1 2019 Uzbekistan Memo to File (MTF) and IEE Amendment for USAID-Funded Agriculture Value Chains (AVC) Programmatic PERSUAP Face

2019 Uzbekistan Memo to File (MTF) and IEE Amendment for USAID-funded Agriculture Value Chains (AVC) Programmatic PERSUAP Face Sheet

MTF Information

TO: Will Gibson, BEO

THROUGH: Nina Kavetskaya, MEO Andrei Barannik, REA

CC: MEO Tracking

FROM: Bahtiyor Mirzabaev, COR

SUBJECT: 2019 Uzbekistan P-PERSUAP analysis of all 2018 Uzbekistan-registered pesticides and use sectors for current EPA active registration and restriction data. Also, this study includes new sectors, crops, pests, diseases, weeds updates and new preventive IPM information for each.

ISSUE FOR DECISION: You are requested to approve the new 2019 Uzbekistan P-PERSUAP, which analyzes all 2018 Uzbek registered pesticides, and adds links to MSDSs for “same or similar” pesticide products.

IEE Amendment and P-PERSUAP Face Sheet Information

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA

Activity Location:/Country Code Uzbekistan/Central Asia Activity Name: All USAID/CA/Uzbekistan programs Activity Number: Multiple Life-of-Activity Funding: $17,039,595 (Agricultural Value Chains, AVC) Period Covered: Present date to 2020 IEE and PERSUAP Prepared by: Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA; Sunnat Jalolov, MSc Funding Period: FY2015 - 2020 IEE Amendments (Y/N): YES – amends Asia 15-047 and all current USAID/CA and USAID/CA/Uzbekistan IEEs covering activities with potential pesticide use in Uzbekistan

Dates P-PERSUAP Prepared, Reviewed and Edited: April to December 2018

SUMMARY This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the 2019 USAID/CA/Uzbekistan Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) addresses the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) regarding the assistance in procurement or use or both, without restriction, of pesticides on all USAID/CA/Uzbekistan programs. It amends all current USAID/CA IEEs covering activities that may involve the use of pesticides in Uzbekistan. These include: Health IEE amendment #2 (DCN: Asia 19-009); Democracy and Governance IEE amendment #8 (DCN: Asia 18- 076); Economic Growth IEE amendment #4 (DCN: Asia 18-079); and Memo to the File for Central Asia Competitiveness, Trade and Jobs Activity to the Asia 18-079.

Recommended Action: The activities under review are recommended for assistance in the procurement or use, or both, for same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction of pesticides across the regional and local USAID/CA/Uzbekistan portfolios, subject to compliance with the Safer Use Action Plan that comprises Section 4 of this document.

1.0 BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

1.1 The Purpose of PERSUAP:

This PERSUAP (1) establishes the set of pesticides for which procurement, use or support for use is authorized across all USAID/CA/Uzbekistan programs; and (2) establishes the conditions under which the authorized pesticides may be procured, used, or their use supported to best ensure user, consumer and environmental safety. It also supersedes, replaces and exceeds coverage in the 2009 Uzbekistan Agricultural Linkages and 2012 Uzbekistan Agricultural Linkages Plus PERSUAPs.

1.2. PERSUAP brief description

Activities covered by the PERSUAP: Since it began in 2015, the AVC project used the 2012 Uzbekistan Agricultural Linkages Plus PERSUAP to advise and guide its decisions on pesticides. In 2018, with potentially several months of important AVC activities and funding left, USAID made a decision to replace the 2012 PERSUAP. Six years of pesticide registration and restriction changes had passed, locally, at EPA as well as in international agreements. Furthermore, over that same six years, many new Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools and tactics had been tested and developed in other countries for the same sectors, crops, pests, diseases and weeds as those present in Uzbekistan.

In addition to AVC activities, as noted above, several on-going mostly regional programs, projects, initiatives and activities may include future pesticide use in Health, Democracy and Governance Economic Growth, Feed the Future, Local Governance Program, GDA Multi Input Area Developmental Financing Facility, Competitive Trade and Jobs, as well as Central Asia Competitiveness, Trade and Jobs Activity. To be proactive, efficient and preempt the need for drafting additional PERSUAPs in the near future, a decision was made to make this 2019 PERSUAP programmatic, to include the sectors that follow.

Types of Sectors/Services considered in PERSUAP include: Pesticide use in Agriculture (seed, field and greenhouse, and locust control, food processing and post-harvest pest control for a large number of crops); Food Security (food treatment and warehouse fumigation); Veterinary (livestock and feed additives); Water and Sanitation; Avian Influenza; and Health and Malaria (microbial disinfection); Construction (termite and ant control); and Rights of Way Treatment (weed control).

