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Study on Morphology, Anatomy, Preliminary Phytochemical Test, Nutritional Values and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaves of Ludwigia Octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven

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Dagon University Commemoration of 25th Anniversary Silver Jubilee Research Journal 2019, Vol.9, No.2 321 Study on Morphology, Anatomy, Preliminary Phytochemical Test, Nutritional Values and Antimicrobial Activities of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Dr Lai Win Aung1, Daw Khin Ei Chaw2 Abstract Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven is a perennial herb and it belongs to the family Onagraceae in order Myrtales. It is locally known as Taw-Lay-Nyin and collected from North Dagon Township, Yangon Region. The morphological characters of vegetative and reproductive parts of the plants wereidentified and classified by the use of available literatures. Then, the leaves samples were dried powdered and kept in airtight container to diagnose characters of powdered drug. In microscopical study, the stomata (anomocytic type)was found abundantly on the lower surface of the leaves. Phytochemical analysis of powdered leaves indicated that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, reducing sugar, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and steroids. The nutritional values of powdered leaves such asprotein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate and energy value was conducted at Department of Research and Innovation Analysis Department. By using paper disc diffusion method,antimicrobial activities of various crude extracts were carried out with seven test organisms. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of exhibited the highest against on different pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it was observed that Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven is endowed with antimicrobial activities, nutritional value and bioactive constituents provided to be used in traditional medicine. Keywords: Morphology, Anatomy, Phytochemical, Nutritional value, Antimicrobial activity Introduction Plants are well known as a major source of modern medicines. Medicinal plants are an essential part of the traditional health care systems. There are more than 8000 plants species in South Asia with well-known medicinal uses.Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven is erect, much branched, perennial andundershrub. Leaves are alternate and nerve numerous. Flowers are yellow, tetramerous, axillary and solitary. Fruits are sub-quadrangular, 8 ribbed, clove-like appearance. Seeds are numerous, minute and ovoid (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975).Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven belongs to the family of Onagraceae in order Myrtales and it has about 20 genera and 650 species (Lawrence, 1964). In microscopical characters, both upper and lower surface of epidermal cells are thin- walled and wavy. Stomata(anomocytic type) is found abundantlyin lower surface. Transverse section of midrib and petiole, vascular bundleswere found creasent in shape and collateral type. Raphide presents in midrib and petiole (Trease and Evans 2002, Folorunso, 2015) This plant is used as medicinal purposes such aschickenpox, lesions, diarrhea, dysentry, anticancer, diuretic, glands in the neck, diabetes, skin diseases, cough, fever, fungal infection of the toes and headache (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975 and Backer, 1965). Phytochemical screening of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven yielded to alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, saponin, phenol and steroids (Sikha and Rath, 2014).According to (Kadum 1 Dr. Assistant Lecturer, Department of Botany, Dagon University 2 Lecturer, Department of Botany, Taung-goke Degree College 322 Dagon University Commemoration of 25th Anniversary Silver Jubilee Research Journal 2019, Vol.9, No.2 et al. 2012) methanolic extracts of leaves showed activity against on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Medicinal plants have very highpotential antimicrobial drugs for treating various human diseases. Although a number of plants have been screened, the search for antimicrobial substances from plants has continued for a better and safer drug and combatting bacterial and fungal infections are still in need.(Buwa and Staden, 2006). Materials and Methods (i) Botanical study of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven The selected plants Ludwigiaoctovalvis(Jacq.) Raven was collected from North Dagon Township, Yangon Region. The morphology study of the plant was undertaken with the help of available literatures; Kirtikar and Basu, (1975), Lawrence (1964), Ceylon (1995) and Flora of Hong Kong (2008).The collected parts of the plants were recorded with images. (ii) Microscopical characters study of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Microscopical characters of leaveswere examined by free hand sections according to the methods given by Metcalfe and Chalk (1950), Easu (1965) and Trease and Evans (2002). The fresh leaves were sliced into fine cutting by free hand cutting. The cut specimens were cleared by using chloral-hydrate solution as a clearing agent then stained with suffranin. Then, the stained specimens were examined under light microscopes. (iii) Chemical study constituents of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Phytochemical examination was carried out in Botany Department, at the University of Dagon, according to the methods of Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (1987), Marini Bettoloet al., (1981). The leaves were dried at the room