Integrating Methods for Control of the Pink Bollworm and Other Cotton In Sects in the Southwestern United States

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Henneberry, T. J., Bariola, L. A., and Kittock, D. L.1980. Integrating Methods for Control of the Pink Bollworm and Other Cotton In sects in the Southwestern United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1610, 45 pp.

A socially, environmentally, and economically ator populations were high in May, June, and acceptable control method for the pink bollworm, mid- to late July, decreasing in August when pink Pectinophora gossypiella \Saunders), in the bollworm populations are increasing. The role of cotton-( Gossypium spp.) growing areas of the insect predator-prey interactions early and late in Southwestern United States is essential to the the season also needs further study. further development of an efficient, effective cot The use of plant growth regulators to remove ton pest management program. late-season sources for pink bollworm oviposition The results of research studies conducted and. larval food to develop an overwintering gen from 1972 to 1977, and reported in this bulletin. eration of the insect consistently resulted in more identified nectariless cotton types and selective than 90 percent reduction in the diapause larval termination of late-season cotton fruiting forms population at harvesttime with minimum effect on as potential components of an integrated system cotton yield. that could provide acceptable pink bollworm con Additional methods that might be used with trol. resistant cotton and chemical termination are, in The nectariless character in cotton reduced each season, pheromone trapping or pheromone pink bollworm infestations approximately 50 per confusion, judicious use of insecticides during the cent as compared with infestations in nectaried growing season and, in late season, early irriga cotton. During one season, in conjunction with tion cutoff, and cultural methods such as' early careful monitoring of cotton bolls to estimate an plow down, winter irrigation, and crop rotation. If established economic threshold of 10 percent in applied over a large area, these methods could festation, only two insecticide applications were provide the pink bollworm control necessary to required for control, and acceptable cotton lint develop an effective cotton pest management yields were obtained. system. Additional benefits from the nectariless character were 37 to 57 percent reduction in Lygus spp. and 8 to 66 percent reduction in cotton leafperforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck. KEYWORDS: Pink hollworm, cotton insects, cot Delay or prevention of insecticide applications ton integrated methods, resistant early in the season for Lygus control reduces ad cotton varieties, plant growth reg verse effects on beneficial species regulating ulator, cotton sampling, cotton H eliothis spp. populations; however, total predator yield, cotton quality, pheromone, populations in nectariless cottons were also re gossyplure, hexalure, chemical duced. The reason for these reductions and possi termination, cultural practices, ble changes in prey-predator ratios and their in beneficial insects, predators, nec teractions need further detailed study. Insect pred tariless.

For slIle h~' tile Superlntendcnt of Documcnts, r.;.~. GOl"cnmcnt Printing Office WlIslllngton. D.C. 20402 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ...... 1 Meloland. Calif.. 1975 ...... 12 History of the pink bollworm in the Nectariless cotton and chemical termination United States...... 1 in commercial grower fields, 1975 and Literature review ...... 2 1976 ...... 15 General methods ...... 6 Procedure ...... 15 Sampling for pink bollworms in bolls Results ...... 15 and soil samples ...... 6 Chemical termination and cotton defoliation on Pink bollworm male moth trapping ...... 6 commercial grower fields, 1977 ...... 2l Sweep net and D-vac sampling...... 6 Procedure ...... 21 Plant growth regulators ...... 6 Results ...... 22 Cotton yields ...... 7 Nectariless cotton and chemical termination ex Overwintering pink bollworm moth emer periments in 1976 and 1977 at the University gence and population development...... 7 of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, In-season insecticide control and selective Yuma, and Arizona State University Experi- chemical termination of late-season cotton ment Farm, Tempe ...... 23 fruiting. 1973 ...... 7 Procedures (Yuma, Ariz .. 1976, 1977) ...... 23 Procedures ...... 7 Results ...... 24 Results ...... 7 Procedures (Tempe, Ariz., 1976, 1977) ...... 27 Chemical termination, 1974 and 1975 ...... 10 Results ...... 28 Parker. Ariz., 1974 ...... 11 Discu$sion ...... 31 Indio. Calif.. 1974 ...... 11 Literature cit~d ...... 43

This paper contmns the results of research only. Mention of pesticides does not constitute a recommendation for use, nor does it imply that the pesticides are registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act as amended. The use of trade names in this publica60n does not constitute a guarantee, warranty, or endorsement of the products by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Issued July 1980 Integrating Methods for Control of the Pink Bollworm and Other Cotton insects in the Southwestern United States

By T. J. Henneberry, L. A. Bariola, and D. L. Kittock'

INTRODUCTION

Since 1967, the pink bollworm, Pectinophora Preliminary data indicate that pink bollworm gossypiella (Saunders), has caused serious populations from cotton grown in the Imperial economic losses to cotton-(Gossypium spp.) grow Valley, Calif., are more tolerant than previously ers in Arizona and southern California from re to organophosphate insecticides (H. T_ Reynolds, duced yields and quality and increasing costs of personal communication). An acceptable method insecticides (49).2 Heavy reliance on chemicals for of control is an important first step toward de control has resulted in sporadicHeliothis spp. out velopment of an effective cotton pest manage breaks and increased problems with cotton leaf ment system in production areas where the pink perforators, Bucculatrix thllrberiella Busck (14). bollworm is a problem.

HISTORY OF THE PINK BOLLWORM IN THE UNITED STATES

The insect was described by W. W. Saunders covered in Louisiana in 1919. The insect has per in 1842 from specimens damaging cotton in India. sisted along the Mexican border adjacent to west It apparently reached Egypt in infested cotton Texas since 1918. In 1936, pink bollworm infesta seed shipped from India about 1906-07 and was tions' probably from windborne moths, occurred introduced into the Western Hemisphere between again in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and 1911 and 1913 in cottonseed shipped from Egypt to adjacent Mexico, eventually spreading to the rest Brazil, Mexico, the West Indies, and the Philip of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and sections of pine Islands (4)_ Arizona, Arkansas, and Louisiana by the mid The pink bollworm was detected in Texas cot 1950's. ton in 1917. The SOUTce of infestation was traced to The first pink bollworm infestations in eastern cottonseed shipped in 1916 from Mexico to Texas Arizona were reported in 1926. The insect has per oil mills. The infestations were apparently elimi sisted there since that time. At periodic intervals nated by the use of cotton-free zones and exten thereafter, infestations occurred in other parts of sive cleanup measures, as was an infestation dis the State and were suppressed through coopera tive Federal, State, and industry programs. These lHenneberry and Bariola are entomologists. Western Cot activities were terminated after the 1963 cotton ton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, Ariz.; Kittock is an a harvest. Pink bollworm infestations were next gronomist, Cotton Research Center, Phoenix, Ariz. found in California in the Imperial Valley in 1965. 2Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited. Spread was rapid through0ut southern California p.45. and severe losses occurred by 1967. Infestations 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE were detected in the high desert areas of Los vated cotton in northern Florida and southern Angeles and San Bernadino Counties in that year, Georgia during 1932-36. It has survived in wild and four moths and six larvae were fO'.1nd in the cotton in southern Florida since its discovery in San Joaquin Valley near Bakersfield. Although 1932 despite eradication of wild and dooryard cot varying numbers of native moths have been trap ton hosts from that year to 1967, except for the ped each year since 1969, larvae were not found period July1. 1947 to June 30,1949. From 1967 to again in the San Joaquin Valley until 1977. At 1971, these cottons each year were rogued in only present, the San Joaquin Valley remains the only one-third of the known infested area in southern cotton-growing region in the Western United Florida. Roguing was discontinued in 1971, and States not infested by pink bollworm. the insect con~inues to exist there. The pink bollworm was eradicated from culti

LITERATURE REVIEW

Considerable amounts of basic biological and source. In the first of these approaches. the in ecological information have been accumulated sects are killed, trapped, or otherwise disposed of and applied in developing pink bollworm control at the pheromone source. The latter approach in programs. No single control method is completely volves prevention of communication within the satisfactory. The possibility of combining a species, resulting in reduced mating and con number of methods into a single control system sequent reduced reproductive potential of the in appears the most promising approach. sect. Extensive studies have been conducted to The research contributions of many scientists evaluate the impact of releasing high levels of haw demonstrated that suppressive measures can gossyplure in cottonfields on pink bollworm popu be applied and have impact on reducing pink lation development (24). bollworm populations at manv points in its sea The results indicate a level of pink bollworm sonal cycle. control was achieved that is comparable to that Moths from overwintered pink bollworm lar currently obtained with insecticide treatments. vae begin to emerge in early sprin~, and Trapping with sex pheromone baits in the field emergence may continue into the summer \22.41. has been less well investigated; however, the 51. 52). The first generation is initiated in squares theoretical potential of the method appears to in early June hy moths from overwintered larvae warrant further attention (33). Neumark et al. (44). Limited availability of host material and (3H) iIi Israel indicated effective control of pink other factors result in low reproduction during bollworm infestations using gossyplure-baited this period ((i). Application of additional pressure traps at a rate of one trap to 5 ha supplemented against the population during this critical period by insecticide sprays at predetermined population of establishment may be an important considera levels. tion in developing an integrated pink bollworm Flint et al. (18) reported high early season control system. pink bollworm male moth catches with dosages Researchers (2(i) learned that the sex ranging from 50 to 109,350 Ilg of gossyplure per pheromone (gossyplure) of the pink bollworm was rubber stopper substrate. In a test to meaSure the a mixture of the geometrical isomers of 7,11 efficiency of the gossyplure- baited traps, about 43 hexadecadienyl acetate amd that a 1:1 mixture of percent of 515 radio-labeled, overwintered, re the (Z,Z)- and (Z,E)- isomers was the most at leased native males were recaptured in a 15.4-ha tractive combination in field trap tests. BierI et aL field containing 40 traps baited with 1000 Ilg of (11) reported similar results. gossyplure. During the release period, 2,313 un Two main approaches for use of the labeled native males were also caught. The data pheromone for control in early season have been showed that gossyplure was efficient in capturing suggested: (1) Utilization of the normal behavioral males early in the season, and male annihilation response of the insect to reach the pheromone using pheromone-bf'ited traps was a potential source. and (2) inhibition of the normal be control method. havioral response preventing orientation to the Flint et al. (19) investigated the effect of early INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 3 season male trapping on pink bollworm popula Table I.-Total number of pinl~ bollllorm males! tion development. The trap used was a 300-ml captured month/.v in gossyplure:!.-baited Huber styrofoam cereal bowl with four holes, 2.2 cm in traps3 4 in cotton, small grains, and alfalfa, and diameter, cut in the sides of the bowl. The inside pink bollworm infestations in cotton during 1975 surface of the lid was coated with Stickem"'. The a t the U nit'ersit,v of Arizona C' 0 ttOIl Research authors found that pink bollworm moths fre Center. Phoenix, Ariz. quently entered and left the trap without being captured. They incorporated 10 percent di Pink bollworm larvae captured monthly crotophos (dimethyl phosphate ester of (E) -3 hydroxy-N,N-dimethylcrotonamide) in the Stick Sample May June July August em to increase trap efficiency and kill (about 13 percent increase) those contacting but escaping -··········_···-·-Sumbf:r ...... -...... _.... the Stickem. Males captured 4,658 6.293 5.402 10.878 The male annihilation field test was conducted Rosette blooms on the University of Arizona Cotton Research (percent) 111 Center Farm, Phoenix, Ariz., in 1975. The farm Larvae per 100 bolls 657 had 35.8 ha of cotton, 26.1 ha of small grains, and 18.8 ha of alfalfa. Traps were placed in the field lIn .July 47 percent and in August 20 percent were moths during April 29 to May 14 at the rate of 12 trapsl escaped from nearby rearing facility as determined by check· ha on a grid pattern in an crops. Traps were ing about 30 Sharma traps in each of 8 to 10 fields. 2100 Ilgirubberstopper. changed monthly. Trap density was increased to :lStickem covered lid contained 10 percent dicrotophos. 25/ha and 50/ha in cotton only on June 3 and 4AII crops 12 iha until June 3. increased to 25 ha on June June 13, respectively. During early June, traps 3 and 50, ha on June 13 in cotton. Traps removed from small were removed from grain and alfalfa fields. Trap grain and alfalfa in early June. ping was continued in cotton until Sept. 15. Note: Dashes indicate no data. Weekly samples of 50 bolls were taken from each Source: Flin t et al. (lg). of the 11 cottonfields, and larval infestations were determined by boll examination. seasons (1972-74) with similar economic Five Sharma traps (43) checked twice weekly thresholds used for initiation of insecticide treat were maintained from Nov. I, 1974, to the end of ments but in the absence of early season trapping. the 1975 season to monitor emergence of overwin The results of the male annihilation test ap· tering moths and moth population density during peared promising but. as the authors stated. must the growing season. The total numbers of moths be considered inconclusive since insecticides were caught in Sharma survey traps in 1975 were: applied to all cotton in the experimental area on January, 1; February, 0; and March, 14. Moths the farm beginning on July 10,1975. and weekly from overwintering larvae began to emerge in thereafter to Oct. 6. The effect of the trapping early April when about one moth per night was program was, therefore. difficult to interpret. recorded. Numbers of male moths caught per During the growing season. insecticides re night per trap increased gradually thereafter to a main the principal pink bollworm control method. peak of two in mid-May, declined to about 0.2 in Growers often follow a rigid 5· to '7 -day applica early June, and increased to 1.5 per night per trap tion schedule. The number of insecticide applica in mid-June. tions can often be markedly reduced by basing Approximately 27,000 pink bollworm native need for treatment on economic threshold levels, male moths (see table 1) were caught during the using pink bollworm populations in bolls (49) or season (19). Rosette bloom counts indicated that a by the numbers of adults collected in traps (45). low-level infestation was initiated in June, but Chemical control will remain a vital component of only 0.06 and 0.05 pink bollworm larvae per boll cotton insect l!ontrol methodology during the were found in June and July, respectively. Only 9 growing season regardless of what other popula· percent of the cotton acreage attained 10 percent tion suppression measures are used. The or greater boll infestations during the season. This incorporation of insect resistant germplasm into is compared with 45 to 100 percent attaining this agronomically acceptable cotton types, however. level of infestation during the preceding three may help to reduce the number of applications 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPI'. OF AGRICULTURE

necessary to prevent losses. Laboratory evalua· plot to obtain yield data. Seed was X-rayed for de tions of primitive cottons have revealed a number termination of pink bollworm damage. of lines that have significant detrimental effects In both years. the mean seasonal number of on pink bollworm larval growth and development pink bollworms and seed damage on nectariless (:Jo). cotton were less (61 and 39 percent in 1974, and In many insect species. a source of adult food 46 and 39 percent in 1975, respectively) than in is necessary for maximum longevity and repro the nectaried plots (table 3). Seed cotton yields duction. Many of these species, as is true for the were similar in both cultivars. pink bollworm. utilize plant nectar as a source of The nectariless character also has value inre such food (34). In addition. bolls of nectariless ducin&" other cotton pests. For example, Schuster cotton grown in field cages had approximately 50 et al. (42) found that numbers of cotton fleahop- percent fewer pink bollworm mines than did bolls from nectaried types (35). Although the potential value of nectariless Table 2.-Mean numberl of pink bollworm larvae and percentage of infested bolls from cotton in reducing pink bollworm infestations was 2 reported in 1965. large field tests were not con insecticide- treated and untreated'Deltapine 16' ducted until 1974. In 1974. an experiment was cotton plots at Parker,Ariz.,31973 conducted at the Bruce Church Farms. Inc.. Pru-ker. Ariz. (57). 'Deltapine 16' and 'Deltapine Larvae 16 nectariless' cottons were planted March 20, per 100 bolls Bolls infested and 25-26, respectively, in four adjacent blocks Sampling Insecticide Insecticide (eight plots of 4.05 ha each). datf:' treated Untreated treated Untreated Beginning July 12 and each week for 8 weeks thereafter. 50 firm green bolls per week were har Nllmbrr Numbrr PercC'ni PC'rcC'ni vested from each of seven sampling locations in .July 10 < 1 a 1 a < 1 a 1 a each plot: three samples from a 22- by 22-m area 16 < 1 a 1 a <: 1 a 1 a in the center of each plot and four additional 2:3 4 a 5 a 2 a 4 a samples from locations midway between the Aug. £) a 7 a 3 a 3 a center and the four corners of each plot. The bolls ~ 4 b ~ a 1 a 1 a were held in plastic sweater boxes as described by 1:3 (j a 9 a < 1 a 2 a Fye (21) for 2 weeks, and the number of emerged 20 11 b 23 a 1 b 6 a pink bollworms was recorded. On Nov. 4. cotton 2H 14 b 50 a 4 b 21 a was handpicked from a row 18.3 m long in the Sept. a 14 b 56 a 10 b 26 a center ru'eas of each plot to obtain yield data and 11 28 b 1:32 a 4 b 32 a 17 b to provide seeds for X-ray examination (56). Pes 58 168 a 2H h 54 a 25 76 b 198 a 32 b 64 a ticides were applied by the grower at his discre tion but always to all cotton in the experiment Total ~1~ b 658 iI (see table 2). In 1975. seeds of 'Stoneville 7A' and Mean 18 h 55 a 7 b 18 a 'Stoneville 731N' (nectariless) cottons were planted (four plots each, 0.5 ha/plot) at the lMeam; of H replications. Means not followed by the same Arizona State University Farm Laboratory. letter within a category in thE' same row are significantly dif Tempe, Ariz., on April 29-30. No insecticide was ferent. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05) applied during the season. From Aug. 24 to Oct. 1, :1plots treated on ,July 5, 10. 17, and 24 with 420 gai /ha 50 green bolls per week were picked from a 15.2 chlordimeform; on ,July :31, Aug. 7 and 14 with 420 gai ha by 27 A-m center area of each plot. The bolls were chlordimeform plus 489 gai 'ha monocrotophos; on Aug, 21, 28, and Sept. II with 711 gaiha monocrotophos; and Sept. 18 held in emergence containers, and pink bollworm with 264 and 1:32 gaL ha 6-a methyl. ethyl parathion. counts were made as previously described. Also, IThe au thors appreciate the cooperation of personnel of four times, from Sept. 18 to Oct. 30, all cotton the Bruce Church Farms. !nc.. in conducting this research. was handpicked in a 9.1-m length of row in each Note: Dashes indicate no data. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 5