Uzbekistan and US EPA Registered Pesticides: This 2019 document addresses chemicals registered in 2018 for import and use in Uzbekistan and excludes any pesticides from the region that are not legally approved by the Government of Uzbekistan (GOU) for import and use.

The list of unrestricted, Uzbekistan-registered and EPA-approved list of registered for the “same or similar uses” by USEPA, “without restriction”) pesticides is available below in Table 1. Pesticides are rejected by this PERSUAP analysis if they are not EPA registered for “same or similar uses”, with restrictions (Restricted Use Pesticides, RUP), or are classified as extremely toxic (Class I); this list is included at the end of this PERSUAP in Annex 15.

All pesticides which are not on the approved list, shall not be procured or used on AVC or other USAID/CA/Uzbekistan programs, projects or activities. Uzbekistan registers pesticides in the following groupings: insecticides, fungicides, seed treatments, nematicides, bioproducts (plant extracts and microbes/microbial extracts), pheromones, rodenticides, herbicides, defoliants and desiccants (primarily for the cotton sector), Plant Growth Regulators, PGRs/growth regulating hormones, for warehouse storage facilities. EPA no longer considers pheromones as pesticides, and thus does not regulate them.

PERSUAP Recommendations (conditions): In summary, Implementing Partners (IP) conditions require that:  Only pesticides with PERSUAP-approved active ingredients can be procured, used or recommended for use with USAID funds.  Pesticide products procured, used or recommended for use must be labelled in a national language (Uzbek or Russian) and include specified essential usage and safety information.  Basic training in safer pesticide use (SPU) must be provided broadly to those using, selling, financing or providing extension services involving pesticides with USAID funding. Training must be reported to the AOR/COR.  Pesticides for crop protection, as well as other sectors, must be part of an IPM plan including numerous preventive tools and tactics to manage and reduce pests/diseases/weeds before the decision to use pesticides is made.  Projects must assure SPU per pesticide label specifications, including the correct use of appropriate PPE for each pesticide use under their direct control. Otherwise, projects must assure access to, proper use and maintenance of appropriate PPE and use per label to the greatest degree practicable.  In addition to any other procurement requirements, projects seeking approval to purchase pesticides must certify that such procurement is compliant with this PERSUAP and provide other specified information for AOR/COR review and clearance via a provided form (Annex 14)  Record-keeping, reporting on compliance with the above conditions as part of regular project implementation reporting, and pass-down of all above requirements to subcontractors, grantees and sub-grantees is required.

In summary, conditions for USAID/CA/Uzbekistan require that:

 USAID/CA/Uzbekistan put in place effective internal procedures to review pesticide use plans and pesticide procurement requests submitted by IPs. The MEO must review and approve all procurement requests.  Per ADS 204.3.4, AORs/CORs must assure that the requirements established by section (IP Conditions, summarized above) are funded, implemented, and monitored.  Technical Offices, working with Office of Acquisition and Assistance (OAA), must ensure that contract and award language requires compliance with the conditions established by this PERSUAP for each relevant project.  USAID/CA/Uzbekistan must assure that all relevant mission staff receive an internal short-format (~1–2 hour) training on the requirements established by this PERSUAP.  Annual review of the approved pesticides list in this 2019 PERSUAP: The lists of pesticides approved by Uzbekistan and analyzed in this PERSUAP is dated May 2018. To ensure that this PERSUAP stays current & compliant with US EPA registration status, the list of chemicals should be reviewed annually.  Substantial update every 3-5 years of the PERSUAP. In order to distill lessons learned and ensure that all requirements are up-to-date, this document should be substantially updated at least every 3 years. Thus, the next major update should occur not later than 2022.  Regular training for USAID/CAR and USAID/CA/Uzbekistan, IPs, collaborating GOU officials. Do regular annual training on use of this PERSUAP for all stakeholders so that they understand how to interpret and use it. The next training will be due in May of 2019.

Recommended Next Date to Amend the PERSUAP: November 2019, or sooner, if GOU registers new pesticides.

Unrestricted, Uzbekistan-Registered and EPA-approved pesticides (Assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction)

The following is a list of approved AIs and examples of pesticides containing them, for procurement and use on USAID funded projects in Uzbekistan. The lists of Uzbek-approved products containing these approved AIs are far too long to reproduce here below. Projects that use this document will need to obtain a copy of lists of the Uzbekistan-registered pesticides in order to match and find products containing them.

Mixtures of approved AIs with rejected AIs are not approved by this PERSUAP and should not be bought, promoted or used with USAID resources.