temperature for one week. When samples were completely dried,they were pulverized by grinding machine to get powdered and stored in airtight containers. (iv) Nutritional values study of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Nutritional values of energy, carbohydrate, fiber, protein and fat were investigated according to the method of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (A.O.A.C) Horwitz, 1997. The experiments were carried out at Department of Research and Innovation Analysis Department at the Union of Myanmar under the Ministry of Education. (v) Microorganism and Antimicrobial activity determination use for the tests Preparation of nutrient agar and antimicrobial activities were carried out by using Cruickshank (1968) and Atlas (1993) methods. Nutrient Agar Medium was prepared by Agar - 25 g, Peptone - 0.5 g, Yeast - 0.2 g, Distilled water - 100 L and pH - 7.0 ±.The antimicrobial activity of the 50 ml of acetone, ethanol, ethylacetate, methanol, pet-ether and water extract was determined by individual testing on Bacillus subtilis, Candida albican, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. After autoclaving nutrient agar 20 - 25 ml of the medium was poured into petri-dishes and made plating by using 0.1 to 0.2 ml to test organisms. These plates were allowed to set for 2 - 3 hours. And then, 10 mm paper disc was absorbed about 0.5 - 0.8 ml of extract. 10 mm paper disc was introduced into agar plate and incubated at room temperature for one day. The clear zones appeared around andthe paper disc indicated the presence of antimicrobial activity. Dagon University Commemoration of 25th Anniversary Silver Jubilee Research Journal 2019, Vol.9, No.2 323 The extent of antimicrobial activity shown by clear zone was measured with the help of clipper. Results (i) Morphological characters of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven is perennial herb. The leaves are alternate and simple. Inflorescences are axillary and cymes. Flowers are yellow, calyx tube slender, corolla broadly obovate. The eight stamens are almost equal filament white andanther yellow. There are four Carpels , axile placentation as one ovule in each locule. Fruits are capsule, clove-like appearance. Seeds are numerous brown. Flowering periodis from June to Octoberwhereas the Fruit period is from June to February. (ii) Anatomical characters of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Stomata(anomocytic type) was present on both surfaces but abundantly found on the lower surface. In transerve section of lamina, one layer of palisade parenchyma cells were elongated in shape and contain numerous chloroplasts. Two to three layers of spongy mesophyll cells were loosely arranged. In the surface view of midrib and petiole, epidermal cells were thin walled, irregular and some cells were barrel shaped on both the surfaces. Transverse section of midrib and petiole, the cortex layer consists of collenchymatous and parenchymatous cells. The vascular bundles were arranged collateral type and crescent in shape. Raphides were present in midrib and petiole. In the diagnostic characters of powdered leaves were foundon the fragment of surface view, vessel, pitted vessel, scalariform vessel, fiber and raphides. (iii) Preliminary Phytochemical examination of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven In preliminary phytochemical investigation, the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, starch, steroids and terpenoids were observed in leaves. Tannins, glycosides, terpenoids and phenolic compounds were mostly observed. (iv) Nutritive values of powdered leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Nutritional evaluation on the powdered leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq).Raven was investigated in energy 111.92 Kcal / 100 g, carbohydrate 15.88%, fibre 10.08%, fat 1.16% and protein 9.49% at Department of Research and Innovation Analysis Department. Energy was greater than the other components. (v) Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of leaves of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven In this experiment, the best antimicrobial activity effecting leaves extracts were found at ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albican, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus
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    PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES ON THE LEAF OF LUDWIGIA ABYSSINICA RICH. (ONAGRACEAE) BY AISHA BARAU, IBRAHIM DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA APRIL, 2017 i PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES ON THE LEAF OF LUDWIGIA ABYSSINICA RICH (ONAGRACEAE) BY Aisha Barau, IBRAHIM (B. Sc Biology, 2011, UDUS) P13PHPD8007 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER’S DEGREE IN PHARMACOGNOSY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA APRIL, 2017 ii DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation entitled Pharmacognostic and Anti-inflammatory Studies on Leaf of Ludwigia abyssinica Rich (Onagraceae) has been carried out by me in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, under the supervision of Dr. G. Ibrahim, and Dr. U.H. Danmalam. The information derived from literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this dissertation has been previously presented for another higher degree or diploma at this or any other institution. Aisha Barau, Ibrahim Signature Date iii CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled “PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES ON THE LEAVES OF LUDWIGIA ABYSSINICA RICH (ONAGRACEAE)” by Aisha Barau IBRAHIM, meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Science in Pharmacognosy of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.