Table 3.-Mean numberl of pink bollworms per 100 in Arizona have not been considered important in bolls, percentage of damaged seed, and seed cot reducing populations of pink bollworm since they ton yield in cotton from nectaried and nectariless are declining late in the growing season when the cotton at Parker and Tempe, Ariz., in 19742 and pink bollworm population is increasing (13), and 19753 the feeding larval stage of the pink bollworm is completely within the boll and, thus, protected from predation. In large plantings of nectariless PBW cotton, the complex of interacting arthropod per 100 Seed populations may change in favor of those species green Damaged cotton that feed predominantly on other food sources Cultivar Location bolls seed yield (insects, pollen, and other plant materials) other than nectar. The direct effect of reducing ar Number Percent Kg/h~ thropod species that feed on nectar and the 1974 change in prey-predator relationships must there fore be assessed in greater detail. 'Deltapine16' Parker 10 a 2 a 7688 a 'Deltapine16' Control strategies can be applied effectively nectariless ··do·· 4 b 1 b 7193 a late in the growing season with major impact on 1975 pink bollworm populations. Typically, cotton boll set begins in early June and peaks in early to 'Stoneville 7A' Tempe 79 a 30 a 2973 a mid.. July. Bolls that are set before late August or 'Stoneville ,3IN' mid-September, depending on geographical loca nectariless ··do·· 43 b 9 b 2957 a tion, usually mature and open normally. Bolls set after these dates usually do not mature or they IMeans within a column and within a year not followed by produce fibers of low quality (9). Thus, most of the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's mUltiple the harvestable cotton is produced by Sept. 1; range te~t (P=.05). however, the cottons presently grown in most 2Seasonal mean, 8 weekly samples, 50 bolls per samplE', 7 areas exhibit indeterminant pLmt growth charac samples, 4 replicates. 3Seasonal mean, 6 weekly samples. 50 bolls per sample. 4 teristics. Cotton fruiting continues until frost and replicates. pink bollworms develop in bolls that may not con tribute to yield but do provide a source of pink Source: Wilson and Wilson (67). bollworms to infest cotton planted the following year. Pink bollworm larvae begin to enter per, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), and tar diapause (overwintering form) in early September nished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de and by Oct. I, 60 to 80 percent of those found are Beauvois), were reduced about 60 percent in plant in this form (47; L. A. Bariola, unpublished data). ings of nectariless cotton; however, populations of Kittock et al. (32) found that the magnitude of certain beneficial insects also were reduced. the late fall (October, November) pink bollworm Benschoter and Leal (10) found that cotton leaf· population was significantly correlated to the perforator moths lived longer in the laboratory on number of immature bolls at harvesttime. cotton with nectaries than on nectariless cotton Many investigators have recognized that with the result that the nectaried cotton had diapausing pink bollworms are vulnerable to man larger larval populations and increased leaf dam ipulations that cause mortality and reduce popu age. These results were corroborated under field lation development. The focal points for consider conditions (25). In addition,. numbers of Lygus ation, in each case, are destruction of the over spp. were reduced, as well as total insect predator wintering larvae or prevention of the development populations. in late-season cotton bolls that serve as a source The importance of the effect on beneficial in of oviposition and food for the late-season popula sects is unknown. Reduced numbers may occur tion. • because of reduced pest-host density or need for Some farm practices in late fall and early nectar as a food source for the beneficial species. winter that destroy numbers of overwintering lar Natural populations of predatory insects on cotton vae are stalk shredding, early and deep tillage 6 TECHNICALBUILETIN1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(22, 50), winter irrigation (39, 52), and crop ro late-season boll development by terminating cot tation (37). ton irrigation on about Aug. 1. Various methods have also been proposed for Mauney et al. (36) proposed that selective reducing the number of developing diapause lar termination of cotton fruiting during early Sep vae in the fall. Chapman and Cavitt (16) reported tember with plant growth regulators would reduce that stripping all fruiting forms from cotton numbers of diapausing pink bollworm larvae as plants on Oct. 1 reduced the number of larvae in related to the number of immature bolls available the soil by 75 percent. Adkisson (1) and Adkisson and have the least adverse effect on yield and et al. (3) found that applications of defoliants or quality. Bariola et al. (8) and Kittock et al. (30, desiccants in late August reduced sources of food 32) confirmed this in field tests in 1971. and oviposition for pink bollworms and, sub sequently, the number of diapausing larvae found The need to develop a system of pink in cottonseeds by about 90 percent. Similar re bollworm control that integrates several of these sults were reported in California by Rice et al. promising suppression technologies into a single (40). In addition, Watson et al. (48) minimized management system prompted the initiation in overwintering pink bollworm numbers by limiting 1971 of the investigations report in this bulletin.

GENERAL .METHODS Sampling for Pink Bollworms in Bolls and Pink Bollworm Male Moth Trapping Soil Samples Where appropiate, Sharma- (43) ,or Delta (20) type traps, baited with either 25 mg of hexa In our experiments conducted during 1973-77, lure (28) on cigarette filters or 1000 IJg (18) of pink bollworm populations in cotton bolls were gossyplure on rubber stoppers, were located in determined by weekly picking of 50 or 100 (de cottonfields to monitor male moth populations pending on plot size) firm green bolls from ex and study seasonal distribution. Lures, in either perimental plots. Boll sampling usually began case, were renewed every 2 weeks. When Delta with availability of first pink bollworm susceptible traps were used, traps were replaced when 100 bolls in early July and continued for as long as moths were caught. Traps were checked twice a bolls were available or until cotton was harvested. week. and the moths were counted. The numbers of pink bollworms were determined by (1) counting exit holes and cutting open the Sweep Net and D-vac Sampling bolls to examine for larvae (cut-boll method) or (2) the incubated boll method ofFye (21). Insects were monitored weekly in experimen When the incubated boll method was used, all tal plots by taking 25, 50, or 100 sweeps, depend larvae that cut out of the bolls and those found in ing on plot size. with a standard sweep net. In ad the bolls were counted, collected, and held in dition, D-vac (suction machine) (17) samples of petri dishes containing moist tissue paper. The in two 15-m sections of row from each plot at each sects were examined at :intervals thereafter over a location were also taken weekly. In each case, 4-week period, and numbers of adults, pupae, and numbers of L_ygus spp., black fleahoppers live and dead larvae were recorded. Living larvae (Spanagonicus albofasciatus {Reut.} ), Empoasca remaining at the end of the examination period spp., cotton leafperforator, cotton fleahopper, were considered to be in diapause. To determine wasps, Nabis spp., Geocorisspp., Orius spp., Coc the number of larvae in soil and trash in the fall, cinellids, spiders, Collops spp., and Chrysopa spp. soil samples of 1 m2 by 15 cm deep of cotton row were recorded. were processed in a gin trash machine; and the numbers of insects were recorded. All fruiting Plant Growth Regulators forms on the plants in the soil-sampled area were The effect of the application of plant growth also examined for larvae. regulators on cotton fruiting forms was deter INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 7 mined in either or both of two ways: (1) flowers, Overwintering Pink Bollworm Moth small bolls, and large bolls were counted weekly Emergence and Population Development on all plants in six to eight randomly selected areas of 1 m of row in all treated and control plots Pyramid moth emergence cages, 1.8 m2 , were and/or (2) the numbers of green bolls in all used to determine effects of the previous year's treated and control plots were counted in two treatments on numbers of pink bollworms emerg 15-m randomly selected row samples per plot at ing the following spring. Cages were placed in the harvesttime. field as soon after cotton planting and seedling emergence as possible. Cages were checked daily Cotton Yields except for weekends, and the numbers of moths emerged were recorded. In some experiments, Saran screen-covered field cages (3.6 m by 7.3 m Cotton was machine (spindle picker ) har by 1.8 m high) were also placed in the plots over vested. Usually, four to eight rows per plot were planted cotton. Firm green bolls (50 to 75 per picked. Cotton was weighed, and sUbsamples were cage) were picked periodically to determine the taken for quality mea.surements, lint percentage, spring pink bollworm population development as and trash content. related to the previous year's treatments .

IN-SEASON INSECTICIDE CONTROL AND SELECTIVE CHEMICAL TERMINATION OF LATE-SEASON COTTON FRUITING, 1973

Procedures dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (0.028 kg active in In 1973, a test was conducted on the Bruce gredient (ai) per ha), plus chlorflurenol, methyl Church, Inc., farm, Parker, Ariz_, to evaluate the 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (0.56 combination of (1) an in-season insecticide spray kg ai/ha) , using a high clearance ground sprayer. program to keep pink bollworm numbers at low Boll samples (50/plot) were picked weekly there levels during the growing season and (2) chemical after from all plots from Sept. 11 to Oct. 25, and termination ·of late-season fruiting to reduce the the numbers of pink bollworms in the bolls and overwin:ering population. those in diapause were determined by the incu bated boll method. A 14.6-ha field of 'Deltapine 16' skip-row (two rows planted, one row not planted) cotton was ar The field was replanted to 'Deltapine 16' cot ranged in a sp1it-plot design of 12 whole plots (24 ton in 1974. After plant emergence, four pyramid split plots) of approximately 1.2 ha each. Whole pink bollworm moth emergence cages and one plot treatments consisted of four replications each Saran screen-covered field cage were placed in of (1) alfalfa looper, Autographa california each plot to determine moth emergence and popu (Speyer), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ACNPV), lation buildup in the field cages. applied weekly JUly 3 to Sept. 18; (2) scheduled application of insecticides (see table 3); and (3) untreated control plots. Samples of 100 green Results bolls were picked weekly from JUly 10 to Sept. 26 The in-season insecticide spray schedule con and were examined by cut-boll method for pink trolled pink bollworms through Sept. 11. Infesta bollworm larvae. tions were low in all plots until mid-August ( table ACNPV applications had no effect on pink 3). In the untreated plots, there were 0.5 lar bollworm populations, and, for purposes of va/boll and 21 percent boll infestation on Aug. 29. further analysis, the data from these plots were Populations increased rapidly thereafter in un combined and considered as an additional four treated plots, reaching about 2.0 larvae/boll and untreated control plots. 64 percent infested bolls on Sept. 25. The last in One-half of each whole plot (about 0.6 hal secticide application was applied Sept. 18, and was treated on Aug. 21 with 2,4-D, (2,4 numbers of larvae in bolls increased in both 8 TECHNICALBUILETINl610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE treated and untreated plots thereafter. The results seed or fiber quality characteristics (table 6 and of the incubated boll data (table 4) indicate that 7), but fiber strength, micronaire, and carding lower populations existed in the plots treated dur loss differed between first and second cotton har ing the season with insecticide for several weeks vests. after the last application as compared with un Pink bollworm moth emergence the following treated plots; however, larval populations were in spring (1974) was reduced in the terminated plots creasing in bolls in all plots. The percentage of as compared with those in the unterminated plots larvae in diapause showed a rapid rise during and in each case was less in plots protected with September to 88 percent by Oct. 2 (table 4). insecticides the previous season than in those re There was a slightly higher percent of larvae in ceiving no insecticides. The differences due to in diapause in the terminated plots than in the non secticide treatment, however, were not statisti terminated plots in September. There was no dif cally different. These results are as follows: ference in the percentage of larvae in diapause Mead number of moths per due to the in-season insecticide treatments. Treatment hectare emerged The numbers of pink bollworm larvae in the soil and in bolls and the number of green bolls CHEMICALLY TERMINATED In-season insecticide treated ...... 13,342 b were reduced more than 90 percent in chemically Untreated ...... 17,534 ab terminated plots (table 5). There were fewer lar NONTERMINATED vae in soil and bolls in terminated and nontermi In-season insecticide treated ...... 19,440 ab nated plots treated with insecticide during the Untreated ...... 28,970 a season than in the controls. Lint yields were lMeans of 4 cages per pl"t, 8 plots untreated, 4 plots insec· higher in the insecticide treated plots than in con ticide treated. Means in the eolumns not followed by the same trol plots. Chemical termination did not affect letter are significantly different (Duncan's multiple range test, yield. None of the treatments adversely affected P=.05).

Table 4.-Mean number ofpink bollwormsl per 50 belis ~nd percent age in diapause2 from chemically terminated and nonterminated insecticide- treated3 and untreated fDeltapine 16' cotton plots, Parker, Ariz., 1973

______~- _~______Sampling date ______.. __ __

__ ~~ _S__eE~~..1?~.:... ______~_____Oc.!.obe~ ____ _ Treatment 11 17 26 2 10 18 26

·-·--·-·-----··Mean number per 50 bolls···-···---..----·-·--.. Chemically terminated:4 Insecticide treated 5 b 6 b 8 b 23 ab 16 a 35 be 23 b Untreated 30 a 16 b 31 a 41 a 24 a 53 ab 35 ab N on terminated: Insecticide treated 3 b 15 b 10 b 15 b 8 b 21 c 32 ab Untreated 32 a 28 a 32 a 32 ab 27 a 57 a 49 a ------·--·----·Percent diapause farrae .....-.-...-.-......

Chemically terminated 4 36 a 55 a 76 a 94 a 96 a 94 a 98 a Nonterminated 22 a 46 a 66 a 88 a 90 a 96 a 97 a

IMeans within each sampling date not followed by the same letter are signifi· cantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (p=.05l. 4 replications insecticide treated, 8 replications untreated. 212 replications. 3See table 3 for spray schedule durinb the growing season. 42,4-D (0.028 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Aug. 21. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 9

Table 5.-Mean} lint yield, number of immature green bolls, and pink bollworm larvae in soil and bolls at harvest in chemically terminated,2 nonterminated, and insecticide- treated3 and un treated cotton plots, Parker, Ariz., 1973

Immature Larvae in·· Treatment Lint yield bolls Bolls Soil

---~---- Kglha Numberlha Numberlha Numberlha Chemically terminated: In-season insecticide 1,782 a 21,546 b 24,209 c 4,036 c Untreated 1,570 b 13,437 b 295,881 b 75,315 ab Nonterminated: In-season insecticide 1,865 a 272,668 a 38,332 c 11,433 c Untreated 1,412 b 272,105 a 624,043 a 95,490 a

--.~~~------" IMean of 4 replications; 2 15-m samples per plot for immature bolls, 2 soil samples of! m2 x 15 cm deep of row per plot for larvae in soil and bolls. Means not followed by the same letter within column are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 22,4-D (0.028 kg ai/ha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Aug. 21. 3See table 3 for insecticide spray schedule.

Table 6.-Mean} seed weight, percentage of germi nation, and damaged seed from chemically ter minated2 and nonterminated insecticide- treated3 plots, Parller, Ariz., 1973

Seed Damaged Germi seed Treatment Weight nation (floaters)

GJlOO Percent Percent In-season insecticides: Chemically terminated:

1st pick (10/30) 10 a 95 a 10 c 2d pick (1215) 11 a 87 a 15 ab Nonterminated:

1st pick 11 a 96 a 12 bc 2d pick 11 a 83 a 17 a Means: Chemically terminated 11 a 91 a 12 b Nonterminated 11 a 90 a 15 a

JMean of 4 replications. Means in a column not followed by the same letter are significantly different, according to Dun can's multiple range test (P= .05). 22,4-D (0.028 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Aug. 21. 3See table 3 for spray schedule. 10 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The chemical termination treatment in 1973 (table 8). There did not appear to be any carry delayed the 1974 buildup of damaging popula over effect from the insecticide spray schedule tions, and the average boll infestations were sig applied during the previous cotton-growing sea nificantly lower during the first 5-week period son.

Table 7 .-Cotton fiber quality measurements} in first and second cotton harvests2 from chemically terminated3 and nonterminated, insecticide- treated4 and untreated cotton plots, Parker, Ariz., 1973

,.-~~------.-_._.------.-.---~-~--...----"~------

___ Fiber _~~ng!J1__ . Gin 2.5 50 Fiber Micron· Yarn Carding Treatment turnout Lint Trash percent percent strength aire strength loss ... -~------~--~--.---~- --~------.--- .. --~..~----~------.-'--"-- --_._--- _ Mil/i· Mil/i· Percent Percent Percent meters meters miI'/Tex eN/Tex Percent Chemically terminated: In-season insecticide· treated: 1st pick 29.7 a 33.6 a n.5 a 28.7 a 13.0 a 200.1 a 4.85 a n.6 a 12.5 c 2dpick 31.4 a 41.7 a 24.5 a 28.4 a 12.4 a 177.6 b 4.31 b 10.8 a 20.8 a Untreated: 1st pick 29.1 a 33.4 a 12.8 a 2d pick 30.9 a 41.9 a 25.9 a N onterminated: In· season insecticide· treated: 1st pick 28.3 a 33.2 a 14.7 a 29.0 a 13.0 a 197.2 a 4.78 a 11.2 a 13.1 c 2d pick 30.6 a 39.3 a 22.1 a 28.2 a 12.2 a 183.4 b 4.04 b 11.3 a 17.9 b Untreated: 1st pick 29.5 a 33.5 a 12.0 a 2dpick 31.0 a 39.7 a 21.8 a

------~~.-~...------'~-----~-- ~-. lMeans within a column not followed by the .same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multi· pIe range test (P=.05). 2First harvest Oct. 30, second harvest Dec.15. 32,4·D (0.028 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Aug. 21. 4See table 3 for insecticide spray schedule. Note: Dashes indicate no data.