Pesticides that are not EPA registered, have restricted uses, or are classified as extremely toxic (Class I) are rejected, see PERSUAP Annex 6. All pesticide AIs, which are not on the approved list, shall not be procured or used on FTF or other USAID/Uzbekistan programs, projects or activities.

Invading Insect Pests

Two species of moths from the New World are invading other countries: the American Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and South American Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta. The leaf miner is already present in Uzbekistan, particularly troublesome in greenhouses. The Fall Armyworm, according to FAO1, is likely to invade Central Asia. P-PERSUAPs have been produced for both of these pests: https://ipmil.cired.vt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fall-Armyworm-PERSUAP-May-2017-002.pdf

1 http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1148819/icode/

4 and https://ipmil.cired.vt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/BFS-17-04-002-FtF-IPM-IL-Amend-TA- PERSUAP.pdf. Both are covered with preventive and chemical tools in Annex 1, the IPM plan, p. 128-9.

Table 1: 2019 Uzbekistan Programmatic PERSUAP Pesticides with AI, EPA status, product and MSDS for same or similar use products

For Same or Similar Use Pesticide Products, without restriction, as researched on EPA's Website: "Search for Registered Pesticide Products", as follows: https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/search-registered-pesticide-products

Approved Seed Treatment Insecticides, Miticides and Fungicides are listed below

Approved Insecticide for Field and Greenhouse Seed treatment AI and an Uzbekistan-Registered Pesticide that contains the AI

Active Ingredient EPA Status Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Uzbekistan Registered (Cut and paste address into Browser) Insecticide Product acetamiprid Active Acetaplan, Achieve, https://www.adama.com/documents/444852/452008/cormoran-sds-20170328.pdf Camelot (do not use during crop flowering) acephate Active Arten, Dalcefat, Lancer, https://assets.greenbook.net/M70629.pdf Orten imidacloprid Active Confidor http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ (recommended for use file7526.pdf during vegetative growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) thiamethoxam Active Cruiser (recommended https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Cruiser_5FS_27045_N for use during Variant_en_msds.pdf vegetative growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees)

Approved Fungicide for Field Seed treatment AIs and Uzbekistan-Registered Pesticides that contains each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Uzbekistan Registered (Cut and paste address into Browser) Fungicide Products captan Active Captan http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mpAOK003.pdf carboxin Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf chitosan Active Chitosan https://www.nwmissouri.edu/naturalsciences/sds/c/Chitosan.pdf 6

cyproconazole Active Akanto Plus, Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf Super, Fighter difenoconazole Active Score, Azoxyfen http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF fludioxonil Active Severe http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpB6U000.pdf flutriafol Active Impact, Impanoor, http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpDJL004.pdf Impass humic acid Active Humic Acid https://www.plantfoodco.com/media/2248/humic-acid-sds.pdf mefenoxam/metalaxyl- Active Ridomil Gold, Bakomil, http://www.syngenta-us.com/sds-label/apron-xl M Metalman prothioconazole Active Lamardo https://www.chemservice.com/media/product/msds/N-12866.pdf pyraclostrobin Active Insure https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/solutions.nsf/Images/PDC-OAIO- AFXLQX/$File/Insure_Pulse_MSDS.pdf salicylic acid Active Salicylic acid http://www.esciencelabs.com/sites/default/files/msds_files/Salicylic%20Acid.pdf tebuconazole Active Raxil, Scarlet, https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000264-00964-20050921.pdf Essenzalil, Zeem Extra thiabendazole Active Vial, Vincite http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2707517082010.pdf thiophanate-methyl Active Topsin-M, Teefani, https://www.croplifescience.com/pdf/thiophanate-methyl-70perc.wp.pdf Thiofenate-methyl thiram Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf triticonazole Active Premise https://m.agro.basf.co.za/agroportal/mza/media/productcatalogue/products/sds/Flite.pdf

Approved Fungicide for Greenhouse Seed treatment AIs and Uzbekistan-Registered Pesticides that contains each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Uzbekistan Registered (Cut and paste address into Browser) Fungicide Products difenoconazole Active Score http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF cyproconazole Active Akanto Plus, Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf Super, Fighter

7 fludioxonil Active Severe http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpB6U000.pdf flutriafol Active Impact, Impanoor, http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpDJL004.pdf Impass mefenoxam/metalaxyl- Active Apron http://www.syngenta-us.com/sds-label/apron-xl M tebuconazole Active Folicur, Raxil https://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/ Country-Canada-Internet/Products/Folicur%20EW/Folicur-250-EW-MSDS.ashx; Raxil: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000264-00964-20050921.pdf thiabendazole Active Vial, Vincite http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2707517082010.pdf

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Insecticides and Miticides are listed below

