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Biodiversité Des Ravageurs Lépidoptères Et De Leurs Parasitoïdes En Cannebergières Biologiques Et Conventionnelles Au Centre-Du-Québec

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Biodiversité Des Ravageurs Lépidoptères Et De Leurs Parasitoïdes En Cannebergières Biologiques Et Conventionnelles Au Centre-Du-Québec Biodiversité des ravageurs lépidoptères et de leurs parasitoïdes en cannebergières biologiques et conventionnelles au Centre-du-Québec Mémoire Isabelle Drolet Maîtrise en biologie végétale - avec mémoire Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Isabelle Drolet, 2018 Biodiversité des ravageurs lépidoptères et de leurs parasitoïdes en cannebergières biologiques et conventionnelles au Centre-du-Québec Mémoire Isabelle Drolet Sous la direction de : Valérie Fournier, directrice de recherche Conrad Cloutier, codirecteur II Résumé Les parasitoïdes sont reconnus dans les agroécosystèmes pour jouer un rôle de régulation des insectes herbivores et favoriser un équilibre des communautés d’arthropodes aidant à réduire la dépendance aux pesticides. L'objectif principal consistait à effectuer une étude taxonomique des parasitoïdes des ravageurs lépidoptères de la canneberge (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) dans les plantations commerciales au Centre- du-Québec. Les objectifs spécifiques étaient de comparer la biodiversité des chenilles de lépidoptères et de leurs parasitoïdes entre les modes de gestion biologique et conventionnelle, ainsi que la densité et le parasitisme en champ de cinq ravageurs majeurs d’importance économique : Macaria sulphurea (Packard) (Geometridae), Macaria brunneata (Thunberg) (Geometridae), Xylena nupera (Linter) (Noctuidae), Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) (Tortricidae) et Sparganothis sulfureana (Clemens) (Tortricidae). Huit et 16 fermes ont été échantillonnées en 2012 et 2013 respectivement avec deux techniques complémentaires, le filet fauchoir et les observations visuelles directes. Les chenilles capturées (N = 1497), représentant 18 espèces, ont été mises en élevage individuellement sous conditions contrôlées pour détecter le parasitisme. Chaque année, les cinq ravageurs primaires composaient plus de 80% de la population larvaire. La biodiversité des ravageurs variait entre les deux modes de gestion; R. naevana était dominant sur les fermes biologiques alors qu’une plus grande richesse et équité de ravageurs ont été observées sur les fermes conventionnelles, M. sulphurea, M. brunneata et X. nupera étant les plus abondants. La communauté des parasitoïdes élevés (N = 171) était composée de 25 espèces ou taxons appartenant majoritairement aux genres Aleiodes, Meteorus, Microplitis, Oncophanes (Hymenoptera : Braconidae); Hyposoter, Exetastes, Phytodietus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); et Campylocheta, Nemorilla (Diptera: Tachinidae). Le parasitisme annuel était de l’ordre de 20 à 40% et variait en fonction des espèces hôtes et non des systèmes de gestion. Des quatre ravageurs primaires attaqués, celui le plus parasité a été X. nupera suivi de S. sulfureana, M. sulphurea et le moins parasité a été R. naevana. III Abstract Parasitoids are recognized as beneficial organisms in agro-ecosystems. They are known to play a role in the regulation of various herbivorous insects and their ecological function favors a balance of arthropod communities helping to reduce pesticides dependency. The main objective was to conduct a taxonomic study of the parasitoids of lepidopteran pests on commercial cranberry crop (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) in Center-du-Québec. This study also aimed to compare the biodiversity of the caterpillars and their parasitoids under conventional vs organic managements as well as field density and parasitism of five major pest species of economic importance: Macaria sulphurea (Packard) (Geometridae), Macaria brunneata (Thunberg) (Geometridae), Xylena nupera (Linter) (Noctuidae), Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) (Tortricidae) and Sparganothis sulfureana (Clemens) (Tortricidae). Eight and 16 cranberry farms were sampled in 2012 and 2013, respectively, using two sampling techniques: sweep net and direct visual observations. A total of 1497 caterpillars, comprising 18 species, were captured and individually reared under controlled laboratory conditions to detect parasitism. The five primary pests made up more than 80% of the larval population each year. Pest biodiversity varied between the two pest managements: R. naevana was dominant on organic farms, whereas conventional farms had greater pest richness and evenness, M. sulphurea, M. brunneata and X. nupera being the most abundant. The reared parasitoid community (N = 171) was composed of 25 species or higher taxa and the most common species belong to the genera Aleiodes, Meteorus, Microplitis, Oncophanes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Hyposoter, Exetastes, Phytodietus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); and Campylocheta, Nemorilla (Diptera: Tachinidae). Parasitism differed depending on host biodiversity and not on farming systems. Among the four primary pests which were attacked, X. nupera was the most parasitized, followed by S. sulfureana, M. sulphurea and the least parasitized was R. naevana V Table des matières Résumé............................................................................................................................ III Abstract ............................................................................................................................ V Table des matières......................................................................................................... VII Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................... IX Liste des figures ............................................................................................................. XI Remerciements .............................................................................................................. XV Avant-propos ............................................................................................................... XVII Introduction générale ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 : État des connaissances .............................................................................. 3 1.1. Portrait de la production de canneberges ....................................................... 4 1.2. La plante ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3. Insectes ravageurs de la culture de canneberges ........................................... 8 1.3.1. Macaria sulphurea et M. brunneata (Geometridae) ...................................... 9 1.3.2. Xylena nupera (Noctuidae) .......................................................................... 10 1.3.3. Rhophobota naevana et Sparganothis sulfureana (Tortricidae) ............... 11 1.4. Ennemis naturels en milieu agricole .............................................................. 13 1.5. Parasitoïdes ..................................................................................................... 13 1.6. Parasitoïdes des ravageurs lépidoptères de la canneberge......................... 16 1.6.1. Parasitoïdes des œufs ................................................................................. 16 1.6.2. Parasitoïdes des chenilles ........................................................................... 17 1.7. Principaux facteurs influents à la ferme sur les communautés d’ennemis naturels ....................................................................................................................... 19 1.7.1. Biodiversité végétale ................................................................................... 19 1.7.2. Stabilité de l’habitat ..................................................................................... 21 1.7.3. Monoculture versus polyculture ................................................................. 21 1.7.4. Pesticides ..................................................................................................... 21 1.8. Lutte intégrée des ravageurs en milieu agricole ........................................... 22 1.9. Lutte intégrée des ravageurs de la canneberge ............................................ 22 1.9.1. Dépistage et optimisation du milieu de croissance ................................... 22 1.9.2. Méthodes combinées de lutte aux ravageurs de la canneberge ............... 23 1.9.2.1. Lutte chimique .......................................................................................... 23 1.9.2.2. Lutte culturale ........................................................................................... 26 1.9.2.3. Autres stratégies biologiques ou naturelles ........................................... 29 1.10. Problématique .............................................................................................. 37 1.11. Objectifs et hypothèse de recherche .......................................................... 38 1.11.1. Objectif général ............................................................................................ 38 1.11.2. Objectifs spécifiques ................................................................................... 38 VII 1.11.3. Hypothèses ................................................................................................... 38 1.12. Approche méthodologique .......................................................................... 38 1.13. Informations taxonomiques supplémentaires ........................................... 39 Chapitre 2: Biodiversity of lepidopteran pests and their parasitoids in organic and conventional cranberry crop ......................................................................................... 41 Résumé ......................................................................................................................
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