CHEMICAL TERMINATION, 1974 AND 1975

Timing is a critical consideration in the appli in 1974, and Meloland, Calif., in 1975 to more ac cation of plant growth regulators to remove late curately determine the optimal time of application season bolls without affecting yields. Experiments and efficacy of several plant growth regulators. were conducted at Parker, Ariz., and Indio, Calif., INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 11

l Table 8.-Mean number of pink bollworms per 50 Table 9.-Effects of plant growth regulators! on incubated bolls from caged cotton plants in 1974 yields and number of immature bolls and pink from chemically terminated,2 nonterminated, and 3 bollworm larvae in cotton plots chemically termi insecticide- treated and untreated cotton plots in nated on different dates, Parker, Ariz., 19742 1973

Treat Larvae in- ment Lint Immature Immature Soil date 3 4 July ___~_ August___ yield bolls bolls samples5 Treatment 10 19 24 2 12 14 21 Thousands Thousands Thousands Chemically Kg/ha /ha /ha /ha terminated: Aug. 22 2459 a 6 c < 1 b 0 In-season Sept. 4 2508 a 127 b 12 a 15 Control 2449 a 278 a insecticide 2 3 12 10 14 14 14 13 a 40 Untreated <1 4 4 15 17 16 13 12,4-D (0.028 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal Total 3a 7b 16a 25b 31b 30a 27 a applied by air. 2Means not followed by the same letter are statistically dif Nonterminated: ferent. Duncan's mUltiple range test (P=.05). Each figure is an In-season average of 4 replicates. insecticide 1 24 4 12 20 10 10 3Counts made on 2 15-m sections of row/plot after first Untreated 1 4 12 20 26 14 9 harvest on Nov. 4. 4Calculated from number of larvae per 100 bolls multiplied Total 2a 28a 16a 32a 46a 24a 19a by the number of immature bolls per ha; both counts made on Nov. 5 and 6. 2 IMeans and total of 4 replications, 1 field cage per plot. To 5Two I-m x 15-cm-deep samples of row. All replicates not tals in same column not followed by the same letter are sig examined. Counts made on Nov. 5 and 6. nificantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P= .05). Source: Bario!,) et al. (8). 22,4-D (0.028 kg ailha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Aug. 21 3See table 3 for spray schedule. Indio, Calif., 1974 The experiment was conducted on 'Deltapine 16' cottonfields of the EI Dorado Land and Cattle Parker, Ariz., 1974 Company. Plots were 45 rows wide (about 1-m centers) and 399 m long in three replications and The treatment applied by air on Aug. '32 or 197 m long in the fourth replication of the experi Sept. 4 was 2,4-D (0.028 kg ai/hal plus ment. chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/ha). Plots of 'Deltapine One hundred green bolls were picked and cut 16' cotton were 1.2 ha in size, and there were four open weekly from each plot from June 19 to Aug. replications of each treatment and four untreated 8 to determine the number of pink bollworm lar control plots. At harvest, lint yields, number of vae present and percent infestation. In addition, immature green bolls, and number of pink the numbers of flo~ers, small bolls, and infesta bollworm larvae in 100 bolls/plot and in soil, de ble bolls were counted in eight1-m row lengths in bris, and bolls in two soil samples per plot were each plot, and the numbers of pink bollworm in obtained in the manner 'previously described. fested bolls per hectare were calculated. Treatment on either date significantly reduced the Chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal in 94 L of water per number of green bolls and did not reduce cotton hectare was applied by air to four plots in each lint yield ( table 9); the Aug. 22 treatment reduced case on Aug. 23 or Sept. 5. There were also four the number of larvae in immature bolls 98 per untreated control plots. cent, and no larvae were found in the soil. In un Plant data as described were taken weekly be treated control plots, 40,000 larvae/ha were ginning on Aug. 23 (the day following chemical found in the soil. termination treatment) and continuing to Oct. 8 12 TECHNICALBUILETIN1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to determine the effect of the chemical termina green bolls at the time of application. There was tion treatment on cotton fruiting forms and pink no effect on larvae per 100 bolls or percentage of bollworm populations. Samples of 100 green bolls larvae in diapause. Squares, flowers, and small were picked from each plot weekly from Aug. 23 bolls, however, were reduced within 8 to 23 days to Oct. 16 and incubated to determine the num (table 12) after treatment, and, at harvest, green bers of diapause pink bollworm larvae. At harvest, bolls were reduced about 42 percent and larvae in green L0lls were counted, and soil samples for soil and trash samples were reduced about 40 pink bollworm larvae were taken. percent (table 13). Lint yields were not signifi Table 10 shows that pink bollworm infesta cantly different. tions develop slowly until about mid-July, there after increasing to about 60 percent infestation on Meloland, Calif., 1975 Aug. 8. On Aug. 23, when the first chemical ter mination treatment was applied. populations ap 'Deltapine 16' cotton plots, eight rows wide by proacheci three larvae/boll in all plots (table 11). 402 m long, were treated with MCPA [( 4-chloro The numbers of green bolls on the plants at the o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid (0.028 kg ai/hal plus time of treatment on Aug. 23 were not affected, chlorflmenol (0.56 kg ai/ha). Applications were and significant reduction in fruiting forms did not made with a high-clearance sprayer on Aug. 28. occur until Sept. 16, 38 days later. Treatment on Control plots were untreated, and the experiment Sept. 5 did not significantly affect the numbers of was replicated four times. All green bolls were counted on the day of treatment and weekly thereafter until Oct. 25 on all plants in each of six Table 10.-Meanl number per hectare of flowers I-m row lengths, randomly selected in each ,and small bolls. number of infestible bolls and treated and untreated plot. Green bolls (100) were pink bollu.'orm -infested bolls. and percentage of picked from each plot weekly from Aug. 28 to pink bolhcorm infestation in 'Deltapine 16' cotton Nov. 7 and were incubated to determine pink plots prior to chemical termination, Indio, Calif., bollworm populations and number of diapausing 1974:2 larvae. At harvest, immature green boll counts were made in two 15-m row lengths in each plot. Flowers Diapause larvae in soil and trash were deter Sam· and Infest· PBW PBW mined. piing small ible infes· infested In March 1976, 10 pyramid pink bollworm date bolls bolls tation bolls moth emergence cages were placed at random lo cations in each of the plots, and the number of Thousands Thousands Thousands emerged pink bollworm moths was recorded. I/w ha Percent 'fw The numbers of green bolls per meter on cot June19 898 120 1 1 ton row were reduced about 70 percent 23 days 26 258 183 0 0 after application and 100 percent 64 days after July 4 352 193 1 2 application (table 14). Larvae per 100 bolls and 12 340 275 4 11 percentage of larvae in diapause did not differ in 19 298 353 10 35 terminated or nonterminated plots. At har 26 158 68 13 8 vesttime, no green bolls were found in terminated Aug. 2 40 103 21 26 plots, and larvae in soil and trash were reduced 8 55 75 60 45 about 98 percent ( table 15). Lint yields were not affected by the chemical termination treatment. IMeans of 12 replications; 8 I-m samples per replication; The numbers of adults emerging the following 100 bolls per replication for pink bollworm data. 2The authors appreciate the cooperation of the Eldorado spring (1976) were reduced 71 percent in the plots Land and Cattle Company, Indio, Calif" in conducting this re chemically terminated Aug. 28 of the previous search. year (1975). INTEGRATINGME'lHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 13

Table n.-Meanl number of green bolls per meter, pink bollworm larvae per 100 bolls, percent larvae in diapause, and percent larval mortality in chemically terminated2 and untreated 'Deltapine 16' cotton plots at Indio , Calif., 1974

Green bolls Larvae Diapause Larval mortality Sampling Treated Untreated__~Tr~eated Untreated Treated Untreated ,-----Treated Untreated date 8/23 9/5 (control) 8/23 9/5 (control) 8/23 9/5 (control) 8/23 9/5 (control)

Number Number Number Number per 100 periOO per meter per meter bolls bolls Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent

Aug. 23 295 287 282 < 1 < 1 2 12 19 24 28 56 a 83 a 53 a 171 152 127 5 5 3 6 5 3 Sept. 6 71b 81 a 7lb 183 181 152 12 12 11 6 6 4 13 68 a 84 a 96 a 152 125 123 19 20 22 2 1 5 16 30 b 60 a 53 a 125 140 132 24 24 25 o o < 1 24 18 b 34 a 30 a 134 165 141 46 53 55 < 1 < 1 < 1 Oct. 3 12 a 15 a 13 a 118 119 122 93 90 92 4 2 3 10 4 a 7 a 8 a 118 107 111 96 93 95 2 2 2 16 49 87 68 92 96 91 3 1 2

lMeans of 4 replications; 8 l'm samples per replication for green bolls. Means of 4 replications for pink bollworm larvae, percent diapause, and percent larval mortality. Means within a row for green boll data not followed by the same letter are signifi· cantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2Chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal. Note: Dashes indi.:ate no data.

Table 12.-Meanf number of squares, flowers, small bolls, pink bollu'orm·infestible bolls, and hard green bolls on chemically termirwted2 and control plots, Indio, Calif., 1974

Squares Flowers Small <>olls Infestible bolls .H.!lI'd_~eeIl_bolIs_ Un· Un· Un· Un· Un· Sampling Treated treated Treated treated Treated treated Treated treated Treated treated date 8/23 9.5 (control) 8 23 9,5 (control) 8123 9 1 5 (control) 8 23 9;5 (control) 8/23 9 i 5 (control)

•• ..•••••·••••••••··•..·•·•..•..•..•• ....•·....•....·········,~1ean /lumber..· ...... Aug.26 29 a 46 a 31 a 4 a 3 a 3 a 11 a 11 a 10 a 6 a 5 a 7 a 6 a 5 a 5 a Sept. 3 46 b 51 ab 67 a 5 a 4 a 5 a 13 b 14 b 22 a 5 a 10 a 9 a 3 a 2 a 3 a 10 26 a 46 a 47 a 5 a 5 a 7 a 25 a 24 a 27 a 10 a 7 a 11 a 3 a 2 a 4 a 18 8 b 18 ab 21 a 1 b 3 a 2 a 9 b 24 a 15 b 7 a 11 a 11 a 6 a 5 a 5 a 23 3 b 5 ab 17 a <1 b 2 a 2 a 2 b 13 a 7 ab 5 a 7 a 6 a 10 a 9 a 9 a Oct. 1 2 a <1 a a <1 a <1 a <1 a 1 b 3 ? 2 ab 2 b 5 a 3 ab 7 a 8 a 7 a 8 <1 a <1 a 1 a <1 a 0 a o a <1 b <1 b 1 a <1 a 1 a 1 a 4 a 6 a 5 a

IMean? of 4 replications; 8 l'm samples per replication. Means in the same row and category not followed by the same Jetter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2Chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ait hal. 14 TECHNICAL BUILETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 13.-Meanl number of green bolls at harvest, Table 15.-Meanl number of green bolls, kilograms kilograms of lint, and larvae per hectare in chem lint, pink bollworm larvae per hectare at harvest, ically terminated2 and nonterminated 'Deltapine and number of emerged pink bolLLl..'orm moths the 16' cotton plots, Indio, Calif.,1974 following spring in 'Deltapine 16' terminated!! and control cotton plants, Meloland, Calif., Larvae in soil 1975-76 Treatment Green bolls Lint and trash Larvae ill Adults No.ilw Kg/Fw No. ha soil and emerging trash in Chlorflurenol: in spring Aug. 23 40,508 b 1,340 a 6,462 b Treatment Green bolls Lint 1975 of1976 Sept. 5 76,817 a 1.192 a 11,846 a Control 69,407 a 1,232 a 10,769 a No..tha Kglha No.lha No.lha Terminated 0 b 247 a 8,615 b 494 b 1Mean of 4 replications; 2I5'm row samples' replicate for 259 a 435,076 a 1,729 a green bolls, 2 1_m2 x 15 em of row for soil samples. Means in a Control 205,368 a column not followed by the same letter are significantly dif ferent. Duncan's multiple range test (P= .05). IMeans of 4 replications in a column not followed by the 2Chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai'ha). same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2 15'm lengths of rows sampled for green bolls, 2 l·m2 x15·cm·deep soil sample/row for pink bollworm. 2MCPA (0.028 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Aug. 28.

Table 14.-Mean· number of green bolls per meter, pink bollworm larvae per 100 bolls, percent diapause, and lart'al mortality in terminated2 and control 'Deltapine 16' cotton plots atMeloland, Calif., 1975

..~ -~.>-~...,----~------,.~~~--

Sampling Green bolls Larvae ___ .__ .__._~_ Diapa~~!:____._ .. .__Larv!i~~r.?lity~._ .'-. ~-"--.--,.-.- .~..---. date Terminated Control Terminated Control Terminated Control Terminated Control

..,------.-~-~ ~,.-,-~-"""'""'.--.--". -.~-~-- ~-""'-"'-----"-----'---- Number Number Number Number per100 per100 per meier per meier bolls bolls Percent Percent Number Number Aug. 28 14. a 18 a 109 a 99 a 2 a 1 a 29 a 23 a Sept. 4 10 a 9 a 165 a 139 a 0 a 1 a 8 a 4 a 1\1 1 a 3 a 111 a 149 a 1 a 2 a 17 a 13 a 17 2 a 2 a 113 a 59 a 1 a 2 a 5 a 18 a 23 3 a 9 b 88 a 69 a 7 a 1 a 4 a 12 a Oct. 1 3 a 11 b 116 a 144 a :12 a 44 a 9 a 12 a 11 2 a 15 b 63 a 57 a 69 a 79 a 10 a 7 a 16 1 a 25 b 115 a 177 a 72 a 55 a 5 a 38 a 25 1 a 19 b 121 a 170 a 77 a 90 a 0 a 0 a 31 0 a 18 b 158 a 96 a 0 a 0 a Nov. 7 0 a 13 b 127 a 99 a 0 a 0 a

~----~~.---~-~-~-.....-~-,-<--"~.. IMeans of 4 replications; 61-m sample per replication for green bolls; means of 4 replications for larvae/IOO .bolls, percent diapause, and larval mortality, Means in a row and catagory not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2MCPA {0.028 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg aLtha) on Aug. 28. Note: Dashes indicate no data. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 15 NECTARILESS COTTON AND CHEMICAL TERMINATION IN COMMERCIAL GROWER FIELDS, 1975 AND 1976

Procedures each location were examined for cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and Heliothis spp. eggs In 1975 and 1976, experimental cotton was and larvae. planted at each of two locations in Maricopa and In each year, three Sharma traps, baited with Harquahala, Ariz., on commercial growers' farms. hexalure or gossyplure, were placed in each cul In each case and at each location, a nectariless tivar planting at each location throughout the sea cultivar and a nectaried cultivar were planted in son. each field in each year as shown in table 16. In 1975, populations of cotton leafperforators Swee.~ net samples were taken weekly in each were sampled weekly by picking 30 leaves from field and in each cultivar beginning June 3 plants from the center and in each of the four through Aug. 12,1975, and June 1 through Aug. corners of each plot at each location. Mines, free 31,1976. In addition, D-vac samples, as described, larvae, and horseshoe stages of the insect were were taken from June 3 through Oct. 14, 19'1'5, recorded. and June 24 through Aug. 31,1976. On Aug. 27 and 29,1975, respectively, at the Weekly samples of 100 green bolls were picked Maricopa and Harquahala plots, MCPA (0 .028kg from each of the plots of nectariless and nectaried ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal was cotton from July 29 to Oct. 23, and July 15 to applied by airplane to two strips (average 1 Dec. 30 in 1975 and 1976, respectively. The bolls ha/field) in each cultivar. In 1976, late·season were opened in the field and examined, as de cotton fruiting was chemically terminated with scribed, for pink bollworms. On the same sam Pennwalt TD'1l23 (3,4- dichloroisothiazole pling dates, all plants in 4 m of row in each plot at 5-carboxylic acid) (1.1 kg ai/hal plus chlormequat (CCC) [( 2-chloroethyl}trimethylammonium Table 16.-Experimental plantings of nectaried and chloride] (0.56 kg ai/hal at Harquahala, and nectariless cotton at Maricopa and Harquahala, Pennwalt TD-1123 (1.1 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol Ariz., 1975 and1976 (0.56 kg ai/hal at Maricopa on Sept. 14 and 15, respectively. Materials were applied with a high clearance ground sprayer to 8 rows of cotton on each farm except one where 16 rows were treated. 1975 1976 Areas treated ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 ha. Location! 'Delta Cotton in four rows of each cultivar was and pille 16' 'Stone, grower 'Delta nectar 'Delta ville picked at each location during the period from member pine 16' iless pille 61' 731N' Oct. 27 to Dec.n, 1975, and Oct. 6 to Dec. 22, 1976. Numbers of green bolls at first pick in each ·----·------·------Jiectures-..-.....-...-.-..•...-.• -.. case were counted. In 1975, eight samples of soil Maricopa: from each terminated and untreated control plot 1 9 8 8 8 were taken at the Harquahala locations, and the 2 8 8 83 8 pink bollwormdiapause larvae in the soil were Harquahala: counted. 3 6 6 8 8 4 13 5 3 _~. ."~ 3 ..,.."' -+"----c" ___ __ Mean 9 7 7 7 Results Lygus populations were relatively low in both IThe authors sincerely appreciate the excellent cooperation years of the study (table 17). Significantly fewer of Fred Enke and Jack Palmer, Maricopa, and Jake Stephens and Harry Porterfield, Harquahala, in participating ill these Lygus were found in nectariless cotton plots. In studies and growing the cotton in the experimental plantings. both years, peak numbers of over 20 insects per 28 ha of 'Deltapine 61'. 100 sweeps were reached in nectaried cotton plots 38 ha of 'Stoneville 213', but not in nectariless cotton plots. 16 TECHNICAL BUILETIN 1610 , U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 17.-Mean1 number of Lygus spp. per 100 Year Nectariless Nectaried sweeps in 'Deltapine 16' and 'Deltapine 16' nec 19751 14.6 a 22.3 a 2 tarilesscotton plots at Maricopa and Bar 1976 9.2 b 17.7 a quahala, Ariz., 1975 and1976 IMeans ofl2 weekly samples. 2Means of10 weekly samples. significantly different at Cultivar P=.05. according to Duncan's multiple range test. Sampling Nectaried N ectariless date 1975 1976 1975 1976 Total populations of predators were reduced about 24 percent in nectariless cotton in both June 3 o o years (table 19). In 1975, the reductions in num 10 <1 o bers of Chrysopa spp., Geocoris spp., and com 17 o o bined species of Coccinellids and wasps in each 21 1 <1 24 1 5 2 3 case were significantly less in nectariless cotton 28 8 4 plots. III 1976, results were similar, but popula July 1 5 3 tions of individual species were low. Differences 8 9 8 3 3 were not significant except for Ch,:vsopa spp., al 12 4 4 though total populations of all predators were 15 13 2 3 1 lower in nectariless plots. The lack of extrafloral 19 5 1 nectaries did not appear to influence numbers of 22 22 6 8 1 27 11 1 Coliops spp. or combined species of spiders in any 29 8 6 of the tests. In both years, Geocoris spp., Orius spp., Aug. 2 14 8 5 5 2 Chr.vsopa spp., and the combined species in each 9 21 14 case of wasps and spiders were the most ahun- 12 5 8 16 5 7 19 10 3 Table 18.-Effect on cotton leafperforators on 'Del tapine 16' nectaried and nectariless cotton plants Total 64 a 105 a 27 b 59 b atMaricopa andBarquahala, Ariz., 19751

IMean of 4 replications. 2 samples of 50 sweeps per repli Mean No. cotton cation. Totals in rows not followed Oy the same letter are sig leafperforators nificantly different. Duncan's multiple range test(P=.05). per 150 leaves Damaged leaves Note: Dashes indicate no data. Sampling Necta· Necta· date N ectaried riless N ectaried riless

·..•..·....Percent ...... On five of the seven leaf sampling dates in Aug. 25 147 a 54 b 15 b 1975, higher numbers of cotton leafperforators 35 a were found in the samples from plots of nectaried Sept. 3 119 a 52 b 24. a 9 b cotton than from plots of nectariless cotton (table 8 96 a 57 b 21 a 12 b 15 118 a 59 b 24 a 12 b 18). Reductions ranged from 8 to 63 percent fewer 22 72 a 53 a 17 a 10 b insects in the nectariless cotton during the season. 29 158 a 139 a 23 a 24 a In that year, increasing percentages of leaf dam Oct.9 537 a 495 b 62 a 55 a age corresponded well with increasing populations of cotton leafperforator with about 31 percent less Total 1,247 909 damage in nectariless cotton plots. In1975 and 1976, the mean numbers of cotton Mean 178 130 29 20 leafperforator adults and free larvae taken by D-vac sampling from 15 m of cotton row of each lMeans not followed by the same letter in the same row and criteria are significantly different by Duncan's multiple type were as follows: range test (P=.05). INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOILWORM 17