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Insecticide and Miticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Active Dipel https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/VBC-0031R0%20DiPel%20DF%2004-23-15.pdf biopreparation bifenthrin Active Talstar (for use against http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp8PP005.pdf the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) buprofezin miticide Active Applaud http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MBUPR440_51547-0408.PDF chlorantraniliprole Active Coragen http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2809606182010.pdf chlorfenapyr Active Peelora https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/24141m.pdf 8

clothianidin Active Tayshin (do not use https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0369-Belay%20Insecticide-GHS-Rev%201.pdf during crop flowering) dimethoate Active Bi-58 https://arystalifescience.co.za/files/Dimethoate-EC_msds.pdf emamectin benzoate Active Proclaim, Benzoate https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/pdfs/052-23-03b_Emamectin-benzoate.pdf Super, Surrender etoxazole Active Zoom https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0268rev1%20GHS%20Zeal%20-%201.pdf fenpyroximate Active Hortus https://www.belchimcanada.com/MSDS/MSDS_E_150.pdf

Helicoverpa armigera Active Helicoverpa armigera http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/2011/hanpvmanual-pt1.pdf NPV NPV hexythiazox Active Nissorun http://www.agrichem.com.my/pdf/msds/crop_care_and_environmental_science_products/ac aricide/Nissorun_10_WP.pdf imidacloprid Active Confidor (recommended http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ for use during vegetative file7526.pdf growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) indoxacarb Active Avaunt, Alexander, http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_3105106042013.pdf Valent malathion Active Carbofos https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf mineral oil Active Preparati № 30, 30А, http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5CND%5Cpesticide 30С, 30СС, 30М %5CMSDS%5C239%5C239-16%5C239- 16_ORTHO_VOLCK_OIL_SPRAY_DORMANT_SEASON_INSECT_KILLER_CONCE NTRATE_10_4_2004_1_58_11_PM.pdf novaluron Active Rimon, Uniron http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/novaluron.pedestal.pdf pyridaben miticide Active Sanmite http://pgf.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/08/Sanmite-MSDS.pdf pyriproxyfen Active Admiral https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/21872m.pdf spirodiclofen Active Inspirodiclo, Abam http://datasheets.scbt.com/sds/eghs/en/sc-229326.pdf Extra, Envidore sulfur miticide Active lump sulfur, powdered http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf sulfur

9 thiamethoxam Active Cruiser (do not use https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Cruiser_5FS_27045_N during crop flowering) Variant_en_msds.pdf

Approved Greenhouse Spraying or Granular Treatment Agriculture Insecticides and Miticides are listed below

Approved Greenhouse Agriculture Insecticide and Miticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Uzbekistan Registered (Cut and paste address into Browser) Pesticide Products (with PERSUAP Conditions) abamectin Active Abalon, Abamek, https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/19201m.pdf Bankomeek Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Active Dipel https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/VBC-0031R0%20DiPel%20DF%2004-23-15.pdf biopreparation chlorantraniliprole Active Coragen http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2809606182010.pdf chlorfenapyr Active Peelora https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/24141m.pdf hexythiazox Active Nissorun http://www.agrichem.com.my/pdf/msds/crop_care_and_environmental_science_products/ac aricide/Nissorun_10_WP.pdf indoxacarb Active Avaunt, Alexander, http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_3105106042013.pdf Valent imidacloprid Active Confidor (recommended http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ for use during vegetative file7526.pdf growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) mineral oil Active Preparati № 30, 30А, http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5CND%5Cpesticide 30С, 30СС, 30М %5CMSDS%5C239%5C239-16%5C239- 16_ORTHO_VOLCK_OIL_SPRAY_DORMANT_SEASON_INSECT_KILLER_CONCE NTRATE_10_4_2004_1_58_11_PM.pdf neem seed Active Neem tree seed extract http://www.agrologistic.com/sg_userfiles/MSDS- extract/azadirachtin _DEBUG_TURBO_FEBRUARY_2011.pdf novaluron Active Rimon, Uniron http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/novaluron.pedestal.pdf permethrin Active Vismetrin https://greenbook-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/M94449.pdf pyridaben miticide Active Sanmite http://pgf.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/08/Sanmite-MSDS.pdf 10

sulfur miticide Active lump sulfur, powdered http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf sulfur

Approved Homemade/Artisanal/Natural Field/Greenhouse Agriculture/Horticulture Pesticides are listed below

Approved Homemade/Artisanal/Natural Field/Greenhouse Agriculture/Horticulture Pesticide AIs used in Uzbekistan

Active Ingredients EPA Status (many Artisanal Pesticide No MSDS sources for most artisanal products natural products, Products as low risk, no longer require EPA approval) allicin N/A Garlic extract N/A

