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And Bucculatrix Thurberiella (Busck) Predator-prey relationship of Zelus renardii (Kolenati) and Bucculatrix thurberiella (Busck) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Ali, Abdul-Sattar Arif, 1947- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 10:57:53 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/348279 PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP OF ZELLS' RENARDII (KOLENATI) AND BUCCULATRIX THURBERIELLA (BUSOK) by Abdul-Sattar Arif All A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the •DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 8 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permis­ sion for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: '/ l ^ APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ^ Professor of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my sincere appreciation to my advisor Dr. Theo F. Watson, for his guidance, interest, and encouragement during this thesis project, I also wish to thank Dr. Roger T. Huber and Dr. Leon Moore for reviewing the manuscript and serving on my graduate committee. ■ For their many forms of assistance, I wish to extend my gratitude to all, of the faculty and. staff of the Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona I am indebted to the staff of the United States Department of Agriculture Cotton Insects Biological Control Laboratory for their aid in providing the re­ quired insects' during the. work on this project. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Suad, for her invaluable assistance, patience, understanding and encouragement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ... ........ vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......... viil ABSTRACT ..................... ix INTRODUCTION .......... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ........... •. , . 3 Ze lus Spp............... 3 Description ............... 3 Geographical Distribution . .......... 5 Importance of Zelus spp. as a Predator . 7 Zelus spp. Feeding Habits: . ^ . 10 Zelus spp. Life H i s t o r y .......... 12 Enemies of Zelus spp. .... » .. .' ,. , ... 14 Bucculatrix thurberiella (Busck) ....... 14 Importance of Bucculatrix thurberiella . 14 Bucculatrix thurberiella Life.History : . 17 Enemies of Bucculatrix thurberiella ... 18 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 20 Source of Insects ..... .............. 20 Greenhouse Study ............... 21 Rearing of Zelus renardji ......... 21 Rearing of Bucculatrix thurberiella . 22 Feeding and Development Tests . .- . 23 Controlled Temperature Study . ........... 26 Rearing of Zelus renardii- . 26 Rearing of Heliothis virescens ...... 28 Feeding and Development Tests ...... 30 Data Analysis ..................... 32 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34 . Development of Zelus renardii Under Greenhouse Conditions . .• . ...... , . 34 Rate of Survival . ....... 34 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS— -Continued Page Predator Feeding ............. 38 Rate of Development ........... 44 Summary of Predation by Zelus renardii Instars ................ 46 Development of Zelus renardii at Different Temperature Regimes . Y . ........ 48 Rate of Survival . ......... 48 Rate of Development ........... 53 General Observations ............. 57 Plant Feeding by Zelus renardii Nymphs . 57 Feeding on Spider Mite by Zelus renardii Nymphs ........ ........... 59 Premating and Preoviposition of Zelus renardii Adults . .......... 59 Mating Process .......... 63 Oviposition Process ........... '65 Fecundity ................. 67 Longevity ... ... 69 Incubation Period of the Egg . .. 71 Percent Hatching . ...... ........ 73 Summary of Zelus renardii Life Cycle at Different Temperatures . .......... 73 Cannibalism ........ ............. 75 Miscellaneous Observations ..... i ... 76 Zelus renardii Feeding Preference on H. virescens L a r v a e ............ 76 Competition with Other Predators , . 77 SUMMARY .. ...... ... ...... 79 LITERATURE. CITED ................. 82 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Percent survival of each Zelus renardll instar when fed on the various food s o u r c e s ................... 35 2. Percent■survival.of Zelus renardii to.the adult stage when fed on various food sources ................... 36 3. Average number of fifth-instar Bucculatrix thurberiella larvae consumed per predator per day for the various instars of Zelus renardii .......... 39 4. Average number of Bucculatrix thurberiella individuals consumed per predator during each ins tar of Zelus renardii . ' V . 4 2 5. Average number of days required by Zelus renardii to complete each instar when feeding on different food materials .. 45 6. Summary of predation by all nymphal instars of Zelus renardii on fifth-instar Bucculatrix thurberiella larvae ..... 47 7. Effect of temperature on nymphal survival of Zelus renardii ............ 49 8. Effect of temperature on duration of immature stages and adult longevity of Zelus renardii . ............. 54 9. Survival (hatch to death) of the first three instars of Zelus renardii nymphs fed on cotton plant ............ 50 10. Average number of days required by Zelus renardii to complete each instar when feeding on spider mites 60 vi LIST OF TABLES— Continued Table Page 11. Ereoviposit!on period of Zelus renardli females at different temperature regimes . 62 12. Mean egg production?and mean number of egg masses of Zelus renardli females at the various temperatures 68 '13. Average longevity of Zelus renardji adults at different temperatures ...... 70 14. The duration of the egg and nymphal stages of Zelus renardli at different temperatures ............... 72 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure . Page 1. Mean percent survival to the adult stage by each instar of Zelus renardii when feeding on various sources of prey .... 37 2. Average daily consumption of Bucculatrix thurberiella fifth-instar larvae by Zelus. renardii nymphs' ................. 40 3. Mean percent survival through each instar of Zelus renardii at different temperatures 5'1 4. Mean percent survival to the adult stage by each instar of Zelus renardii at different temperatures .......... 52 5. Total number of days required for each Zelus renardii stage or activity at different temperatures . .... ... 74 viii ABSTRACT Predator-prey relationships between Zelus renardii (Kolenati) and Bucculatrix thurberiella (Busck), were studied in the laboratory. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the life cycle of Z . renardii when they fed solely on B.-thurberiella and how the pre­ dation affected the developmental rate and the percent survival of the predator’s five instars. In feeding tests, the first instar Z_. renardii nymphal stage was least successful because of the greater difficulties in overcoming fifth instar B . thurberiella larvae. Percent survival of the five instars was 85, 9I3 97, 100 and 100 percent, respectively. A rapid in­ crease in consumption of prey was also evident with each subsequent developmental stage of Z_. renardii. The influence of temperature on developmental rate of _Z. renardii was also studied in the laboratory. Studies were made at constant temperatures of 68, 77, 86, and 95°F• The percent surviving was lower at the two extreme temperatures (68 and. 95°P) than that at 77 or 86°F. The highest survival rate of the nymphs and the longest survival of adult Z. ■ renardii occurred at 77°F• The developmental period of each instar decreased with each increase in temperature. INTRODUCTION Cotton is attacked by several important insect pests which may be killed or suppressed by predators and parasites. A number of species of the genus Zelus have been reported as abundant insect predators in many cotton-growing areas of the United States• Zelus renardii (Kolenati) i s •the most common species found in the southern counties of Arizona .(Werner and Butler 1957). These predators are known to feed on several of the common cotton pests. The species is a general feeder, attacking both injurious and beneficial insects. Readio (1927) studied the biology and the distribution of many members of the genus Zelus and he reported them from 13 states of the United States. El-Haidari (1956) and Tuttle, Wene and Sheets (1961) observed Zy renardii, feeding on cotton leaf perforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella (Busck) in the laboratory. In Arizona, the cotton leaf perforator, B , thurberiella, is not. only a localized pest in some grow­ ing seasons, but is a large food source for predators late in the growing season. It has been found also that Z. renardii is the most predominant reduviid in late 1 summer- (Rakickas and Watson 1974)• That might indicate the relationship.. of this predator with the cotton, leaf perforator. Past efforts to quantify the
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