Table 19.-Seasonal mean1 numbers ofplant bug pests and beneficial species found in nectariless and nectaried cotton plots at Maricopa and Har quahala, Ariz., in 1975 and 1976

------.~--.--~-~-.----~- - ._-.- ---..--~-.-..-- -'--"'¥'-'~--

1975 1976 ----~-.---....---. ---~ ------._- -- Necta- Necta- Necta- Necta- Species riless Range ried Range riless Range ried Range

-~--, ----.~.-~- -.~ --~ _...._"--- -. ----- .. ----•..-~----.--.. .-. Lygus spp. 7 b <1-24 8 a 0-25 10 b 0-70 17 a <1-116 Spanagoniclis albofasciatlls (Reut.) 18 b 0-50 31 a 0-272 Beneficials: Chrysopa spp. 5 b <1-16 7 a 1-17 4 b <1-12 14 a <1-32 Drills spp. 7 a 1-26 7 a 2-21 13 a 0-34 14 a 0-46 Geocoris spp. 4 b 0-16 7 a 0-26 6 a 0-40 7 a 0-56 Nabis spp. 1 a 0-2 1 a 0-4 4 a 0-16 4 a 0-26 ('ollops spp. 1 a 0-2 1 a 0·3 2 a 0-15 2 a 0-30 Cocci nell ids <1 b 0-2 1 a 0-4 >1 b 0-20 2 a 0-10 Wasps 13 b 2-46 19 a 2-148 15 a 0-56 16 a 0-62 Spiders 5 a 2-13 5 a 1-11 6 a 0-26 8 a 0-50 .<- Average to tal beneficials 37 b 6-123 48 a 6-234 51 b 1-209 67 a 1-312

lMeans of 20 and 10. 4 replicate 2 D-vac samples of 15 m of row in 1975 and 1976. respectively. Means in a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Dun can's multiple range test (P=.05). Note: Dashes indicate no data.

dunt insect predators in both cotton types with, in produced adults. H. L'irescens eggs, 131 and 81 most cases, fewer numbers of Collops spp., Nabis from nectaried and nectariless cotton, respec spp., and Coccinellids found (table 20, 21). In tively, produced 130 and 79 adults in each case. each year, total numbers of predator species were high until late July and decreased thereafter in Trap catches of pink bollworm male moths in August. In 1975, predator populations seemed to nectariless and nectaried cotton plots were not increase in September, largely due to increases in significantly different on any sampling date in numbers of Chrysopa spp. and wasps. either hexalure- or gossyplure- baited traps at any Numbers of cabbage loopers and Heliothis location. The data were thus combined, and the species were low in both nectaried and nectariless mean male moth catches per night per trap for cultivars in 1975. A few eggs of cabbage looper hexalure and gossyplure are shown in figures 1 were collected from nectaried (155) and nectari and 2 for Hal'quahala and Maricopa, respectively. less (235) cottons during the season_ Seventy and Consistently more male moths were captured in 87 percent hatched, 8 and 13 percent of the larvae gossyplure traps, although in late August and were infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and Septem bel', at low population levels, catches were 92 and 87 percent of hatched eggs from nectaried similar in traps baited with either lure. At both lo and nectariless cottons produced adults, respec cations, trap catches reflected overwintering moth tively. Approximately 95 percent of '1eliothis eggs em"rgence in May to about mid-June followed by collected were H. uirescens. Six H. zea eggs were peak catches at about 25- to 30-day intervals for collected from the nectaried cotton, and three the remainder of the season with the highest were collected from the nectariless cotton. All numbers of male moths captured in October. 18 TECHNICAL BUILEI'JN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 20.-Meanl number of predators per 15 m of D-l'ac sampled nectaried and nectariless cotton row in 1975 at Maricopa andHarquahala, Ariz.

Beneficial June July August September October arthropods 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 Total

'Deltapine ](j' (lleC'iariedJ

Wasps 2 7 7 13 37 74 32 56 14 41 4 4 5 2 10 39 4 8 9 6 374 Nabis 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 7 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 37 Geocoris 7 17 10 12 26 20 18 10 6 10 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 0 149 ()rills 1 1 2 9 15 21 8 14 6 10 7 3 2 2 4 11 4 4 7 3 134 Coccinellids 1 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 28 Spiders 1 3 5 5 11 9 9 8 6 10 2 2 1 1 4 7 5 3 4 3 99 C'o/lops 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 Clzrvsopa 1 1 2 3 9 6 4 9 9 8 8 9 6 4 11 17 11 6 "t 2 133 Total 15 32 30 46 106 139 77 103 45 83 25 22 23 11 33 88 25 .25 28 16 972

'Deltapillf'16' (Ilf.'rfariless)

Wasps 2 6 4 10 24 43 33 19 9 15 8 3 2 2 11 21 6 14 16 4 252 .Vabis 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 19 (leoe-orls 5 6 3 9 16 11 7 12 5 4 0 7 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 96 Orius 1 1 2 8 15 25 12 15' 5 12 9 3 2 2 3 13 3 4 3 2 140 C'occinellids 1 <1 1 1 1 1 1 2 <1 <1 <1 0 0 <1 <1 <1 0 0 0 16 Spiders 2 4 3 4 11 13 10 7 9 9 3 3 1 5 9 4 3 3 2 106 Collop., <1 <1 0 <1 <1 2 2 2 1 1 <1 <1 0 2 <1 1 0 0 <1 <1 20 Clzrysopa 1 <1 1 <1 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 12 16 10 4 4 4 100

Total 14 21 14 35 74 102 71 63 36 47 28 23 11 12 36 65 25 28 29 15 749

J Mean of 4 replications; 2I5-m samples per replication.

40 1976 - GOSlyplur. 1 I r I cvUI 30 0 :E ...E 20 3..c.0 - 0> '02 10 II) ~tf 0 a: c. 1 0 O~ ~. ~ 30 ~Cl.. ::l z 20 1975 c 0cv :E 10

0 I I I I I Moy June July August September October November December

FIGUREl.-Pink bollworms caught per trap per night in gossyplure· and hexalure·baited Sharma traps, Harquahala, Ariz., 1975 and 1976. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOllWORM 19

l Table 21.-Mean number of beneficial insects per 15 m of D-L'ClC sampled nec· taried and nectariless cotton rou' in 1976 atMaricopa andHarquahala, Ariz.

Beneficial June July August arthropods 24 2 6 12 16 19 23 26 30 2 4 6 9 16 17 23 28 30 31 Total

'Dellapine 61' (nectaried) Wasps 25 31 20 30 4 4 7 3 2 3 0 2 3 8 1 0 1 2 2 ]48 Nobis 5 6 4 7 2 3 6 4 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 44 Geocoris 10 2 28 8 1 4 6 7 1 0 0 4 <1 0 1 0 0 0 74 Orius 23 15 11 11 4 6 8 17 11 18 1 6 3 2 3 3 2 0 8 152 Coccjnellids 1 5 2 3 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 <1 0 0 0 0 1 20 Spiders 3 14 8 11 6 4 16 10 2 6 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 88 Collops 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 0 3 <1 1 <1 0 0 0 28 Chrysopa 2 8 3 7 <1 12 3 8 5 9 2 6 4 2 3 4 2 1 11 93 Total 70 82 78 79 20 35 48 62 25 40 3 14 23 16 9 11 5 3 24 647

'StoneL'ille 73Jl\" (nectariless) Wasps 18 21 2] 2& 3 5 5 9 0 7 a 4 3 4 1 <1 1 <1 2 134 Nobis 3 8 6 7 2 5 2 1 5 4 <1 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 49 Geocoris 13 20 10 11 1 2 8 38 3 7 0 0 1 <1 1 <1 0 0 0 117 Orius 6 10 6 14 5 4 1 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 2 72 Coccinellids 1 2 1 1 0 <1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Spiders 4 8 7 5 2 3 10 7 G 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 62 Collops o 1 1 1 0 1 <1 15 1 1 0 1 3 <1 1 1 0 0 0 29 Chrysopa 1 3 <1 6 1 5 2 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 2 44 Total 46 73 53 73 14 26 30 78 21 29 3 8 13 10 12 10 7 3 8 517

IMean of 4 replications; 2 15'm samples per replication.

40 1976

In - Goasyplur~ C1) o 30 <>--<> Hexalore ~ E o .- 20 ~-§, o;z CD ~ 10 .::c: c cf. 0:::_ 0a. 0 O~

1975

,J ~~I~IJune July August Septent>er October I~'November December FIGURE 2.-Pink bollworm male motbs caugbt per trap per night in gossyplure· or hexalure· baited Sharma. traps, Maricopa, Ariz., 1975 and 1976. 20 TECHNICALBUILETINl610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pink bollworm larval populations in bolls boll sampling for pink bollworms was continued in were low and similar during the season in both all plots at all locations through December to fol years in both cultivars (table 22). In 1976, green low the development of population in bolls from the time of last insecticide application until har vest and the contribution of these late-season Table 22.-Percent pink bollworm infestation and bolls to the magnitude of the overwintering popu larvae per 100 bolls in nectaried and nectariless lations. Percent infested bolls and larvae per 100 cotton plots at Maricopa and Harquahala, Ariz., bolls increased dramatically after insecticidE' ap 1975 and1976 plications were terminated. The major contribu tion to the overwintering pink bollworm popula Infestation Larvae tions occurred in bolls that probably did not con Nc-da· Necta- tribute to yield. Sampling dates Nectaried riless Nectaried riless In 1975, at Harquahala, applications of MCPA plus chlorflurenol on Aug. 28 reduced immature No.: No.1 bolls at first harvest 73 percent (table 23). Pink Percent Percent 100 bolls 100 bolls bollworm larval populations in bolls, trash. and 19751 •soil averaged 7,000 and 20,462/ha in 'Deltapine 16' nectariless terminated and nonterminated cot During insecticide spray schedulf! ton plots. respectively, and 20,462 and 35,539/ha JUly 29·0ct. 23 4 7 7 in 'Deltapine 16' nectaried terminated and non terminated cotton plots, respectively. At During insecticide spray schedule Maricopa, in 1975, airplane application was with a very fine spray, and excess drift occurred. The ef July 15·0ct. 6 1 2 2 a 2 b fective rate applied was estimated to be about 65 After insecticides were slopped'l percent of that planned and green bolls were re Oct.16 3 2 4 3 duced about 59 percent. Since pink bollworm 28 9 11 18 26 populations were extremely low, soil samples were Nov. 2 7 10 14 17 not taken. 11 31 23 73 51 17 30 27 85 71 24 22 23 53 78 Table 23.-Meanl number of immature green bolls 30 7 3 5 4 and pinll bolhcorm lan'ae in soil and trash in Dec. 3 23 42 50 104 -De/tapine 16' nectariless and nectaried cotton cultimrs at han'esttime after chemical termina IMean of 4 replications, 13 weekly sampling dates, 100 bolls per sample. Means in a row and category not followed by the tion:! and in control plots, Harquahala, Ariz., same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple 1976 range test (P=.05).

2Harquahala, 1975, treated on July 12 and 25 with toxa Cultivar and Larvae in phene (0.56 kg ai/hal plus methyl parathion (11 kg ai/hal; treatment Green bolls soil and trash Aug. 2, methyl parathion (0.9 kg ai/hal plus chlordimeform (0.2 kg ai/hal; Aug. 9, methyl parathion (0.9 kg ai/hal plus chlordimeform (0.2 kg ai/hal plus toxaphene (11 kg aUha); Aug. 15, methyl parathion (0.8 kg ai/hal; Aug. 17, chlor· 'Deltapine 16N' (nectariless) dimeform (0.2 kg ai/hal plus toxaphene (11 kg ai/hal; Aug. terminated 65.445 7.00'0 25,methomyl (0.56 kg ai/hal plus chlorclimeform (0.2 kg Control 195,607 20.462 ai/hal; Sept. 9, methyl parathion (0.9 kg aUha) plus chlor dimeform(0.2kg ai/hal; Sept 17, methomyl (0.28 kg aiiha) 'Deltapine 16' (nectaried) plus chlordimeform (0.2 kg ai/hal; Sept. 30, methyl parathion terminated 51.565 20.462 (0.9 kg ai/hal. Control 231.920 35.539 Maricopa, 1975, treated July 30, Aug. 9 and 17, toxaphene (168 kg ai/hal plus methyl parathion (0.56 kg ai/hal; Aug. 23, lSarnpled Oct. 29 and Dec. 8, 1975. R 1·m2 x I5·em-deep 31, Sept. 3 and 29, toxaphene (0.45 kg ai/hal plus methyl soil samples 'treatment. parathion (0.34 kg ai/hal plus chlordimeform (0.2 kg aitha). 2 MCPA (0.028 kg aiha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai hal 3Mean of 4 replications;100 bolls per sample. on Aug. 28. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 21

In 1975, the chemical termination treatment on the plants at harvest (early November) and the did not significantly affect lint yield (table 24). number of pink bollwf.iJ:m larvae an average of 95 'Deltapine 16' nectariless cotton produced less lint percent (table 25). on three farms and more on one farm, resulting in Chemically terminated cotton averaged over an average of 89 kg/ha less lint as compared with 133 kg/ha of lint more than the untreated control. the nectaried cultivar. 'Stoneville 731N' nectariless cotton cultivar aver In 1976, Pennwalt TD-1123 plus either aged over 224 kg/ha of lint more than the 'Delta chlorflurenol or chlormequat applied on Sept. 14 pine 61' nectaried cotton ( table 25). and 15 reduced immature green bolls remaining

Table 24.-Mean1 lint yield and green bolls per hec Table 25.-Mean1 lint yield, green bolls per hectare, tare in chemically terminated2 and untreated and pink bollworm infestation in Pennwalt TD 'Deltapine 16' nectariless and 'Deltapine 16' nee 1123 plus chlormequat or chlorflurenol2 chemi taried cotton, Harquahala and Maricopa, Ariz., cally terminated and untreated cotton plots at 1975 Harquahala and Maricopa, Ariz., 1976

Immature Pink bollworm Lint green Treatment Lint yield Green bolls3 larvae4

Variety and treatment yield bolls ------~~---- Kg Number No.lha Kglha Number Terminated 1,439 a 8,213 b 304 b 'Deltapine16' nectariless: Nonterminated 1,306 a 153,758 a 5,689 a MCPA plus chlorflurenol 1.275 a 93.485 b Untreated 1,264 a 239,343 a 1Means of 4 replications. Means in a column not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multi 'Deltapine 16' nectaried: ple range test (P=.05). MCPA plus chlorflurenol 1,226 a 103,854 b 2Pennwalt TD-1123 (1.1 kg ai/hal plus chlormequat (0.56 Untreated 1,196 a 278.399 a kg ai/hal at Harquahala, and Pennwalt TD-1123 (1.1 kg ai/ha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal at Maricopa. 3215-m row sample. IMeans of 4 replications (commercial grower farms). 4Calculated from 13 percent pink bollworm infested bolls Means in a column not followed by the same letter are sig. with 30 larvaellOO bolls. nificantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2MCPA (0.028 kg ai· hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56-kg ai/hal onAug.28.

CHEMICAL TERMINATION AND COTTON DEFOLIATION ON COMMERCIAL GROWER FIELDS, 1977

An experiment was designed in 1977 to Procedure evaluate Pennwalt TD-1123 for chemical termina tion of late-season cotton fruiting over a wide The experiment consisted of two treatments range of cultural and climatic conditions in and an untreated control on each of 10 farms in Arizona and California. Pennwalt TD-1123. in ad Arizona and California. Each farm was considered ditjon to being an effective plant growth regulator as one replication. Treatments at two locations for chemical termination, also conditions the cot (Firebaugh and Old River, Calif., table 26) ton plant for defoliation (I5). Conditioning for de applied with high clearance ground equipment foliation performs an important harvest-aid func were Pennwalt TD-1123 applied at 0.5 kg ai/ha or tion in grower operations. Therefore, defoliation, TD-1123 applied at 0.9 kg ailha. At three loca as well as chemical termination, was evaluated in tions, 0.6 kg ai/ha of chlormequat and at five of the experiment. the locations 0.6 kg ailha of chlorflurenol were 22 TECHNICAL BUILETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 26.-Location, cultivar, important dates, and Results defoliant used in the experiment designed to de termine effectiueness of Pennwalt TD-1123 for The average yields of seed cotton were similar termination of late-season cotton fruiting and for untreated control and plots treated with 0.9 kg defoliation in Arizona and California, 19771 ai/ha ofTD-1123 (table 27). The 0.5 kg ailha rate of TD-1123 reduced yield slightly. There were sub stancial yield differences between individual Date of farms. Seed cotton yields from second pickings Pennwalt Defoliation TD-1123 -Da~ChemTc81 were not obtained from any farm. Location Cultivar application applied used2 Immature boll production was reduced by the

-~.-- .<- --~----.-~-~ ------,..--..-.~.. " 0.5-kg rate of TD-1123, but trll:! 0.9 rate (table 27) California: was more effective. Counts on individual farms Firebaugh 'SJ-4' 9-8 9-30 DEF. were variable, particularly for the 0.5 kg of TD Old River 'SJ-4' 9-9 10-4 Chlorate. 1123 treatment. Ripley 'Deltapine 61' 9-12 10-14 DQ. TD-1123 consistently improved defoliation at (3) Holtville ---do-- 9-20 10-28 the 0.9-kg rate (table 27), but results were not as Arizona: consistent at the 0.5-kg rate. The 0.5-kg rate was (3) Salome 'Pima S-5' 9-19 10-15 ineffective on some farms and less effective than Litchfield Park 'Deltapine 61' 9-16 10-26 Chlorate. the 0.9kg rate on most other farms. It appears Maricopa 'Deltapine 16' 9-17 10-27 (1) that temperature, and perhaps late irrigation, af Sacaton 'Stoneville 213' 9-21 10-12 Folex. fects the cotton plant response to TD'1123 with re Theba ---do-- 9-20 11-8 Do. spect to its impact as a preconditioner for defolia Stanfield 'Deltapine 61' 9·29 10-11 Chlorate. tion. N one of the indices of seed and fiber quality IThe authors appreciate the help of Raj Sharma, Imperial were significantly affected by the TD-1123 treat Valley Farm Advisor's Office, El Centro, Calif., and Bill Reed, California Department of Agriculture, in obtaining data from ment ( table .28). treated cotton pl(lts in California. Table 29 shows the Heliothis spp. counts at 2DEF (S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate), Chlorate three different locations, two in California and {sodium chlorate}, Folex (tributyl phosphorotrithioite). one in Arizona. The sums of the number of eggs 3Chemical unknown.