Neem seed extracts: Active Neem tree seed extract http://www.agrologistic.com/sg_userfiles/MSDS- azadirachtins, neem oil _DEBUG_TURBO_FEBRUARY_2011.pdf canola oil N/A Canola extract N/A capsaicin N/A Chili pepper extract N/A cinnamaldehyde N/A Cinnamon extract N/A citronella N/A Lemon grass essential oil N/A eucalyptus oil N/A Eucalyptus leaf extract N/A geraniol N/A Geranium flower extract N/A limonene N/A Lemon and lime extracts N/A

Millettia pinnata: oil N/A Millettia pinnata: oil tree N/A tree extract extract pine oil N/A Pine needle essential oils N/A

Pyrethrum flower Active Marigold flower extract https://www.greenharvest.com.au/DownLoads/MSDS/PyrethrumSFInsecticide.pdf extract: pyrethrins quassin N/A Bitter ash extract N/A

11 soap, insecticidal N/A insecticidal soap N/A

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Fungicides are listed below

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Fungicide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Bacillus subtilis Active Sonnet http://advancedturfmo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ArmorTech-Sonnet-MSDS1.pdf

Bordeaux mix (copper Active Bordeaux http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html sulfate, lime and water, can be home-made, artisanal) captan Active Captan http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mpAOK003.pdf carboxin Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf chitosan Active Chitosan https://www.nwmissouri.edu/naturalsciences/sds/c/Chitosan.pdf chlorothalonil Balear, Bravo http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2619610262009.pdf copper oxychloride Active Ridopolihom http://msds.orica.com/pdf/shess-en-cds-020-000000020767.pdf copper sulfate Active Bluestone Copper http://www.buchheitagri.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/copper_sulfate.pdf cymoxanil Active Centric, Entochlorok http://www2.dupont.com/Crop_Protection/en_CA/assets/downloads/200110629- Extra, Tsimopro Curzate%20E%20MSDS.pdf cyproconazole Active Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf

12 cyprodinil Active Chorus http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MCYPR500_49660-0313.PDF difenoconazole Active Score http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF dimethomorph Active Acrobat https://agro.basf.ca/East/Products/MSDS/Acrobat_50WP_MSDS_2012.pdf famoxadone Active Ultimatrix http://www.dupont.ca/content/dam/dupont/tools-tactics/crop/canada-label- msds/documents/cp_PSD-64_Tanos_130000000560_20170228_MSDS_E.pdf ferrous (iron) sulfate Active ferric sulfate http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924057 fludioxonil Active Severe http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpB6U000.pdf flutriafol Active Impact, Impanoor, http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpDJL004.pdf Impass folpet Active Pergado https://www.adama.com/documents/268722/268805/ScotiaSDS_tcm105-76771.pdf fosetyl-aluminum Active Aliette, Fosetyl, Funfos https://www.twigachemicals.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/MSDS-ALIAL_-Fosetyl-Al- 80.pdf humic acid Active KMAX https://www.plantfoodco.com/media/2248/humic-acid-sds.pdf indole-3-butyric acid Active IBA http://datasheets.scbt.com/sc-279212.pdf iprodione Active Ippon https://fmccrop.ca/isl/uploads/2016/01/Rovral_Flo_Fungicide_MTR_AGHS_EN.pdf kasugamycin Active kasugamycin (in mix http://www.nyirchem.hu/images/pdf/novenyvedoszerek/Kasugamycin- bactericide with copper) technical20160603_gyari.pdf kresoxim-methyl Active Stroby, Ardent, Benvol https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/25816m.pdf mancozeb Active Penncozeb http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_257491172011.pdf mandipropamid Active Revus Top, Pergado http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Tobacco/GAP/MSDS/Fungicides/Revus.pdf mefenoxam / Active Apron http://www.syngenta-us.com/sds-label/apron-xl metalaxyl-M metalaxyl Active Arcerid, Ridopolihom https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/greenbook-assets/M116309.pdf metiram Active Ridopolihom https://www.engageagro.com/MSDS/MSDS_E_74.pdf

