activity of the tea flowers. From EEA, besides eight catechins, five flavonol glycosides were isolated and their structures were elucidated on the basis of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as myricetin 3-O-[beta]-d- galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-[beta]-d-galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-[beta]-d- galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-[beta]-d-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol 3-O-[[alpha]-l- rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-[beta]-d-glucopyranoside]. In addition, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate were found as the major active components responsible for the antioxidant activity of tea flowers through the use of a combination of preparative liquid chromatography separation and DPPH assay. Keywords: Tea (Camellia sinensis) flower; Catechins; Flavonol glycosides; Antioxidant activity; Active components Jiping Liu, Shenggen He, Zhaoqi Zhang, Jinping Cao, Peitao Lv, Sudan He, Guiping Cheng, Daryl C. Joyce, Nano-silver pulse treatments inhibit stem-end bacteria on cut gerbera cv. Ruikou flowers, Postharvest Biology and Technology, Volume 54, Issue 1, October 2009, Pages 59-62, ISSN 0925-5214, DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.05.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TBJ-4WWFN41- 1/2/2542334da441024a41dd2810623883d7) Abstract: Nanometer-sized silver (Ag+) particles (NS) are used in various applications as an anti-microbial. Effects of NS (2-5 nm diam.) pulse solution treatments on vase life of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. Ruikou flowers were investigated. Compared with the control [pulsed with deionised water (DI) and subsequently held in DI] pulsing for 24 h with 5 mg/L NS solution followed by holding in DI maintained water uptake and extended vase life. From in vitro and microscopy assessments, NS pulse treatment inhibited bacteria growth in the vase solution and at cut stem ends during the first 2 d of the vase period. Keywords: Anti-microbial; Cut flower; Gerbera; Microorganism Matthew G. Blanchard, Erik S. Runkle, Use of a cyclic high-pressure sodium lamp to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum and velvet sage, Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 122, Issue 3, 1 October 2009, Pages 448-454, ISSN 0304-4238, DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.06.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC3-4WPS9P3- 1/2/a377ee4be6537dda938823a6a06bfc50) Abstract: Photoperiod is commonly controlled in the commercial production of ornamental crops to induce or prevent flowering. Flower induction in short-day (SD) plants can be prevented or delayed when the natural daylength is short by providing low-intensity lighting during the dark period. A stationary high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp with an oscillating aluminum parabolic reflector (cyclic HPS) has been developed to provide intermittent lighting to greenhouse crops. We determined the efficacy of a cyclic HPS lamp at preventing flowering in SD plants garden chrysanthemum [Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.] `Bianca', pot chrysanthemum `Auburn', and velvet sage (Salvia leucantha L.) relative to traditional night interruption (NI) lighting strategies. Plants were grown in a glass-glazed greenhouse at a mean daily temperature of 19.5-20.7 [degree sign]C with natural SD photoperiods. NI lighting was delivered during the middle of the night (2230-0230 h) from a 600 W cyclic HPS lamp mounted at one gable end of the greenhouse or from incandescent (INC) lamps that were illuminated for the entire 4 h (CONT INC) or for 6 min every 30 min for 4 h. Plants under cyclic HPS were grown at lateral distances of 1, 4, 7, 10, or 13 m from under the lamp. Control plants were grown under an uninterrupted 15 h skotoperiod. As the distance from the cyclic HPS lamp increased from 1 to 13 m, the maximum irradiance measured during the NI decreased from 25.4 to 0.3 [mu]mol m-2 s-1 and time to visible inflorescence (VI) and the number of nodes at VI decreased. All species had a VI within 54 d, but <=10% of plants flowered when grown at a lateral distance of 1 or 4 m from the cyclic HPS lamp or under CONT INC. Plants grown without NI had a VI 2 to 15 d earlier and flowered 7 to 24 d earlier than plants grown at 10 or 13 m from the cyclic HPS. All garden chrysanthemums flowered under cyclic INC, whereas velvet sage and pot chrysanthemum had 15% and 35% flowering, respectively. These results indicate that a cyclic HPS lamp can be used effectively to delay flower induction and prevent flowering in these species when NI is delivered at >=2.4 [mu]mol m-2 s-1. Keywords: Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum; Incandescent lamp; Mexican bush sage; Night interruption; Photoperiodic lighting; Salvia leucantha; Short day V. Andriessa Prameswara, Margaret Johnston, Melinda Perkins, Victor Robertson, Diah Ratnadewi, Ethylene influences development and flowering of Ptilotus spp. in vitro and ex vitro, Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 122, Issue 2, 17 September 2009, Pages 227-232, ISSN 0304- 4238, DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC3-4WDFCFJ- 2/2/3cbd275447932e6a97ba809154f8a690) Abstract: The genus Ptilotus has immense potential for ornamental horticulture but its commercial development has been hindered by propagation limitations. Poor seed quality and germination are reported. Cutting propagation is limited by cutting supply as the juvenile phase of Ptilotus is short. Micropropagation has been used in an attempt to overcome these difficulties but explants become floral in vitro and this causes plantlets to elongate. Ethephon has been used to control flowering of stock plants of many ornamental species. This study investigated the effect of ethephon applied to young (3-week-old, deflasked from tissue culture) and mature (1-year-old) Ptilotus plants in a greenhouse. A system of applying gaseous ethylene at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg l-1 to the headspace of in vitro plantlets in glass jars was developed and the response of in vitro plantlets to ethylene studied. One-year-old Ptilotus plants were treated with 500 mg l-1 ethephon 2 days before pruning or 1 or 2 weeks after pruning. Ethephon application 2 days before pruning decreased the number of inflorescences and increased the number of shoots (compared to the control) but was phytotoxic. Ethephon applications of 150 or 300 mg l-1 applied weekly or fortnightly to 3-week-old plants deflasked from tissue culture reduced plant height and number of inflorescences and at low concentrations increased the number of new shoots. A fortnightly application at 150 mg l-1 is recommended. Previous reports on the effects of ethylene on inflorescence production on plantlets in vitro are limited. Our study showed that exposure of in vitro plantlets of P. nobilis to ethylene gas at 100 mg l-1 for 1 h significantly increased the number of shoots and plant height but this did not occur for plantlets of P. spicatus. Plantlets of P. spicatus exposed to transient ethylene at 200 and 300 mg l-1 showed significantly greater rooting (52.4%) than the control (13.6%).