Table 27.-Effect1 ofPennwalt TD-1123 on seed cot added to the high-rate TD·1123 treatment. Plots ton yield, immature bolls, and defoliation on 9 were either six or eight rows wide and the length commercial grou'er farms in Arizona and of the field. Locations of the 10 farms, cultivars, California in 1977 TD-1123 treatment dates, and defoliant used are shown in table 26. Estimates of the percentage of Seed the leaves dropped after defoliants were applied Treatment cotton Immature DefoJi· as compared with those of untreated plots were (kg ai/hal yield bolls ation made by three to five observers in each plot, and mean values were calculated. Four to eight rows Kglha No.lha Percent of cotton were harvested per plot with a spindle Contol 3148 a 93,813 a 54 b picker. After harvest, immature bolls were TD-1l23 0.5 3002 a 44,907 ab 65 b counted in each plot. TD-1l23 0.92 3146 a 26,716 b 81 a Heliothis eggs and larvae were counted on plants in four 4-m lengths of row in treated plots IMeans of 9 replications (no yield data obtained at Sac· in Blythe, Calif., on Sept. 23 and Sept. 29, and aton, Ariz_, table 24). Means in a column not followed by the Holtville, Calif., on Sept. 27, Oct. 5, Oct. 11, Oct. same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple 27, Nov. 11, and Nov. 19. Similar data were ob range test (P=.05). tained at plots in Sacaton, Ariz., on Sept. 30 and 2Pennwalt TD-1l23 (0.9 kg ailha) plus 0.6 kg ai/ha of chlorflurenol in mixture at 5 locations and 0.6 kg aiiha of Oct.4. chlormequat in mixture at 3 locations. lNTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOILWORM 23 and small and large larvae were reduced in plots differences appeared to be a result of reduced treated with TD-1l23 at all locations. Most of the numbers of eggs laid on the plants.

Table 28.-Effect1 ofPennwalt TD-1123 on cottonseed and fiber quality measurements from treated cotton plots in Arizona, 1977

Seed and Rate ofTD-1123 Seed and Rate ofTD·11~l3 fiber quality Untreated 0.5 0.92 fiber quality Untreated 0.5 0.92 indices check kg ai/ha kg ailha indices check kg ai/ha kg ailha

-----______• _____ ._•• __e~ ______----- Seed: Lint:-Continued Weight (g/100) 9.7 9.9 9.9 Trash (pct) 8.5 8.1 7.0 Field PlOergence (pet) 65.0 69.0 73.0 Fiber length (mm): Time to emerge (days) 7.7 9.0 8.1 2.5 percent span 29.2 29.5 29.7 Dead seedlings 50 percent span 14.5 14.7 15.0 (No'/lOO) 2.0 1.0 4.0 Fiber uniformity (pet) 48.0 48.0 49.0 Lint: Fiber strength Gin turnout (pct) 33.7 33.9 34.5 (rnN/Tex) 218.7 218.7 217.8 Lint (pct) 36.9 36.9 37.0 Micronaire 4.33 4.25 4.25

. --~ .. -~--.------.-----~-

1Means of 5 replications (cotton plot locations in Arizona). No significant differences. 2Pennwalt TD·1123 (0.9 kg ai/hal plus 0.6 kg ai/ha of chlormequat or chlorflurenol at each of 3 locations.

NECTARILESS COTION AND CHEMICAL TERMINATION EXPERIMENTS IN 1976 AND 1977 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, YUMA, AND ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT FARM, TEMPE

Procedures Oct. 5,1976, and 50 bolls from June 29 to Sept. 27 in 1977 for pink bollworm monitoring. Yuma, Ariz. 1976, 1977 Gossyplure-and hexalure-baited Sharma traps Three plots each of 'Deltapine 61' nectaried (three per plot in each case) in 1976 and and 'Stoneville 731N' nectariless cotton, 0.2 ha in gossyplure- baited Delta traps (three per plot) in size in each case, were planted on the University 1977 were located in each plot. Traps were of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, checked two or three times per week and the Yuma" in 1976. Plots were separated by O.4-ha number of moths trapped was recorded. areas of fallow ground. In 1977 , four blocks each On Sept. 16, 1976, one-half of each of the plots of 'Deltapine 61' and 'Stoneville 731N' nectariless was treated with 2,4-D (0.028 kg ai/hal plus cotton of about 0.4 ha in each case were planted chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal in 10 gal of water. at the same location. Applications were made with high clearance Lygus spp., black fleahopper, Empoasca spp., ground equipment. From Sept. 15 through Nov. cotton fleahopper, and beneficial insect popula 18, 1976, 50 green bolls were picked from each of tions were monitored by weekly sweep net samples the plots and incubated to determine the number from May 28 to Aug. 17, 1976, and D-vac samples of diapause pink bollworm larvae. Cotton was har· from June 22 to Aug. 5 in 1977. vested with a spindle picker and numbers of green Samples of 100 green bolls were picked from bolls remaining after harvest in all plots were each plot .of each cultivar weekly from July 8 to counted. Soil samples were taken on Dec. 8,1976, 24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 29.-Meanl number of Heliothis spp. eggs, larvae, and total per hectare (xlOO) in cotton plots treated with Pennwalt TD -1123 in California and Arizona, 1977

Pennwalt TD-1123 Pennwalt TD·1123 Sampling date Untreated 0.5 kg/ha 0.9 kg/ha Sampling date Untreated 0.5 kg/ha 0.9 kg/ha , -----~------~~---~------_._~._--~_.- ---- Blythe, Calif. Holtville, Calif.-Continued Sept. 23: Eggs 69 32 0 Oct. 27: Small larvae 119 25 74 Eggs 309 136 205 Large larvae 321 235 217 Small larvae 45 20 45 Large larvae 37 7 37 Total 509 a 296 b 296 b Total 395 a 161 b 296 ab Sept. 29: Eggs 25 32 12 Nov. 11: Small larvae 7 7 12 Eggs 0 20 0 Large larvae 124 106 82 Small larvae 0 57 0 Large larvae 25 25 0 Total 156 a 146 a 106 a Total 25 b 99 a o b

Holtville, Calif. Nov. 19: Sept. 27: Eggs 161 a 156 a 7 b Eggs 1606 b 2075 a 1284 b Small larvae 74 a 20 b o b Small larvae 106 a 14 ab 57 b Large larvae 69 49 25 Large larvae 45 57 49 Total 296 a 222 a 32 b Total 1754 a 2198 a 1383 b Sacaton, Ariz. Oct. 5: Eggs 420 494 494 Sept. 30: Small larvae 74 74 99 Eggs 185 161 111 Large larvae 50 99 25 Small larvae 124 25 37 Large larvae III 124 50 Total 543 a 667 a 618 a Total 420 a 309 a 198 a Oct.n: Eggs 445 371 247 Oct. 4: Small larvae 106 106 25 Eggs 395 a o b 62 b Large larvae 148 222 143 Small larvae 105 a o b 12 b Large larvae 117 a b 49 ab Total 692 a 692 a 420 a o Total 618 a o b 123 b

~-~-..--~------. ~------~~---~--~-~- ._, ....-~------.~-- IMeans of 4 replications. All plants counted in 4 4-m samples at each location on each date. Means (total) within a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). to estimate thediapausing pink bollworm larval conducted during the 1977 growing season, and on population in all plots. Aug. 31, 1977, one-half of each of the plots was In 1977, when the cotton emerged, pyramid treated with dicamba, 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid, emergence cages were placed in each plot to (0.056kg ai/ha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg monitor pink bollworm moth emergence from the ailha). The numbers of flowers and small and cotton plots treated in 1976. In addition, Saran large bolls in treated and untreated plots of each screen cages were placed over four rows of cotton cultivar were counted weekly from Sept. 15 to in each plot and bolls (75/cage) were picked at Oct. 6. weekly intervals from June 21 to Aug.8 to deter mine the effect of the 1976 treatments on de Results velopment of the 1977 pink bollworm population In 1976 and 1977, numbers of Lygus spp. were development. Insect sampling, as described, was extremely low in both the nectaried and nectari INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOILWORM 25

Season less cultivars (table 30). Cotton fleahopper popu l lations in 1977 were also low and similar in both mean Range 1976: cotton types. Numbers of Empoasca spp. were N ectariless 1 0-3 significantly reduced in the nectariless cotton Nectaried 2 0-16 plots, but black leafhoppers did not appear to be 1977: affected. Total predator populations were lower in N ectariless 17b 1-23 the nectariless cotton plots, largely due to lower Nectaried 30a 1-50 populations of Chrysopa spp.,Geocoris spp., Nabis 1See table 30 for sampling data. spp. and Coccinellids. Total numbers of predators were highest in May to mid-July, decreasing Mean numbers of pink bollworm larvae and thereafter in August (tables 31, 32). percent infested bolls in nectariless cotton were Few cotton leafperforator adults and larvae reduced 34 and 26 percent, respectively (table were collected in D-vac samples in 1976; however, 33); however, because of small plot size and varia populations were relatively high in 1977 and sig tion in sampling, the results were not statistically aificantly fewer were found in the nectariless different. Pink bollworm male moth catches in plots. The populations of cotton leafperforators in nectariless and nectaried cultivars were Hot sig nectariless and nectaried cottons were as follows: nificantly different, and data are combined for

Table 30.-Seasonal mean! numbers of plant bug pests and beneficial species found in nectariless2 and nectariedJ cotton plots in Yuma, Ariz.,4 in1976 and1977

1977 D,vac Nectar· Necta· Nectar· Necta· Species Hess Range ried Range iless Range ried Range

Lygus spp. 6 a 0-3 7 a 0-32 2 a 1-5 4 a 1-10 SpcmagoniclLs albofasciatus (Reut.) 20 a 0-79 25 a 0·112 6 a 1-11 8 a 1-17 EmpoasC(I spp. 43 b 16-56 321 a 78-508 Cotton fleahopper 1 a 0-2 <1 a 0-1 Beneficial species: Chrysopa spp. 8 b 0-55 25 a 0-108 1 a <1-1 2 a 0-2 ()rius spp. 12 a 1-66 10 a 0-67 8 a 4·20 7 a 1-21 Geocol'is spp. 24 a 4-63 33 a 6-76 7 b 1-16 9 a 3-17 Nabis spp. 3 a 0-14 4 a 0-21 <1 b 0,1 1 a 1-2 Collops spp. 1 a 0-4 2 a 0-12 2 a <1-2 1 a 1-2 Coccinellids 15 b 0·53 30 a O·€tl <1 a 0-1 1 a 0-1 Wasps 1 a 0·5 2 a 0-9 3 a 0-12 3 a <1-12 Spider.. 7 a ·0-19 6 a 1·11 6 a 2-14 6 a 4-11 Total beneficial 71 b 5-279 112 a ,. 7-372 29 a 1-30 38 a 1·68

.... -..-.-."--...-.~- lSweep net, 100 sweeps, 3 replications, 2 samples per replication, 11 weekly sampling dates in 1976 from May 28 to Aug. 17,1976, D,vac samples per 30 m of row, 4 replications, 6 sampling dates, June 22 to Aug. 5, 1977. Means in a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05), 2'Stoneville 731N' nectariless. 3'Deltapine 61' nectaried. -lUniversity of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. Note: Dashes indicate no data. 26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 31.-Mean1 number of beneficial arthropods diapause as compared with larvae tunneling out of per 100 sweeps in nectaried and nectariless cot the bolls (table 36). Neither termination treat ton at Yuma, Ariz., 1976 ment nor cultivar significantly affected percen tages of diapausing larvae. ~---~.------~- . --- "--~.---.-- - . Application of 2,4-D plus chlorflurenol on Beneficial June July Au~ust ~~y~- .------~ ~ ----- Sept. 16, 1976, reduced the number of green bolls arthropods 28 2 9 17 25 2 9 21 2 10 17 Total at harvest and pink bollworm larvae in soil and -_. "~~.~---~ trash-71 per~ent and 84 percent, respectively, in 'Deltapine 61' (nectaried) 'Stoneville 731N' and 45 percent and 64 percent, Wasps 1 <1 2 2 0 <1 1 <1 0 0 0 9 respectively, in 'Deltapine 61' cottons ( table 37). Nabis 0 0 0 4 5 <1 1 <1 <1 0 0 13 Numbers of pink bollworm moths that Geocori~ 2 5 4 12 19 16 10 10 6 3 3 90 Orius 1 0 7 17 1 <1 1 1 <1 0 0 30 emerged in the spring of 1977 from 'Stoneville Coccinellids 7 16 14 17 11 8 5 4 1 <1 0 84 731N' plots (41) were less than those emerging Spiders 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 <1 <1 18 from 'Deltapine 61' (65) plots. The numbers of Collops 0 <1 3 <1 1 1 <1 2 0 0 0 10 moths from terminated (52) and nonterminated Chrysopa 15 27 14 9 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 68 --. -- .-.-.--~- " (54) cotton plots were similar. These results are Total 27 51 46 65 41 30 23 20 10 5 4 322 -y~ •• ~-~-- _ ••_------.-...... -~--- •..- difficult to explain since larval populations in the -Stoneville 731N' (nec/oriless) soil and trash were drastically reduced the previ ous fall. A partial explanation may be that the ex Wasps <1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 perimental plots were small, the terminated and Nobis <1 1 0 4 3 1 <1 <1 0 0 <1 13 Geocoris 1 4 5 16 12 9 6 8 3 2 1 67 Orius 1 1 12 17 1 <1 1 1 <1 <1 <1 38 Coccinellids 1 5 13 7 7 1 4 2 <1 <1 0 42 Table 32.-Mean1 number of beneficial arthropods Spiders 1 1 3 4 5 1 3 2 1 0 0 21 per 30 m ofD-vac sampled nectaried and nectar '_?ollops C 0 1 <1 1 1 1 1 0 0 <1 7 Chrysopo <1 5 14 1 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 0 0 25 iless cotton rOLl'. Yuma, Ariz., 1977 Total 7 17 49 51 29 15 18 16 7 4 4 192

Beneficial June July A::u~st lMean of 3 replications, 2 samples per replication. arthropods 22 29 7 21 26 5 Total

hexalure and gossyplure comparisons shown in fi 'Deitapine 61' (nec{ariedJ gure 3. Gossyplure caught more male moths than Wasps 12 <1 5 <1 2 <1 22 hexalure traps. Moth catches were much higher in Nobis 1 1 2 1 2 <1 8 1977 than in 1976, but seasonal distributions were Geocoris 11 10 17 7 8 3 56 similar with low moth catches early in the season, DrillS 5 4 10 <1 21 4 45 peak numbers being caught about every 25 to 30 Coccinellids 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 Spidel' 10 4 days, and high numbers caught in September, 11 2 5 5 37 Collops 2 2 1 2 1 1 9 October, and November. Ch;:vsopa 2 2 2 0 1 2 9 The numbers of pink bollworm larvae in incu ~~--. - ---~--~ -~-- Total 44 25 49 14 40 17 189 .--.----.~------~-----~.---,------.-----, -- .-.~.- bated bolls collected after the chemical te!"mina -- ------_.,--".. - - _._--- _._- ._--.- -._.'- ~'--'- tion treatment remabed high through Nov. 18 'Stoneville 731N' (neclariless) (table 34 ) and were not affected by the termina Wasps 12 1 2 1 2 2 20 tion treatment. On several sampling dates, sig Nabis 1 <1 0 <1 0 0 :> nificantly more larvae were found in nectaried Geocori,9 10 8 16 4 3 1 42 cotton than in nectariless cotton. Percentages of • Orius 7 5 7 4 2 8 33 Coccinellids larvae remaining in bolls began to increase after 1 0 1 <1 0 0 3 Spiders 10 2 14 2 3 6 mid-September (table 35). The incidence of 37 Col/ops 2 2 1 1 1 <1 8 diapause larvae increased rapidly after Sept. 23, Chrysopa <1 <1 1 <1 1 1 6 --'--- ~.-~------·--~r~._~_.~.~~___ ~__~ ~,+-,-.- reaching 86 percent on Oct. 25 and ranging from Total 44 20 42 15 12 19 152

62 to 79 percent thereafter until Nov. 18. A higher ~--"------"'-'~ - ~-~. - ~ _ •._. - ~-----~ --~-.-----' --- -+.•~-.. .-~. percentage of those remaining in bolls were in 1Mean of 4 replications; 2 15-m samples per replications. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 27

Table 33.-Meanl number at pink bolltl'orm lar- bolls decreased progressively in treated plots with L'aenOO bolls and percent infested bolls in each sampling date until Oct. 6 when nearly 100 -StoneL'ille 73JN' nectariless and 'Deitapine 16' percent reduction occurred. The termination nectar£ed cotton plants, Yuma, Ariz., 1976 treatment did not affect pink bollworm infesta tions. The exception occurred on the last sampling date, and more pink bollworm larvae were found Cracked bolls in samples from untreated control plots (table Sampling Larvae '100 bolls Percent infested 38). At harvest, green bolls were reduced 99 per Nectar- Nectar cent and lint yields were similar in terminated date iless Nectaried iless Nectaried and control plots (table 40), except in the case of 'Stoneville 731N' where the termination treatment JulyS 7 2 5 2 reduced yield. Treatment did not adversely affect 16 13 7 9 6 19 15 10 13 1:\ fiber or seed quality (table 41). The reduction in 26 28 17 22 14 number of pink bollworm larvae per hectare in Aug. 3 18 18 16 14 bolls is shown in table 42. 13 19 21 15 13 IS 14 23 11 19 25 9 III H 15 Procedures Sept. 1 18 26 16 22 Tempe., Ariz., 19i6, 19ii 8 24 49 19 3~ 15 18 44 14 29" A 4.l-ha block, about 2 ha each of 'Deltapine 22 46 44 11 24 28 60 62 32 39 7146N' nectariless and 'Deltapine 16' nectaried Oct. 5 134 284 50 79 cotton, was planted at the Arizona State Univer Total 423 625 sity Experiment Farm, Tempe, Ariz. Each 2-ha block was subdivided into two blocks ofl ha each. Mean 30 45 17 23 Weekly samples of 50 green bolls were cut open and examined from each of four locations within IMeans of 3 replications, cut-boll samples, no significant differences. each of the plots from July 14,1976, to Sept. 17, 1976, to determine the need for insecticide treat ment. Plots were sprayed with azinphosmethyl nonterminated plots were adjacent, and normal ( 1.1 kg; hal when economic infestation levels oflO cultural practices of plowing, disking, and plan percent were reached in the bolls. ning in preparation for cotton planting in the spring of1977 may have resulted in soil and over On Sept. 16,1976, one-half of each of the de wintering larvae movement and displacement scribed plots was treated with the plant growth from untreated control to terminated plots. regulator combination treatment of Pennwalt Populations in the cages were late in building TD-1l23 (1.1 kg ailha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56kg up; however, the plots that were chemically ter ai/ha). Green boll samples (50) to determine minated in 1976 had 95 percent fewer larvae in diapausing larvae were taken weekly from Sept.22 to Nov. 22. Green bolls at harvest were counted in bolls than those that were not terminated (2 VS. 46). each plot. Cotton was harvested from all plots on In 1977, pink bollworm populations were simi Nov. 5 andNov.19. lar in 'Deltapine 61' nectaried and'Stoneville In 1977, four blocks each of about 1 ha of 731N' nectariless cotton thrO'Jghout the growing 'Stoneville 731N' nectariless and 'Deltapine 61' season (table 38). About 1 percent of the larvae nectaried were replanted at the same location. found in bolls were in diapause in mid When the plants began to emerge, three pyramid September, the incidence increasing to 44 per emergence cages were placed in each plot corres cent onSept. 27 on the last sampling d'lte with .20 ponding to the various treatments described for to 30 percent of the larvae remaining in the bolls. the 1976 growing season. Cages were checked weekly, and the .numbers of emerged moths were Dicamba plus chlorflurenol was applied on collected and recorded. In addition, Saran screen Aug. 31. No flowers developed thereafter in either field cages (one in each plot) were placed over cultivar (table 39). The number of small and large four rows of planted cotton. Rosette blooms were 28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