picoxystrobin Active Acanto Plus propamocarb Active Previcur https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- hydrochloride agcomm/products/PREVICUR%20FLEX%20FUNGICIDE.pdf propiconazole Active Tilt http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/tilt %20a6140a%2002052015.pdf prothioconazole Active Lamardo https://www.chemservice.com/media/product/msds/N-12866.pdf pyraclostrobin Active Insure https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/solutions.nsf/Images/PDC-OAIO- AFXLQX/$File/Insure_Pulse_MSDS.pdf pyrimethanil Active Mitanil http://deccous.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SDS-Decco-Pyrimethanil-Aerosol.pdf salicylic acid Active salicylic acid https://www.fishersci.com/shop/msdsproxy?productName=A275500 sulfur Active Sera http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf tebuconazole Active Folicur, Raxil https://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/ Country-Canada-Internet/Products/Folicur%20EW/Folicur-250-EW-MSDS.ashx; Raxil: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000264-00964-20050921.pdf thiabendazole Active Vial, Vincite http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2707517082010.pdf thiophanate-methyl Active Topsin http://www.blychem.mu/downloads/topsin1.pdf thiram Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf Trichoderma species Active Trichoderma species https://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/Koppert/MSD/EN/TRIANUM- biopreparation biopreparation G_MSDS29.04.2016__EN_.pdf triticonazole Active Premise https://m.agro.basf.co.za/agroportal/mza/media/productcatalogue/products/sds/Flite.pdf ziram Active Triscabol, Funziram https://assets.greenbook.net/M113899.pdf

Approved Greenhouse Fungicides are listed below

Approved Greenhouse Fungicide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products Bacillus subtilis Active Sonnet http://advancedturfmo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ArmorTech-Sonnet-MSDS1.pdf copper oxychloride Active Ridopolihom http://msds.orica.com/pdf/shess-en-cds-020-000000020767.pdf copper sulfate Active Bluestone Copper http://www.buchheitagri.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/copper_sulfate.pdf cyproconazole Active Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf difenoconazole Active Score http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF humic acid Active KMAX https://www.plantfoodco.com/media/2248/humic-acid-sds.pdf ferrous (iron) sulfate Active ferric sulfate http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924057 metalaxyl Active Arcerid, Ridopolihom https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/greenbook-assets/M116309.pdf metiram Active Ridopolihom https://www.engageagro.com/MSDS/MSDS_E_74.pdf propamocarb Active Previcur https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- hydrochloride agcomm/products/PREVICUR%20FLEX%20FUNGICIDE.pdf sulfur Active Sera http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf thiophanate-methyl Active Topsin http://www.blychem.mu/downloads/topsin1.pdf

Trichoderma species Active Trichoderma species https://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/Koppert/MSD/EN/TRIANUM- biopreparation biopreparation G_MSDS29.04.2016__EN_.pdf

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Herbicides, PGRs and Desiccants are listed below

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Herbicides, PGRs, Desiccant AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products (with PERSUAP Conditions) bensulfuron-methyl Active Londask http://www.apparentag.com.au/MSDS/MSDSApparentBensulfuron1011%20(2).pdf bentazon (sodium salt) Active Basagran https://products.basf.com/documents/pim;view/en/8809671502293. Basagran%C2%AE%20480%20SL%20MSDS.pdf bispyribac-sodium Active Asirius, Nominal, https://assets.greenbook.net/M104720.pdf Nomnatur bromoxynil octanoate Active Nougrin http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp41P002.pdf carfentrazone-ethyl Active Aim, Karfen http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp5L1005.pdf chlorsulfuron Active Phenisan http://www.fmccrop.nz/Portals/FMCNZ/Herbicides/Glean/SDS_Glean_13.pdf clethodim Active Centureon https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0232rev5.pdf clodinafop propargyl Active Tidot http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_1913212092009.pdf cyhalofop-butyl Active Top Shot https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/RebelEX_MSDS1p.pdf dicamba Active Banvel, Dymet http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_1260503062006.pdf fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Active Puma-Super, Furore http://dunecoiv.com/msds/PH_P_Z/PUMA_1_EC_BAYER.pdf Super florasulam Active Derby http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2770110282009.pdf fluazifop-p-butyl Active Fusilade http://www.falorfarmcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/fusilade_MSDS.pdf flucarbazone (sodium) Active Everest https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Sierra_20_30430_en_msds.pdf flumetsulam Active Derby http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MFLUM80_40714-0611.PDF

