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Morfologia E Evolução Em Vespas Parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae)

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Morfologia E Evolução Em Vespas Parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Morfologia e evolução em vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) JOÃO PAULO MAIRES HOPPE Vitória, ES Dezembro, 2020 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Morfologia e evolução em vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) JOÃO PAULO MAIRES HOPPE Orientador: Marcelo Teixeira Tavares Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia Animal Vitória, ES Dezembro, 2020 Ficha catalográfica disponibilizada pelo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBI/UFES e elaborada pelo autor Hoppe, João Paulo Maires, 1989- H798 HopMorfologia e evolução em vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: m Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) / João Paulo Maires Hoppe. - 2020. Hop154 f. : il. HopOrientador: Marcelo Teixeira Tavares. HopTese (Doutorado em Biologia Animal) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. Hop1. Morfologia (animais). 2. Entomologia. 3. vespas. 4. Evolução (Biologia). 5. Insetos parasitos. 6. Relação hospedeiro parasito. I. Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira. II. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 57 João Paulo Maires Hoppe “Morfologia e evolução em vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae)” Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Aprovada em 17 de dezembro de 2020. Comissão Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Teixeira Tavares (UFES) Orientador Profa. Dra. Valéria Fagundes (UFES) Coordenadora do PPGBAN Por: Prof. Dr. Bruno Cancian de Araujo (Governo do ES) Examinador Externo Prof. Dr. Renan Maestri (UFRGS) Examinador Externo Prof. Dr. Tiago Mauricio Francoy (USP) Examinador Externo Prof. Dr. Paulo De Marco Júnior (UFG) Examinador Externo Este documento foi assinado digitalmente por MARCELOVALERIA FAGUNDES TEIXEIRA TAVARES Para verificar o original visite: https://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/113924?tipoArquivo=Ohttps://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/114643?tipoArquivo=O UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO PROTOCOLO DE ASSINATURA O documento acima foi assinado digitalmente com senha eletrônica através do Protocolo Web, conforme Portaria UFES nº 1.269 de 30/08/2018, por MARCELO TEIXEIRA TAVARES - SIAPE 1351213 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - DCB/CCHN Em 17/12/2020 às 22:21 Para verificar as assinaturas e visualizar o documento original acesse o link: https://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/113924?tipoArquivo=O Este documento foi assinado digitalmente por MARCELOVALERIA FAGUNDES TEIXEIRA TAVARES Para verificar o original visite: https://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/113924?tipoArquivo=Ohttps://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/114643?tipoArquivo=O UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO PROTOCOLO DE ASSINATURA O documento acima foi assinado digitalmente com senha eletrônica através do Protocolo Web, conforme Portaria UFES nº 1.269 de 30/08/2018, por VALERIA FAGUNDES - SIAPE 1312912 Coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - PPGCBA/CCHN Em 18/12/2020 às 17:22 Para verificar as assinaturas e visualizar o documento original acesse o link: https://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/114643?tipoArquivo=O Este documento foi assinado digitalmente por VALERIA FAGUNDES Para verificar o original visite: https://api.lepisma.ufes.br/arquivos-assinados/114643?tipoArquivo=O “But I own that I cannot see, as plainly as others do, and as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidæ with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice. Not believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye was expressly designed. On the other hand I cannot anyhow be contented to view this wonderful universe and especially the nature of man, and to conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined to look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details, whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance. Not that this notion at all satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe what he can.” Charles Darwin. Carta a Asa Gray, 22/05/1860. AGRADECIMENTOS Cinco anos. Cinco anos de doutorado. Cinco anos se passaram desde que bati na porta do professor Marcelo para conversar sobre o futuro, e recebi um convite para desenvolvermos um trabalho juntos. Foram cinco anos intensos, especialmente na longa subida antes do fim. Agradeço imensamente a todo o apoio e dedicação recebidos do professor Dr. Marcelo Teixeira Tavares. Não só pela sua presença durante todo o trabalho, mas especialmente pela sua dedicação com seus orientandos. Aliás, desde antes do trabalho. Fui seu monitor por anos a fio na Zoologia III, e por várias vezes frequentava o seu laboratório para discutir ideias, tomar café, e conversar sobre questões da biologia e além. O trabalho teria sido impossível, e eu teria sido uma pessoa bem diferente não fosse essa parceria. Muito obrigado, Marcelo. Agradeço aos membros do LaBI, passados e presentes. Obrigado por me aceitarem no seu meio, até então um mastozoólogo, cheio das tabelas e scripts no R. Aonde quer que eu vá, levarei o legado do LaBI: dedicação, organização, as gordices na quinta, e Papai Noel feio na árvore de Natal. Um agradecimento em especial ao Time Ninja: Fernanda, Max e Thales, meus parceiros de baia. Agradeço ao Dr. Bruno Cancian, grande amigo, com grandes histórias. Foi de grande auxílio em vários momentos do doutorado, um dos gurus de mecânica a quem eu sempre recorri quando o carro começava a querer dar uma de engraçado. E, claro, por aceitar o convite para a banca examinadora. Gostaria de agradecer aos demais membros da banca, especialmente por aceitarem o convite em uma data tão difícil quanto o final de dezembro. Obrigado aos Drs. Renan Maestri, Tiago Mauricio Francoy e Paulo de Marco Júnior. Obrigado também aos Drs. Frederico Falcão Salles e Bernardo Ferreira do Santos, membros suplentes. Agradeço aos mestres do PPGBAN, em especial a alguns que sempre responderam com celeridade e nunca deixaram de atender um pedido se estava ao alcance: Dr. Albert David Ditchfield, Dra. Taissa Rodrigues Marques da Silva, e Dr. Yuri Luiz Reis Leite. Ainda na UFES, gostaria de estender ao apoio técnico que tive inúmeras vezes. Obrigado Juliana de Freitas Justino, Monique Nascimento e Ricieri Campo Dall’Orto. Agradeço à CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de pesquisa, e também ao CNPq e FAPES por diversos financiamentos que permitiram aquisição de equipamentos e recursos. A minha pesquisa é uma de milhares que são possíveis somente devido a esse financiamento. Agradeço a minha família por todo o apoio. Obrigado aos meus pais, Paulo e Marta, minha irmã, Paloma, e meus sobrinhos, Arthur e Isadora. O tio jura que vai achar um tempo para a gente trocar Pokémon. Agradeço aos meus amigos, sem os quais nada realmente teria acontecido. Seria impossível citar nominalmente todos vocês aqui, então, para não cometer nenhuma injustiça com ninguém, nem vou tentar resolver essa escolha de Sofia. Vocês sabem quem são. Muito obrigado, meus amigos! Um agradecimento ao Ricardo, meu psicólogo, sem o qual teria sido difícil fazer qualquer coisa em 2020. E olha que já estava difícil antes de COVID. Por fim, não poderia deixar de agradecer a minha parceira na vida. Nossas viagens, nossas aventuras na cozinha, nossos planos para a vida. A tranquilidade que só o aconchego dos seus braços traz. É só junto de você que me considero uma pessoa plena. Obrigado por compartilhar uma vida comigo, Randriely. Te amo. SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................................... 9 LISTA DE TABELAS ....................................................................................................................... 10 RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 12 APRESENTAÇÃO ............................................................................................................................ 13 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................................... 15 CAPÍTULO 1: CATÁLOGO MUNDIAL DE INTERAÇÕES ENTRE CHALCIDINAE E SEUS HOSPEDEIROS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) ............................................ 19 RESUMO .............................................................................................................................................. 19 ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................................
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