50 1977 - Gossyplure

0--0 Hexalure til 40 Q) c ~ 30 E ~ 0 3.r:: =oz .2' 20 CD ~ -E ff 10 iLo.__ c O~ ~ ~ 0 .:offQJ E :::3 1976 Z 20 c o QJ ~ 10

o I I I I I May June July August September October November December

FIGl'RE 3,-Pink bollworm male moths caught per trap per night in gossyplure-baited Sharma traps in 1976 and Delta traps in 1977, Yuma. Ariz.. counted, and boll samples were taken weekly from One-half of each block was treated with di the cages to determine the effects of the previous camba (0.056 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56kg year's treatments on pink bollworm population ai hal on Sept. 9,1977. Flowers and small and development. large bolls were counted in all plots on Sept.9, 13, Pink bollworm larval populations in bolls were 23, and Oct. 5 and 11. Four rows of each plot were monitored as previously described. In addition, picked with a spindle picker to obtain yield data. D-vac samples were taken in two 15-m sections of row in each plot to monitor populations of LygllS Results and other plant bugs and beneficial species in the nectaried and nectariless cultivars. Percent pink bollworm infestation, as mea Gossyplure-baited Sharma traps in 1976 and sured by boll examination, was lower until late in Delta traps in 1977 were located in each of three the season in the nectariless cotton ( tables 4;5 and fields, and pink bollworm males captured were 44). The estabEshed economic infestation level of counted two or three times weekly. Six 10 percent was reached Aug. 19 in the 'Deltapine gossyplure-baited Sharma traps v,'ere also oper 16' nectaried cotton. This occurred approximately ated from May 1976 to December 1977 at the Uni 2 weeks before a similar level was reached in the versHy of Arizona Cotton Researci-} Center, nectariless cotton plots. Azinphosmethyl ",.'as Phoenix, and at the Arizona State University Re applied three times lAug. 26, Sept. 3, and Sept. search Farm to study the seasonal distribution of 101 to nectaried plots and t'NO times (Sept. 3 and pink bollworm males throughout the year. Traps 10) to the nectariless plots. The insecticide appli were checked daily, except for some weekends, cations had a significant effect on pink bollworm and the number of moths captured was recorded. infestation through early October (table 45). Per ThITEGRKnNGMrnTHODSFOR CONTROL OF THE PTINK BOLLWORM 29

Table 34.-MeanI number of pink bollworms per 50 were 1903 and 2095 kg/ha of seed cotton, respec incubated bolls in chemically terminated2 and tively. Seed cotton yields in nectariless and nec nonterminated nectariless and nectaried cotton, taried insecticide-treated and untreated plots Yuma, Ariz., 1976 were as follows:

- --~-- .- ..----~-~.- ---.------... -~ -~.------"--- ~-- --~- 'Stoneville 73IN' 'Deltapine 61' Insecticide nectariless nectaried Total Cultivar treatedI L'ntreated Sampling ~Termf:-Nonte;m:i· Termi- Nontermi-larvae in ·--·-Kilograms per hectare ._.•• date nated nated nated nated diapause

_ •• -+--r.~ •• _ •• ...... -___"__ ~_ . ---" ,~-'- --~.-- ..... 'Deltapine 7146N' (nectariless) 2858 a 1714 b Percent 'Deltapine16' (nectariE:d) 2548 a 1396 b Sept. 15 3 a 20 a 20 20 25 ab 17 b 60 a 38 ab 22 1Means of 4 replications. Means not followed by the same 23 54 ab 37 b 101 ab 132 a 23 letter are significantly different according to Duncan's multi 27 36 a 44 a 82 a 88 a 40 ple range test (P=.05). Treated with azinphosmethyl (1.1 kg 30 67 b 27 c 124 a 59 b 56 ai/hal on Aug. 26, Sept. 3, and Sept. 10. Oct. 4 88 a 76 a 162 a 143 a 68 7 90 ab 66 b 146 a 110 ab 67 11 60 a 65 a 135 a 105 a 81 14 62 b 67 b 149 a 160 a 84 Table 35.-Percentagesl of pink bollworm larvae 18 88 ab 61 b 127 a 120 a 75 remaining in late-season cotton bolls in chemi 21 79 a 79 a 67 a 82 a 66 2 25 90 a 57 a 69 a 80 a 86 cally terminated and nonterminated nectariless 28 48 a 47 a 78 a 94 a 75 and nectaried cotton, Yuma, Ariz., 1976

Nov. 1 40 a 76 a 45 a 84 a 78 ~ .- -" -,---~ 4 22 a 70 a 23 a 86 a 62 Nectariless Nectaried 8 22 a 27 a 16 a 39 a 72 " 11 20 a 22 a 11 a 18 a 72 Sampling Termi- Nontermi- Termi- Nontermi 1.5 38 a 30 a 22 a 33 a 79 date nated nated nated nated Mean 18 21 a 35 a 27 a 64 a 77 Sept. 15 10 a 22 a 16 i IMeans of 4 replications. Means within a row for number of 20 34 a 7 b 6 b 12 ab 15 i pink bollworm larvae not followed by the same letter are sig 23 38 a 14 b 16 b 14 b 21 hi nificantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 27 33 a 48 a 46 a 23 a 38 eg 22,4-D (0.028 kg ai'hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai hal 30 55 a 52 a 49 a 54 a 52 cod on Sept. 16. Oct. 4 69 a 64 a 45 a 46 a 56 cod Note: Dashes indicate no data. 7 47 a 43 a 53 a 48 a 48 d·f 11 36 a 43 a 25 a 44 a 37 e-g 14 45 a 46 a 39 a 38 a 42 dog centages of diapause larvae did not reach higher 18 23 a 34 a 43 a 30 a 33 gh than 56 percent from Sept. 22 through Nov. 22. 21 65 a 73 a 81 a 75 a 73 ab 25 The low incidence of diapause probably occurred 39 a 24 a 20 a 39 a 30 gh 28 68 a 72 a 58 a 57 a 64 bc because picked bolls were held in the laboratory at temperatures ranging from 24' to 2ic. High Nov. 1 45 a 58 a 47 a 49 a 50 de 4 90 a 89 a 83 a 78 a 85 a ercenta&es of the larvae remained in the bolls 8 48 a 23 a 44 a 22 a 34 e-g rtable 46), and significantly more larvap that re 11 79 a 46 b 35 b 32 b 54 cod mained in bolls were in diapause as compared 15 35 a 42 a 71 a 50 a 50 de with the incidence of diapause in larvae cutting 18 45 a 52 a 61 a 48 a 51 c·e out of bolls (table 47). The effect of Pennwalt TD-1l23 plus chlorflurenol treatment on Sept. 16 1Means of 4 replications. Means in a row not followed by on the number of green bolls at harvest and pink the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's mUltiple range test (P= .05), bollworm larvae per hectare in soil and trash is 22,4-D (0.028 kg ai,ha) plus chlorfluorenol (0.56 kg ai/hal shown in table 48. on Sept. 16. Yields in terminated and nonterminated plots Note: Dashes indicate no data. 30 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 36.-Percentagesl of pink bollu'orm larvae in Pink bollworm populations were lower in the bolls that were in diapause l'S. cutout larvae in nectariless cotton throughout most of the season diapause, Yuma, Ariz., 1976 (table 51). The incidence of diapause was <2 per cent until Sept. 13, then rose rapidly after Sept. 20. There were no differences due to varieties or Sampling Larvae date In bolls Cutout termination treatments. Increasing numbers of pink bollworm larvae remained in the bolls after mid-September (table 52). Dicamba plus Percenl Percellt chlorflurenol applied Sept. 9 did not have a sig Sept. 15 83 a 13 b nificant effect on reducing fruiting forms until 20 62 a 15 b 23 75 a 18 b Oct. 11 (table 53). At harvest, the numbers of 9~_I 70 a 23 b green bolls were reduced more than 95 percent in 30 68 a 37 b both cultivars (table 54) with a corresponding re Oct. 4 84 a 49 b duction in pink bollworm larvae per hectare in 7 77 a 56 b cotton bolls (table 55). Average seed cotton 11 82 a 83 a weights were similar in terminated and nontermi 14 89 a 89 a nated plots (table 56): however, the treatment 18 80 a 76 a significantly reduced the yield of the 'Stoneville 21 73 a ,5 a _Ll9 81 a 87 a 731N' cultivar. The termination treatment did not 28 72 a 80 a seriously affect seed and fiber quality indices (ta Nov.l 67 a 85 a ble 57). 4 71 a 48 a The results of pink bollworm male moth gos 8 80 a 76 a syplure trapping were similar to those reported at 11 91 a 66 b the Yuma, Harquahala, and Maricopa locations. 15 81 a 80 a There were no differences in numbers of males lMeans of 8 replications. Means within a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multi· pIe range test (P= .05). Table 37.-Mean number per hl!ctare of immature green cotton bollsl • pink bollu.'orm larvael in soil and trash, and lint yield2 at haruesitime in chem· There were no significant differences in the icall:r terminated! and control'Stoneville 73JN' number of pink bollworm moths emerging from nectariless and 'De/lapine 61' neclaried cotton the 1976 terminated (18) vs. nonterminated (18), plots at Yuma, Ariz., 1976 insecticide (20.5) vs.control (15.5), or nectariless (23.5) vs.nectaried cultivar treatments (12.5), or early infestations in caged cotton. Larvae In 1977, Lygus and Empoasca leafhopper popu· Cultival' in and lations were lower in nectariless cotton plots. Lint Green soil treatment yield;; bolls and trash Economic infestation levels of Lygus were not reached in any of the plots (table 49). Cotton 'Stoneville 731N': fleahopper populations were higher in the nectari Terminated 615 a 23,348 c 10,769 b less plots. This was unexpected in view of results Control 720 a 80,695 b 53,846 a reported by Sch uster et al. (42) and sho uld be in 'Deltapine 61': vestigated further. Black leafhopper populations Terminated 624 a 71,765 b 19,385 b were similar in both cultivars. Results with bene Control 618 a. 128,251 a 53.846 a ficial species were similar to those previously re ported. Total predator populations were reduced lMeans of 6 replications. Means in a column not followed in the nectariless plots, mainly due to the effects by the same lettpr are significantly different. Duncan's multi· on ChlTsopa spp. and Nabis spp. Predator popula pJe range test (P=.05). tions were high in June and July and decreased in 2Means of 3 replications. 12,4·D (0.028 kg ai-hal plus chlorflul'enol (0.56 kg ai/hal August ( table 50). on Sept. 16. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 31

Table 3B.-MeanJ number of pink bollworms in 'Deltapine 61' and 'Stoneville 731N' incubated cotton bolls from 2 chemically terminated • and nonterminated cotton plots, Yuma, Ariz., 1977

Percentage of 'Deltapine 61' 'Stoneville 731N' total larvae Non- Non- Sampling Termi- tenni- Termi- termi- Remaining In date nated nated nated nated in bolls diapause

June 29 2 a o a July 6 1 a 1 a 18 4 a 1 b 0 25 3 a 4 a 0 0 Aug. 3 9 a 8 a 2 0 8 46 a 33 a 16 <1 24 60 a 72a 0 0 30 36 a 40 a 31 a 40 a 0 0 Sept. 6 34 a 32 a 31 a 26 a <1 1 13 19 a 30 a 22 a 30 a 0 1 21 17 a 31 a 19 a 33 a 22 31 _I')~ 7 c 38 a 13 be 28 ab 19 44

lMean of 4 replications. 50 bolls per replication. Means iii a row not followed by the same letter are significantly dim'rent. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2Dicamba (0.056 kg ai /ha) plus chlorflureno] (0.56 kg aiha) on Aug. 31. Note: Dashes indicate no data.

caught in traps in the nectariless and nectaried State University Experimental Research Farm) cotton types, and the results are combined in fi locations in Sharma traps operated to study the gure 4. In each year, low numbers of males were seasonal distribution of males (fig. 5). Kaae et a1. caught early in the season with increasing num (27) reported similar results in the Coachella Val bers being caught beginning in July and major ley, Calif. Extremely low numbers were caught at peaks occurring thereafter at about 25- to 30-day each location through early April, the number intervals. caught increasing thereafter to peaks of 7 to 20 Male moths were caught every month of the males per trap per night in Mayas a result of year at both the Phoenix (University of Arizona moth emergence from overwintered larvae. Cotton Research Center) and the Tempe (Arizona

DISCUSSION The results of the experiments for the years the experimental field conditions, it was difficult 1973-77 reported here show that pink bollworm to demonstrate any additive effect, but all of the populations were reduced by each of several combinations of control methods researched ap techniques tested-chemical control, nectariless peared compatible. cotton, and chemical termination, in each case Critical factors influencing the development alone and in various combinations. No single of larval infestations in cotton during the growing technique used alone gave adequate or completely season are: (1) emergence and subsequent survi acceptable season-long control. Further, under val of moths in the spring, and (2) numbers and 32 TECHNICAL BULLEI'IN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 39.-Mean! number of flowers, small and large bolls, and total fruiting forms in untreated and chemically terminated2 cot ton plots at Yuma, Ariz., 1977

'D el tliI)ine.~~.~, ... 'Stoneville 731N' Treatment and Smail Large Smail Large sampling date Flowers bolls bolls Total Flowers bolls bolls Total

."---.-~.~-.~-~------~------.--.- . Sept.I5: Control 3 a 6 a 42 a 51 a 5 a 6 a 38 a 49 a Terminated o b 2 a 11 b 13 b 0 b 2 a 15 b 17 b Sept. 23: Control 6 a 3 b 33 a 42 a 5 a 7 a 30 a 42 a Terminated o b 1 b 6 b 7 b o b 2 b 12 b 14 b Sept. 29: Control 4 a 3 a 26 a 33 a 2 ab 4 a 29 a 35 a Terminated 0 b 1 b 4 b 5 b o b <1 c.' 6 b 6 b Oct. 6: Control o a <1 a 2 a 33 a o a <1 a 9 a 310 a Terminated o a 0 a o a o a o a 0 a <1 b <1 b

I Mean of ~ replications. 4 m of row per replication. Means in a column on the same sampling date not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2Dicamba (0.056 kg ai hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai hal on Aug. 31. :IGreen bolls at harvest.

survival of overwintering larvae. The two, of Table 40.-Mean! lint yield and number of green course, are closely related. bolls per hectare at han'est in untreated control During early season, the limited availability and chemically terminated:! 'De/lapine (jJ' and of host material and other factors combine to re -SloneL'ille 73Hv' cotton plots at Yuma, Ariz., duce reproductive potential of the insect. There Oct. 6,1971 fore, additional pressure to the population during this critical establishment may be an important Treatment consideration in any integrated pink bollworm and Lint Green control system. cultivar yield bolls Pink bollworm moth emergence in Arizona, as reported by Wene et al. (51, 52) begins in late Kg Iw No.'ha March and continues into late July and early Au 'Stoneville 731N': gust. Some early moth emergence occurs before Terminated 1,345 a 247 b cotton fruiting forms are available ("suicidal" Control 2,002 a 21,983 a emergence), but the distribution of emerging 'Deltapine 61': moths during the season appears to insure num Terminated 1.879 a o b bers of insects to initiate infestations in cotton Control 2.002 a 6.175 b planted under normal conditions. For example, Fye (22) in Arizona reported that pin); bollworm 1Mean of 4 replications; 4 m of row. Means in a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Du.n· moth emergence from prepupae in free cocoons can's multiple range test (P= .05). generally occurred earlier (May to early July) 2Dicamba (0.056 kg aiha) plus chlorflurenol (0,56 kg than from prepupae in bolls. Moth emergence ai <'hal on Aug. 31. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 33

Table 4L-Cottonseedl and fiber quality indices in Table 43.-Mean number! of pin/~ bolhcorm lWToe chemically terminated;! and nonterminoted per 50-green-boll sample in nectariless and nee' 'StoneL'ille 73iN' and 'Deltapine 61' ('otton. taried cotton C'ultit'w's at Tempe. Ariz.. 197£J Yuma. An2.. 1977

'DE.'ltapinE' 7146N' 'DE.'ltapinE.' 16' SE.'ed and 'Stoneville 73lN' 'Deltapine 61' Sampling date nertariless nE.'rtarit'd fibt'r quality Termi· Nontermi· Tt'rmi· Nontt'rmi· indices nated nated nated natt'd .Julyl4 0 a 0 a 21 <1 b 4 a Set'd: 28 1 b 15 a Weight Aug. 4 2 b 6 a (g 100) 9.2 a 9.2 a S,6 b 8.4 b 11 b 6 a Field emergence 19 2 b 1] a (pet) 75.0 a SO.O a 71.0 a 74.0 a 25 a b 9 a Timl' to emergl' (days) 8.2 a 7.9 a 8.6 a 8.9 a Sl'pt.l 14 b 27 a Dead seE'dlings R 41 b 106 a (No.100) 4.0 a 4.0 a 5.0 a 2.0 a 17 103 a 100 a Lint: Fiber length ! ME'ans (If 4 l'E'plications of 50 greE'n bolb earh. Bolls {mm}: examined for exit hoI!'" and op!'ned to dE'termine thE' presencE' 2.5·pl'rrl'nt of larvaf'. Mean:; in a row not foll(lwl'd by the saml' ll'tter are span 26.7 a 27.2 a 56.9 a 27.4 a significantly diffl'rl:'nt. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 50'pel'cl'nt span 12.2 a 13.0 a 1:1.0 a 1:1.2 a Fibl'r uniformity (pet) . 45.0 a 4•.0 a 48.0 a 4!{.O a Fib!'r strength (rru'\ Tl'xl 165.• a 163.8 b 183.4 a 18iiA a Mieronaire 4.()' a 4.22 a 4.!{ a 4.:32 a Table 44.-Pink bM/zl'orm infestations! in untreated 1Mean:; of 4 rE'plica tiOlU;. ME'am; in a row not fol\o\\'f;'d by and insecticide-sprayed:! nectariless and nee the same IE'ttE'r an' :;ignificantly diffE'rt'llt. Duncan'~ multiple faried cotton cultimrs at Tempe, Ariz., 1976 ran/.w te;;t (P=.05). ~Di('amha (0.056 kg ai hal plu!" t'hlorflul'E'nol (0.56 kg ai hal (jnAug. al. 'Deltapine 714GN' 'Deltapine 16' :lampling (n!:'ctarilessj (nedariedj Table 42.-Mean~ numb!'r o{ pinh bolltl'orms per datI;' Chl;'{'k Tr!:'atl'd Chl'rk Trl'aled hectare ill cotton bolls from control and chemi cally termillaled;! 'Deitapille 61' ond 'S[oneL'ille .July 14 0 a 0 a () a 0 a 78L'\" ('olioll plots Cit Yuma, Ariz., 1977 21 I a () 1\ 5 a 1 a 21' !{ h (J b 21 a a b Aug. 4 4 a :{ a 11 a 10 a Sampling 'Ih'ltapine 61' 'Stol1t'\'i1l!:' .;HN· 11 2 (. H bc 9 b 15 a datE' Contl'ol T('l'minatE'd Control 1erminatE'd 19 1 h 4 ab 9 ab 12 a 25 :3 c 12 b 7 bc 34 a SE·pt.l5 6a.924 a Iii,20a b 94.6fiO a 22,193 b Sept. 1 16 a 12 a 15 a 13 a 2:J 5fi.'72 a fi,a4H h 60.454 1\ 6,58a b X b 42 ab 61 a 66 a 4 ao 29 6J.922 a 1.fi79 b fiO.536 1\ a.606 b I. n.!~~ a 6a a 24 a 60 a