16 fluometuron Active Cotoran (labeled for use https://www.adama.com/documents/444852/448418/Cotoran_4L_MSDS3_tcm13- in cotton, BCI project) 83933.pdf glufosinate ammonium Active Basta, Best https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/16675m.pdf glyphosate Active Glyp, Glyphogan, http://www.fmccrop.com.au/download/herbicides/msds/glyder_450_msds_0912.pdf Glyphor glyphosate (potassium Active Sprut https://www.croplifescience.com/pdf/glyphosate-71perc.sg.pdf salt) imazapyr Active Arsenalf https://www.forestry-suppliers.com/Documents/194_msds.pdf (isopropylamine salt) imazethapyr (ammonium Active Zeta http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mp8C4002.pdf salt) iodosulfuron methyl Active Hussar https://assets.greenbook.net/M115936.pdf sodium mesosulfuron-methyl Active Atlantis https://www.chemservice.com/media/product/msds/N-13923.pdf sodium metamitron Active Goltix https://www.adama.com/documents/1313470/4765037/SDS+GOLTIX+FLO_tcm42- 24945.pdf metribuzin Active Sencor https://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/Country-Canada- Internet/Products/Sencor/Sencor-480-F-MSDS.ashx metsulfuron-methyl Active Magnum https://www.croplifescience.com/pdf/metsulfuron-methyl-20-wg.pdf oxyfluorfen Active Goal, Oxygoal, Hadaf http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mpAKI001.pdf pendimethalin Active Penitran, Stomp http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Labels/PEN33_61322-1209.PDF penoxsulam Active Raimbow https://assets.greenbook.net/M123779.pdf pinoxaden Active Axial https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern-agcomm/products/AXIAL%20XL%20HERBICIDE.pdf prometryn Active Gesagard, Cotofor, https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Gesagard_24771_en_msds.pdf Ordam, Pahton prosulfuron Active Peaks http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/prosulfuron.peak.pdf pyrithiobac-sodium Active Staple http://cdn.chemservice.com/product/msdsnew/External/English/N- 13161%20English%20SDS%20US.pdf

17 quinclorac Active Tornado, Faster, Facet https://newsomseed.com/resources/MSDS%20Quinclorac1.5L.pdf rimsulfuron Active Titus, Entus http://www.trees-llc.com/label-sds/sds_Dupont_MatrixSG.pdf sethoxydim Active Navy https://www.gallivancompanies.com/pdfs/herbicides/sethoxydim-e-pro-msds.pdf sulfosulfuron Active Total https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0513R1-ORD.pdf thifensulfuron-methyl Active Granstar, Entostar https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Volta_Extra_MSDS3.pdf thiobencarb Active Saturn, Risan, http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MTHIO80_41729-0810.PDF Benthiocarb tribenuron methyl Active Karfen https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Volta_Extra_MSDS3.pdf trifluralin Active Nitral, Olitref, Treflan https://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/trifluralin.dow.msdstreflan.pdf

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Insecticides are listed below

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products cypermethrin Active Ripcord (approved for https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/WebASProduct.nsf/Attachment/SUP-CIRD- crack and crevice 6BML39/$File/Ripcord_Apr_2009.pdf treatment by professionals; NOT approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) malathion Active Malathion, Carbofos https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- (approved for floor and agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf wall treatment by professionals) pirimiphos-methyl Active Actellic (approved for http://www.pestfreeuae.com/Uploads/ACTELLIC%2050%20EC.pdf admixture and external treatment of grain sacks; NOT approved for field

agricultural or horticultural use)

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Rodenticides are listed below

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Rodenticide AI and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Approved Veterinary Insecticide/Acaricide is listed below

(note that veterinary pharmaceuticals are not regulated in the USA by EPA; they are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration)

Approved Veterinary Insecticide and Acaricide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products deltamethrin Active Blaze, Spot On, Butox, https://www.msd-animal-health.co.nz/binaries/Blaze_Aug11_tcm51-36702.pdf Spotinor, Deltamole (for use as a pour-on to cattle, sheep, goats to kill ticks, flies, lice; NOT registered or approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) diazinon Active Patriot (for use in cattle, http://www.bayerresources.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/file11418.pdf sheep, goat ear tags to kill ticks; NOT registered or approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) diflubenzuron Active Mergan, Vigliante, http://www.msd-animal-health.co.nz/binaries/Fleececare_SDS_May09_tcm51-36671.pdf Gerold Umo, Stampede, (for use as a feed-through bolus formulation; for 19

use as a pour-on to cattle, sheep, goats to kill ticks, flies, lice) gamma-cyhalothrin Active Bantex (for use as a pour- https://www.valleyvet.com/Library/lib_40227_-MSDS.pdf on to cattle, sheep, goats to kill ticks, flies, lice; NOT registered or approved for field agricultural or horticultural use)

Approved Water and Sanitation Disinfectants/Microbicide AIs are listed below

(Note that Uzbekistan Does Not Register Water Disinfectants or Microbicides, thus there are no approved product names to go with the selected EPA- registered AIs)

Approved Water/Sanitation Disinfectant/Microbicide AIs

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Uzbekistan Registered (Cut and paste address into Browser) Product Names, if known bromine Active Not Known https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927659