'Mean of 4 replications. Means in a row not foUow!;'d by tht' I Ml'an of 50 green bolls coliectl'd from each of 4 replicated same letter are significantly differE'nt. Duncan's multiplE' plot!' of each cultivar and treatment on each sampling date. range lest (P=.05). Bolls opened and examined for exit holes and larvae. Means in :lDicamba (0.056 kg ai hal plus chlorflurenol {0.56 kg a row not followed by the same letter are significantly diffe ai halon Aug. 31. rent. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). !Picked Oct, 6. :!AzinphoslIlE'lhyl. Aug. 26, Sept. 3 and 10. 34 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Table 45.-Mean number of pink bolhcorms per 50 incubated bolls in chemi cally terminated! and nonterminated 'Deltapine 16' nectariless and 'Delta pine 16' neciaried cotton plots at Tempe. Ariz.. 19m

Percent Nectariless Nectaried total Cheek Treated!! Check Treated2 larvae Sampling Termi· Nontermi·Termi- Nontermi·Termi· Nontermi-Termi· Nontermi in date nated nated nated nated nated nated nated nated diapause

Prr('cllt Sept. 22 62 bc 100 a 39 c 46 c 81 ab 56 be 48 e 38 e :38 24 78 abe 82 ab 29 d 40 bed 84 a 62 a·d 54 a·d 38 cd 33 30 73 a 73 a lOb 12 b 79 a 71 a 22 b 17 b 85 Oct. 2 86 a 67 a .39 b 20 b 76 a 85 a 27 b 33 b 34 5 82 a 6~;) ab 25 c 21 c 94 a 68 ab a7 be 42 be 40 ') 7 ,2 abe 90 a -I d 28 d 72 ab /5 a 40 cd 25 d 44 14 68 ab 83 a 33 c 40 be 66 ah 95 a 42 be 38 be 53 19 36 be 61 ab 56 abe 67 ab 15 e 82 a 36 be 88 a 56 26 23 be 66 ab 38 abe 84 a 0 e 39 abe 79 a 86 a 49 2S 14 c 74 a 23 be 67 a 11 c 60 ab 46 abe 58 ab 39

Nov. ;~ 14 e 27 be 23 be 67 a 11 c 60 ab 46 abc 58 ab 40 5 0 e 46 ab 21 abc 51 a 0 e 9 be 37 abe 44 ab 40 9 71l ab 91 a 75 b 65 b 36 16 43 a :37 ab 17 b 30 ab 48 19 53 a 48 a 22 b 36 ab 44 22 54 a 48 ab 38 be 28 c 42

lPennwalt 11)-1123 plus chlorfiureno1 {0.56 kg ai hal on Sept.16. Means of 4 replications. Means within a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multi· pie range test (P=;05). ~Azinphosmethyl. Aug. 26 .. Sept. 3 and 10. Note: Dashes indicate no data. from bolls occurred from late May to late August One possible way of applying early season and early September with one major peak of control is the use of pink bollworm sex emergence in June and a second occurring in late pheromone. The sex pheromone of the pink July and early August. These data suggest that al bollworm is released by the insect into the atmos though delay of early square infestations by de phere for mating communication and has shown layed planting may have potential, some pink promise as a means of modifying pink bollworm bollworm moths from overwintered larvae emerge behavior so as to suppress populations (24). when susceptible bolls are first available in mid Moreover, the technique appears to have the best to late June and later. Thus, delayed planting as chance for success and greatest impact on popula part of an integrated system to apply control tions early in the season when numbers of the in pressure on early season initiation of infestations sect are low. appears to have little potential although theoreti Extensive studies have been conducted to cally the technique was considered to have poten evaluate the impact of releasing high levels of tial in Texas (1). The concept cannot be completely gossyplure in cottonfields on pink bollworm popu dismissed until adequately researched. Other re lations (24). The results indicate that the degree lated factors, such as plant stand, yield, and late of control achieved is comparable to that cur season pink bollworm infestations, must be consi rently obtained with insecticide treatments. Also, dered. Comel, and Albany International Company, INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOllWORM 35

NOnv'ood, Mass., obtained an experimental use they used gossyplure-baited traps at a rate of permit for gossyplure from the U.S. Environmen· about 1 to 5 ha plus insecticides applied when tal Protection Agency in 1976 (12). The authors needed. reported treatment of 2,900 acres of cotton in These techniques affect only pink bollworms; Arizona and California for pink bollworm control. predators and parasites of other insects would not The results produced evidence that such use will be affected. These methods are more effective at substantially reduce the need for chemical insec' low population levels, so it would be advantageous ticides for pink bollworm control and will also to utilize all of the diapause control and winter suppress pink bollworm populations. An antici cultural practices to reduce the overwintering pated cost of $ 40 per acre·season was reported. population as much as possible. The effect of trapping with sex pheromone Because the pink bollworm is a late-season baits in the field has been less well documented pest, damaging infestations rarely occur before though the potential appears to warrant attention. late July to early August. At that time, chemical R. Huber, University of Arizona, Tucson (personal control may be necessary to prevent serious communication), has reported promising results economic losses; however, sizable pink bollworm in Graham County, Ariz., with early season pink infestations can be tolerated without reductions in bollworm trapping, and Neumark et al. (38) re cotton yields (49). Further. the number of insec· ported effective control of pink bollworms when ticide applications can be reduced markedly if the

Table 46.-"~1ewll percentages ofpink bolhcorm lart'ae remaining in late-season cotton bolls at Tempe, Adz., 1976

Nectari'less2 Nectaried:l Check Treated4 Check Treated4 Sampling Termi· Nonterm: Termi· Nontermi· Termi· Nontermi· Termi· Nontermi· date nated;; nated nated nated nated" nated nated nated

Sept. 22 19 abc 26 ab 32 a 21 abc 18 be 19 abc 11 c 28 ab 24 33 a 24 a 36 a 19 a 30 a 18 a 27 a 27 a 30 38 a 23 a 38 a 42 a 30 a 36 a 27 a 34 a Oct. 2 30 be 44 ab 39 abc 47 ab 23 c 39 abc 5, a 41 ab 5 32 be 41 ab 57 a 49 ab 18 e 22 e 44 ab 49 ab 7 23 b 46 a 44 a 59 a 23 b 2S b 50 a 46 a 14 34 be 26 be 57 a 62 a 22 e 28 be 46 ab 57 a 19 53 a 43 ab 65 a 65 a 22 b 28 b 45 ab 64 a 26 65 a 48 ab 56 a 65 a 10 b 32 ab 71 a 63 a 28 58 a 44 abc 58 a 53 ab 26 be 17 c 71 a 58 a Nov. 3 11 e 30 be 69 a 47 ab 0 c 29 be 56 ab 73 a 1) o d 31 be 18 cd 29 bc o d 19 cd 76 a fiO b 9 33a 39 a 34 a 41 a 16 46 a 49 a 46 a 58 a 19 46 a 57 a 39 a 54 a 22 42 a 49 a 39 a 50 a

1Means of 4 replications. Means in a row not fulJowed by the same letter art' significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2'Deltapine 4176' nectariJess. a'Deltapine 16'nf:ctaried. 4Azinphosmethyl. Aug. 26, Sept. 3 and 10. 5Pennwalt TD'1123 (1.1 kg ai hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai hal on Sept.16. Noll;!: Dashes indicate no data. 36 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE decision to treat is based on boll infestation data Table 48.-Mean1 number of green bolls and pink or pink bollworm moth density as measured by bollLcorm larvae per hectare at han'est in trapping (45) rather than on routine schedules. insecticide- trealed2 and control 'De/lapine 4176' The nectariless character in cotton consis· neclariless and 'Deltapine 16' nectaried cotton tently reduced pink bollworm populations about plots after chemical termination;J af cotton jruit 50 percent in the studies reported here as well as Lng. Tempe. Ariz.. 1976 other studies (57). Considerable movement of moths between plots or small fields probably oc Larvae curred (7). If all fields in a large ar.ea were Green in soil planted to the nectariless cotton types, reductions Cultivar and treatment bolls~ and trash in populations could be greater than observed in these tests. This reduction could delay the buildup 'Deltapine 4176' (nectariless): of populations to economic levels in early season rnsecti cid e· treated: and reduce the number of insecticide applications Terminated 0 51,154 Control 100.154 118.461 during the remainder of the season. Judicious use Insecticide control: of insecticides. as shown in the 1976 experiments Terminated 0 113.077 at the Arizona State University experimental Control 44.585 164.230 plots. can be used in conjunction with nectariless 'Deltapine 16' (nectaried): cotton. Applications based on an economic Insecticide·treated: Terminated 1.292 29.615 Control 22.615 61.923 Table 47.-Percentages! of pinh bollu'orm farme Inst'cticide control: remaining in late-season cotton bolls at Tempe. Terminated 0 35,000 Control 20.0:31 67.308 Ariz., 197B

I Means of 4 replications. Larval? Larvae ~Azinphosml.'thyl (1.1 kg ai hal. Aug. 26, Sept. aand 10. Sampling remaining in bolls Cutout larval? ·'Pennwalt TD-1l23 (1.1 kg ai hal plus l'hlorflurenol (0_56 date in bolls in diapause in diapausf? kg ai hal on Sept. 16. 4Nov.9.1976, ..••· ..••·•..·•••..·Prrc('nt ...... __ ..... Sept. 22 23 f 72 a 30 b 24 21 f 50 a 33 b threshold of 10 percent resulted in the necessity 30 30 c·f 46 a 40 a for only two treatments .in the nectariless variety. and yields were within the State average. Oct. 2 42 a·c 50 a 28 b 5 31 c·f 67 a 31 b The nectariless character also resulted in re 7 37 bod 81 a 31 b duced numbers of L:ygllS spp. Infestations of Lygus 14 27 d·f 81 a 41 b spp. in Arizona are of particular importance in re 19 36 b-e 68 a 37 b lation to occurrence before or during the tobacco 26 53 a 74 a 29 b 28 35 b-e 67 a 24 b budworm, H.cirescens (F.), and pink bollworm season, and application of insecticides for their Nov. 3 33 b-f 70 a 14 b control must be carefully evaluated (53). For 5 40 b·d 62 a 20 b .9 33 b·f 59 a 18 b example, the University of Arizona recommends 16 46 ab 78 a 15 b that a level of 15 to 20 Lygus bugs per 100 sweeps, 19 43 a-c 74 a 15 b which includes finding some nymphs, is the 22 41 a-d 75 a 17 b minimum number indicating need for insecticide control action (5). Thus, any reduction in num lMeans of 32 replications. Means within column "Larvae bers of Lygus spp. that can help to delay or pre· remaining in bolls" not followed by the same letter are sig vent insecticide application for their control has nificantly different. Means in a row for "Larvae in bolls in diapause" vs. "Cutout larvae in diapause" not followed by the the additional benefit of preserving beneficial in same letter are significantly different. In both cases, Duncan's sect species helpful in suppressing Heliothis spp. multiple range test (P=.05). populations. In three of the five experiments re INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 37

ported herein, average seasonal Lygus spp. popu· Table 50.-Mean! number of beneficial arthropods lations were reduced 37 to 57 percent in the nec per15 m ofD-vac sampled nectaried and nectari tariless cotton plots. In the other two experiments less cotton row at Tempe, Ariz., 1977 (Harquahala and Maricopa, 1975, and Yuma, 1976), populations were extremely low and of lit August tie consequence in either nectariless or nectaried Beneficial June July cottons. Also, the plot size at Yuma in 1976 was arthropods 24 1 14 21 29 18 Total less than 0.2 ha, and movement and dispersal be tween plots probably occurred, masking any ef 'Deltapine 61' (nectaried) fects of the nectariless cotton. In any event, the Wasps 5 0 3 7 2 1 18 importance of suppressing Lygus spp. populations Nabis 1 <1 2 <1 1 0 9 through non chemical means as an aid in cotton Geocoris 3 24 4 11 3 5 50 Orius 1 3 <1 11 5 5 26 pest management programs warrants further de Co ccinellids 2 0 2 <1 0 0 5 tailed studies of the total value of these results in Spiders 3 5 3 8 8 15 42 relation to their interaction with other pests and Co l/op s 0 2 3 3 1 <1 10 beneficial insects. Chrysopa 10 13 6 4 12 1 46 Cotton leafperforat.m populations ranged from Total 25 48 24 46 32 28 206 8 to 66 percent less in the nectariless cotton types 'Stoneville 73IN' (nectariless) as compared with those in nectaried types. In the experiment where leaf damage was measured in Wasps 2 0 3 7 1 <1 14 Nabis <1 0 1 1 <1 0 4 relation to cotton leafperforator populations, the Geocons 3 13 5 12 3 5 41 Orius 1 3 <1 18 5 3 31 Coccinellids 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 49.-Seasonal mean1 number of plant bug Spiders 5 4 4 6 5 8 32 pests and beneficial species per 15 m of row in Col/ops 0 1 3 3 1 <1 9 Chrysopa 1 1 1 2 3 <1 9 nectariless and nectaried cotton plots at Tempe, -.-~~ Ariz., 1977 Total 13 22 18 49 19 19 140

IMean of 4 replications; 2 15·m samples per replication. 'Stoneville 73IN' 'Deltapine 61' - . - .~ ._. -_. -- Species Mean Range Mean Range reduction was 31 percent in the nectariless cotton. LygU6' spp. 2 b 0-4 4 a 0-7 Spanagollicus It appears then that the nectariless character may albofasciatus have significant impact on several economically (Reut.) 19 a 2-39 22 a 1-54 important insect pests of cotton and may be an Empoasca spp_ 10 b 3·14 25 a 17-37 important factor in developing a cotton pest man Cotton agement program. fleahopper 3 a 1-6 2 b 0-4 The importance of the nectariless character in Beneficial species; reducing insect predator populations is unknown. Chrysopa spp. 1 b 1-3 7 a 1·13 Orius spp. 5 a 1-18 4 a 1-11 Reduced numbers may occur because of reduced Gpocoris spp. 7 a 3-3 8 a 3-24 pest-host density and need for nectar as a food IVabis spp. <1 b 0·1 1 a 0-4 source for the beneficial species. Natural popula Col/ops spp. 1 a 0·3 2 a 0-3 tions of predatory insects on cotton in Arizona Coccinellids <1 a 0-1 1 a 0·2 have not been considered important in reducing Wasps 2 a 0-7 3 a 0-7 Spiders 5 a 4·8 7 a 3·15 populations of the pink bollworm because they are declining late in the growing season when the Total beneficial 23 b 9-54 33 a 8-81 pink bollworm population is increasing (13) and the feeding larval stage of the pink bollworm is 14 replications; 2 15-m D-vac samples per replication weekly for 6 weeks, June 24 to Aug. 8. Means in a row not fol completely within the boll and thus protected lowed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's from predation. The results of the present studies mUltiple range test (P=_OS). also indicate that peak predator populations were 38 TECHNICAL BUILETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE present in May, June, and mid- to late July, de Table 52.-Mean1 percentage of pink bollworm lar creasing thereafter in August in plots not treated vae remaining in cotton bolls on various sampling with insecticides. In one year, sampling in late dates from 'Deltapine 61' and 'Stoneville 73JN' August and September revealed that wasp species terminated2 and nonterminated cotton plot at and Chrysopa spp. numbers were increasing. The Tempe, Ariz., 1977 significance of these results in relation to cotton pest species is unknown. ~~pine 6!'___:§~~~:vi1.1e731N' In large plantings of nectariless cotton, the Sampling Termi· Nontermi· Termi- Nontermi· complex of interacting arthropod populations may date nated nated nated nated change in favor of those species that feed predo minantly on food sources (insects, pollen, and July 25 o a o a o d other plant materials) other than nectar. The di 334 a rect effect of reducing arthropod species that feed Aug. 4 325 a 25 b 8 4 a o a 2 d on nectar and the change in prey-predator rela 22 3 a <1 a 2 d tionships must therefore be assessed in greater 31 3 a 4 a 3 d detail. Sept. 8 1 a 2 a o a 2 a 1 d The diapause overwintering stage of the pink 12 3 a <1 a 1 a 3 a 2 d bollworm is particularly vulnerable to cultural 19 27 a 25 a 11 b 24 a 22 c Oct. 4 41 a 44 a 37 a 44 a 41 a 10 35 c 48 ab 39 bc 56 a 45 a Table 51.-Mean1 number of pink bollworms and percent larvae in diapause in 'Deltapine 61' nec IMeans of 8 replications, 50 bolls per replication. taried and 'Stoneville 731N' chemically ter 2Dicamba (0.056 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg minated2 and nonterminated cotton plots at ai/hal on Sept. 9. Tempe, Ariz., 1977 3Based on 1 or 2 larvae. Means in a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P= .05). Percent Note: Dashes indicate no data. 'Deltapine 61' 'Stoneville 731N' larvae Sampling ~ Tennr--Nontermi-- Termi--Nontermi- in date nated nated nated nated diapause3 control strategies. These could be directed at pre July 25 1 a <1 a 0 venting the development of diapausing larvae or decreasing the survival of the diapausing larvae Aug. 4 2 a 2 a 0 8 3 a 2 a 0 during the winter. 22 20 a 12 b 0 The technique of using plant growth reg 31 43 a 32 b 1 ulators to chemically terminate the late fruiting of Sept. 8 65 a 58 a 35 b 41 b 2 the cotton plant in these and other studies re 12 51 ab 60 a 49 ab 40 b 2 ported by the authors consistently reduced popu 19 54 ab 62 a 39 c 47 bc 27 lations of diapause larvae by elimination of their Oct. 4 64 a 49 ab 29 b 41 ab 65 food during the diapause development period. The 10 65 ab 83 a 46 b 81 a 74 time of application of the plant growth regulator is of critical importance. The ideal treatment 1Mean of 8 replications, 50 bolls per replication. (After selectively removes all fruiting forms that could Sept. 8, 25 bolls in terminated plots, 50 bolls in nontermi· sustain development of diapause pink bollworm nated plots, all adjusted to 50 bolls). larvae without removing any fruiting forms that 2Dicamba (0.056 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Sept. 9. would mature and contribute to yield. In practice, 3Average of all treatments. No differences between varie· the decision regarding the time of application is ties or termination treatments. Means in a row not followed by trade-off to apply the plant growth regulators to the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple obtain maximum effect on reducing availability of range test (P= .05). food for the development of the diapause genera Note: Dashes indicate no data. tion and minimum effect of yield (29). The results INTEGRATING METIlODS FOR CONTROL OF TIlE PINK BOLLWORM 39

Table 53.-Mean1 number of flowers, small and large bolls, and total fruiting forms in untreated and chemically terminated2 cotton plots at Tempe, Ariz., 1977

'Deltapine 61' 'Stoneville 731N' Treatment and Small Large Small Large sampling date Flowers bolls bolls Total Flowers bolls bolls Total

Sept. 9: Control 2 28 95 117 1 20 93 113 Terminated 1 26 70 97 1 38 80 118 Sept. 13: Control 1 11 109 121 1 6 94 101 Terminated 1 14 105 119 <1 10 111 121 Sept. 23: Control 1 2 64 66 1 1 53 54 Terminated <1 5 52 57 0 2 62 64 Oct. 5: Control 1 2 17 19 2 1 14 17 Terminated 0 <1 15 16 0 <1 12 12 Oct.ll: Control 1 3 a 12 a 15 a 1 lab 6ab 8 b Terminated 0 <1 b 4 b 5 b 0

lMean of 8 replications per 4 m of row per replication, no significant differ ences except last sampling date. For Oct. 11. means in column not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2Dicamba (0.056 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg ai/hal on Sept. 9.

l Table 54.-Mean number of green bolls and seed of studies reported herein consistently achieved cotton weight per hectare at harvesttime in un 2 90 percent or better reduction in diapause larval treated control and chemically terminated cotton popula+-' ans at harvesttime with less than plots at Tempe, Ariz., Nov. 9,1977 5-percent reduction in cotton yield. The application of plant growth regulators to 'Delta 'Stone cotton late in the season does not remove green pine 61' Seed ville 731N' Seed bolls that are on the plant at the time of treat green cotton green cotton ment. This is desirable in terms of contributing to Treatment bolls (kg/ha) bolls (kg/ha) yield. These bolls, however, are subject to pink bollworm infestations, and the time lag between Control 13,396 a 2006 a 12,166 a 1961 a Chemically plant growth regulator treatment and total reduc terminated 162 b 1961 a 421 b 1758 b tion of fruiting forms may result in some diapause larvae being produced. Thus, even greater reduc tion in pink bollworm diapause larval populations JMean of 16 replications. Means in a column not followed by the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multi may be achieved by a carefully timed insecticide ple range test (P=.05). application to prevent infestation of bolls on the 2Dicamba (0.056 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg plant when the plant growth regulator is applied. ai/hal on Sept. 9. Termination of late-season growth, crop 40 TECHNICAL BUILETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE maturity, and shortening the growing season can Table 57.-Cottonseedl and fiber quality indices in also be achieved by manipulation of late-season chemically terminated2 and nonterminated irrigations. Willet et al. (54) discussed this con 'Stoneville 731N' and 'Deltapine 61' cotton plots cept in detail with regard to Arizona cotton grow at Tempe, Ariz., 1977 ers. Further, Watson et al. (48) reported that in the Yuma Valley, irrigation cutoff about Aug. 1 maintained high cotton yields and reduced the Seed and 'Stoneville 731N' 'Deltapine 61' fiber quality Termi- 'NonTerm;: "Termi=Nontermi number of diapause larvae that successfully over indices nated nated nated nated wintered. Shortening the growing season also conserved water and decreased pesticide use. Seed: Weight (gJ100) 8.9 a 8.8 a 8.9 a 8.8 a Table 55.-Ml?an l numbl?r of pink bolLLl'orms per Field emer hectare in cotton bolls from control and chemi gence (pet) 68.0 b 77.0 a 55.0 c 54.0 c cally terminatl?d2 'Deltapinl? 61' and 'Stoneville Time to emerge 731N' cotton plots, Tempe, Ariz .. 1977 (days) 7.9 b 7.6 c 8.7 a 8.1 b Dead seed lings Sampling 'Deltapine 61' 'Stoneville 731N' (No.1100) 1.0 a 3.0 a 2.0 a 2.0 a date3 COll troI Terin-inated Control Terminated Lint: Fiber length Sept. 9 226,993 b 343.046 a 213.272 be 128,909 c (mm): 13 554,016 a 294,140 a 218.039 a 276,919 a 2.5 per 128,415 b 23 200,786 a 154,807 ab 125.871 b cent Oct. 5 39,409 a 36,914 a 33,389 a 14.832 a span 27.9 b 28.5 ab 29.0 a 29.0 a 11 65,178 a 12.814 b 29,512 b 5.170 b 50 per cent ~;75 b Nov. 9 17,176 a 220 b 11.066 a span 13.2 b 14.0 ab 14.2 a 14.5 a Fiber uni JMean of 4 replications. Means in a row not followed by the formity same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple (pet) 48.0 c 49.0 bc 50.0 ab 50.0 a range test (P=.05). Fiber strength 2Dieamba (0.056 kg ai'ha) plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg (mNTex) 173.6 c 173.6 c 188.4 b 194.2 a ai/hal on Sept. 9, Micronaire 4.42 a 4.44 a 4.57 a 4.50 a 3Mean number of larvae per boll for Sept. 13,23. and Oct. 5,11, times the number of green bolls per hectare equals the I Means of 4 replications. Means in a row not followed by number of pink bollworms per hectare. the same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05). 2 Dieamba (0.056 kg ai hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg aiha) on Sept. 9. Table 56.-Meanl sl?ed cotton weight (kg/ha) in un treated control and chemically terminate£! 'Del lapine 61' and 'Stonl?ville 731N' cotton plots at Tempe. Ariz., 1977 The use of either, both, or a combination of these techniques provides additional compatible suppression techniques that could be part of an Treatment 'Deltapine 61' 'Stoneville 731N' integrated system, resulting in significant reduc tions in numbers of diapause larvae and a con Control 2,006 a 1,961 a sequent reduction in numbers of moths that Chemically terminated 1,961 a 1,758 b emerge the following spring.

lMean of 8 replications. Means in a row not followed by the Other techniques, not evaluated here, are same letter are significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test (P=.05), known to reduce pink bollworm survival (39). 2 Dieamba (0.056 kg ai/hal plus chlorflurenol (0.56 kg Early stalk destruction to kill diapausing larvae in ai/hal on Sept. 9. bolls, deep plowing, and winter irrigation to in INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOILWORM 41

60 1977

1: 40 C> Z ct 30 C o ~... 20 rf Ul 10 Q) C ~ 0 E.... 0 ~ ~ 60 1976 tIl ..:t: 5: 50 o lii 40 .c E ~ 30 c: o ~ 20

o I I I I I May June July AUQust Septamber October November

FIGURE 4.-Pink bollwnrm male moths caught per night per trap in gossyplure-baited Sharma traps in 1976 and Delta traps in 1977, Tempe. Ariz. crease mortality are cultural control techniques ing to prevent development of large populations that could be used to reduce pink bollworm popu of overwintering larvae, early stalk destruction, lations further during diapause (47. 50). Planting deep plowing, winter irrigation to kill diapausing to a winter crop. as grain with its winter irriga larvae and reduced winter survival, uniform plant tion. also results in lower survival of diapausing ing to reduce the impact of emerging spring larvae (37). moths, planting nectariless or varieties with other Apparently, many of the tools to develop an resistant characters to reduce reproduction, mass integrated control program for the pink bollworm trapping or confusion with gossyplure during the are available that will provide adequate control, early season, and judicious use of insecticides produce economical yields. and protect or con when infestations in bolls develop. serve the parasites and predators that suppress Management of pink bollworm populations populations of other cotton insects, such as the using nonchemical techniques focuses on control boHworm/budworm complex and the cotton leaf methods that affect the total insect populations perforator. Such a program would apply continual rather than small local infestations. Pink pressure on the pink bollworm population bollworm moths, both the overwintered and those throughout the year. The components of such a of the late summer generations, are known to system include early termination of cotton fruit- move great distances (7). Thus, such a .system 42 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE would have to be a community effort. The results lead to a successful cotton pest management sys of the present research have consistently verified tem have been identified as a result of the present the value of individual suppression measures, research. Large area implementation of th~se such as nectal'iless cotton and chemical termina strategies needs to be accomplished to develop a tion; however, the total effect of integrating these total integrated system of controlling cotton in and other methods will have to be studied on a sect pests in the Southwest. large area. Several useful components that could

University of Arizona Agricultu'al Experimental Station, Phoenix, Az. 70

60 1976\ I-1977 ~50 z ~40 0.c ':30 ~ 8120 ~ E 10 ~ 0 ~

Arizono State l.k1iversity Experimental Form, Tempe, Az.

10 o

FIGl'RE 5.-Pink bollworm male moths caught per trap per night from May 1976 through December 1977, Phoenix and Tempe, Ariz. INTEGRATING METHODS FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM 43 LITERATURE CITED

(1) ADKISSON.P. L. (12) BROOKS. T W .. and KITTERMAN. R. L. 1962. TIMING OF DEFOLIANTS AND DESICCANTS TO RE. 1977. GOSSYPLURE H. F.·PINK BOLLWORM POPl'LATION DUCE POPULATIONS OF THE PINK BOLLWORM IN Sl'PPRESSION WITH MALE SEX ATTRACTANT DIAPAUSE. Journal of Economic Entomol PHEROMONE RELEASED FROM HOLLOW r'IBERS-1976 ogy 55:949-951. EXPERIMENTS, Proceedings of the Beltwide (2) ROBERTSON, 0. T.. and FIFE. L. C. Cotton Production Mechanization Confer ence. Atlanta. Ga.• p. 79-82. 1962. PLANTING DATE AS A FACTOR INVOLVED IN PINK BOLLWORM CONTROL..P. 16-20. In Martin, D. (13) BRYAN.D. E .. FYE. R. E .. JACKSON. C. G .. and PATANA. R. F. and Lewis, R.D., editors, A summary of 1973 RELEASES OF BRACON KIRKPATRICKl (WILKENSON) recent research basic to the cultural control AND CHELONl'S BLArKBl'RNI CAMERON FOR PINK of pink bollworm, Texas Agricultural Exper BOLLWORM CONTROL IN ARIZONA. U. S. De iment Station Miscellaneous Publication partment of Agriculture. Production No. 579, 28 p. Reasearch Report No. 150. 22 p. (3) WILKES.L. H .. and JOHNSON. S.P. (14) CARRUTH. 1. A.. and MOORE.L. 1958. CHEMICAL. CULTURAL. AND MECHANICAL CONTROL 1973. COTTON SCOl'TING AND PESTICIDE I'SE IN EASTERN OF THE PINK BOLLWORM. Texas Agricultural ARIZONA. Journal of Economic Entomology Experiment Station Bulletin No. 920,16 p. 66:187-190. ( 4) ANONYMOUS. (15) CATHEY, G. w. 1977. REVIEW OF THE PINK .BOLLWORM PROGRAM. Re 1978. EVALl'ATJON OF POTASSIlTM a.4·DlrHLOROISO. port of U.S. Department of Agriculture THIAZOLE 5,CARBOXYLIC AS A HAhVEST AID CHEM. Task Force. USDA, Plant Protection and IrAL ON corroN, Crop Sciences 18:301-304. Quarantine. Animal and Plant Health In (16) CHAPMAN. A. J .. and CAVITT. H. S. spection Service. 42 p. 1937. POSSIBILITIES OF REDtlCING OVERWINTERING PINK (5) BOLl.WORM POPl'LATION IN THE SOIL AS SHOWN BY 1978. 19.8 INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT FOR COTTON. STRIPPING TESTS Journal of Economic En University of Arizona Cooperative Exten tomology 30:837-838. sion Service Q 11, 8 p. (17) DETRICK. E. J. 1961. AN IMPROVED BACKPACK MOTOR FOR S('CTION (6) BARIOLA.L.A. SAMPLING OF INSECT POPt.'LATIONS Journal of 1978. SUICIDAL EMERGENCE AND REPRODl'CTION BY Economic Entomology 54:394-395. OVERWINTERED PINK BOLLWORM MOTHS. En vironmental Entomology 7:189-192. (18) FLINT. H. M .. Kl'HN. S .. HORN. B .. and SALLAM. H. A. 1974. RARLY SEASON TRAPPING OF PINK BOLLWORM WITH (7) KELl.ER. J, C. TURLEY. D. 1.. and FARRIS. J. R OOSSYPLrRE. JOllrnal of Economic En 1973. MIGRATION AND POPlTLATION STl'DIES OF THE PINK tomology 67;738·740. BOLLWORM IN THE ARID WEST. Environmental (19) SMITH, R. L. BARIOLA, L. A . and others. Entomo!ogy2:205-208. 1976. PINK BOLLWORM: 1'RAf' TESTS WITH GOSSYp. (8) KITTOCK. D. L .. ARLE. H. F .. and others. LI'RE Journal of Economic Entomology 1976. CONTROLLING PINK BOLLWORMS: EFFECTS OF 69:535·538_ CHEMICAL TERMINATION OF COTTON FRUITING ON (20) SMITH. R. L.. FOREY. D. E .. and HORN, B, R POPt:LATIONS OF D1APAUSING LARVAE Journal 1977. PINK BOLLWORM: REtlPONSE OF MAl.ES TO {ZZ; and of Economic Entomology 69:633-636. (Z.E-) ISOMER Of G()SSYPLl'RE. Environmental (9) BENNET. 0, 1.. ERIE. L. J .. and MACKENZIE. A. J. Entomology 6:274-275. 1967. BOLl. FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES Of COTTON ( 21 ) FYE. R E. AS AFFECTED BY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. U. S. 1976. IMPROVED METHOD FOR HOLDING COTTON BOLLS Department of Agriculture. Technical Bul FOR DETECTlliC; PINK BOLLWORMS. U. S. De. letin No. 1372. partment of AgrIcul ture, Agricultural Re s.earch Service. ARS W-37. 3 p. (Series dis (10) BBNSCI;OTER. C. A.• and LEAL. M, p, continued; Agricultural Research Service is ] 974. RELATION OF COTTON PLANT NECTAR TO LONGEVITY now Science and Education Administra AND REPRODUCTION OF COTTON LEAFPERFORATOR tion-Agricultural Research.) IN THE LABORATORY, Journal of Economic (22) Entomology 67:217-218. 1979a. INSECT I)IAPAl'SE: FIELD AND INSECTARY STUDIES OF SIX LEPIDOPTEROUS SPECIES. U. S. Depart. (11) BIERL. B. A•• BEROZA. M .. STATEN. R. T.• and others. ment of Agriculture, Science and Education 1974. THR PINK BOLLWORM SEX ATTRACTANT. Journal Administration, Agricultural Research. Ag of Economic Entomology 67:211-216. ricultural Research Results, ARR-W-7. 51 p_ 44 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1610, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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(46) VAIL. P. V.. HENNEBERRY. T. J .. BARIOLA. L. A.. and others. SHEETS. L. W .. WOODRUFF. H. E .• and others. 1978. EVALUATION OF SEVERAL TECHNIQUES AS COMPO· 1965. WINTER SURVIVAL OF THE PINK BOLLWORM [N NENTS OF AN INTEGRATED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ARIZONA. Arizona Agricultural Experiment PINK BOLLWORM IN THE SOUTHWEST. U. S. De· Stat1on, Technical Bulletin No. 170,23 p. partment of Agriculture, Production Re· (53) WERNER. F. G.. MOORE. L.. and WATSON. T. seach Research Report No. 172,18 p. 1979. ARIZONA COTTON INSECTS. Cooperative Exten· (47) WATSON T. F •• BARNES. K. K.. SLOSSER, J. E.. and sion Service, University of Arizona, Bulle· FULLERTON, D. G, tin A23R, 38p. 1974. INFLUENCE OF PLOW .DOWN DATES AND CULTURAL WILLET. G. S .. TAYLOR.B. B .. and BUXTOr-:. D. R PRACTICES ON SPRING MOTH EMERGENCE OF THE Hrl3. AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF SHORT AND FULL· P!'lK BOLLWORM. Journal of Economic En SEASON COTTON IN ARIZONA. Arizona Agricul tomology 67:207 ·210. tural Experiment Station Research Report (48) CARASSO. F. M .. LANGSTON, D. T .. and others. No. 269,15 p. 1978. PINK BOLLWORM SUPPRESSION THROUGH CROP (55) WILSON,R. L.. and WILSON. F. D. TERM[NATION. Journal of Economic En· 1975a. A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF PRIMlTlVE C01TON tomology 71:638·641. {GOSS)'P/{'M HIRSI'1'['M L.l RACES FOR PINK and FULLERTON. D. G. BOLLWORM RESISTANCE. U. S. Department of 1969. TIMING OF INSECTICIDAL APPLICATIONS FOR CON· Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, TROL OF PINK BOLLWORM. Journal of Econom· ARS W-30, 9 p. ic Entomology 62:682·685. (56) and WILSON. F. D. (50) and .LARSEN. W. E. 1975b. COMPARISON or AN X·f1AY AND A GREEN·BOLL 1968. EFFECTS OF WINTER CULTURAL PRACTICES ON THE TECHNiqUE FOR SCREENING COTTON FOR RESIS· PINK BOLLWORM IN ARIZONA. Journal of Ec· TANCE TO PINK BOLLWORM. Journal of onomic Entomology 61:1041·1044. Economic Entomology 68:636-638. WENE. G. P .. SHEETS. L. W .. and WOODRUFF. H. E. (57) and WILSON. F. D. 1961. EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERED PINK BOLLWORM [1'1 1976, NECTARILESS AND GLABROCS COTTONS: EFFECT ON ARIZONA. Journal of Economic Entomology PINK BOLLWORM IN ARIZONA. Journal of 54:192. Economic Entomology 69:623·624.

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Integrating Methods for Control of the Pink Bollworm and Other Cotton In­ Sects in the Southwestern United States

Integrating Methods for Control of the Pink Bollworm and Other Cotton In Sects in the Southwestern United States