Active Not Known http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/ KellyData%5CNC%5Cpesticide%5CMSDS%5C15300%5C3377-79-15300%5C3377-79- bromine chloride 15300_CHEMTREAT_CL_4900_8_5_2009_10_40_22_AM.pdf chlorine dioxide Active Not Known https://healthwyze.org/archive/MSDS_chlorine_dioxide.pdf copper Active Not Known http://www.alligare.com/assets/pdf/ALLIGARE_8_Copper_SDS.pdf hydrogen peroxide Active Not Known http://www.h2o2.com/files/PeroxyChem%20SDS%20OxyPure%2050.pdf iodine Active Not Known http://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/msds/Iodine%20Soln%20Flinn.pdf sodium hypochlorite Active Not Known http://mvc.com.ph/pdf/MSDS-Hypo.pdf

Approved Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Disinfectants/Microbicides

These are presented on an EPA website, and are thus for brevity (there are 100 chemicals) not repeated here: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/avian_flu_products.htm.

Approved Malaria Mosquito Control Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Insecticides are listed below

Approved Health/Malaria IRS Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products deltamethrin Active Deltaphos, Decis http://www.evenspray.com/linked/decis_5_ec_label.pdf malathion Active Carbofos, Malathion https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf permethrin Active Vismetrin https://greenbook-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/M94449.pdf

Approved Locust Control Insecticide is listed below

Approved Locust Control Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products acetamiprid Active Acetaplan, Achieve, https://www.adama.com/documents/444852/452008/cormoran-sds-20170328.pdf Camelot (do not use during crop flowering) diflubenzuron Active Mergan, Vigliante, http://www.msd-animal-health.co.nz/binaries/Fleececare_SDS_May09_tcm51-36671.pdf Gerold Umo, Stampede (approved by USAID PEA for Migratory Pest Control, but not approved for general field agriculture) dimethoate Active Bi-58 https://arystalifescience.co.za/files/Dimethoate-EC_msds.pdf imidacloprid Active Confidor (recommended http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ for use during vegetative file7526.pdf 21

growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) malathion Active Carbofos, Malathion https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf novaluron Active Rimon, Uniron http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/novaluron.pedestal.pdf

Metarhizium anisopliae Active Green Guard, Kilok https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2498 var acridium

Approved Construction/Termite Management Insecticides are listed below

Approved Construction/Termite Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products cypermethrin Active Ripcord, Nurelle-D https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/WebASProduct.nsf/Attachment/SUP-CIRD- (approved for use as a 6BML39/$File/Ripcord_Apr_2009.pdf termiticide; NOT approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) chlorpyrifos (ethyl) Active Nurelle-D (approved only http://www.indiana.edu/~bsrvcs/Pest%20Control/Not_In_Use/ for use as a termiticide; Dursban%20TC%20Termiticide%20Concentrate.pdf NOT approved for field agriculture or horticulture use) lufenuron Active Match (approved for use http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/lufenuron.match.nz.pdf in termite baits; NOT approved for field or greenhouse agriculture or horticulture use)

Approved Rights of Way (ROW) Treatment Herbicides are listed below

Approved ROW Herbicide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Active Puma-Super, Furore http://dunecoiv.com/msds/PH_P_Z/PUMA_1_EC_BAYER.pdf Super fluazifop-p-butyl Active Fusilade http://www.falorfarmcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/fusilade_MSDS.pdf glyphosate, potassium Active Roundup, Oracle, Sprut https://www.fumigationzone.com/files/53/Roundup+Original+-+EPA salt Extra, pendimethalin Active Penitran, Stomp http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Labels/PEN33_61322-1209.PDF

Recommendations for 2019 USAID projects-sponsored trainings including IPM and pesticides

Since this Programmatic PERSUAP is intended to be used by several USAID Uzbekistan projects, in addition to AVC, it applies to sectors outside of AVC's current purview. This section breaks down training recommendations by sector, as has been done above with approved pesticides, and uses as a guide P- PERSUAP Annex 8: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources.

Approved Seed Treatment Insecticides and Fungicides

For projects that are approved to provide treated seed, or support for seed treatment services for open- pollinated, untreated and farmer-saved seeds. Seed treatment with fungicides provide germinating seed and seedling protection from soil-borne fungal diseases. Seed treatment with systemic insecticides provide plants with at least 30 days of protection from most piercing, rasping and sucking insect pests (aphids, white flies, thrips, scales, mealybugs, plant hoppers, stink bugs) as well as some chewing, tunneling and boring insect pests (soil white grubs, wireworm larvae, and mole crickets; stem and stalk boring moth, fly and beetle larvae; and leaf miner larvae) that are difficult to reach with contact insecticides once they begin to chew and bore into plant tissues.

Training should first provide discussions on pests of seeds/seedlings and preventive non-chemical tools/tactics to reduce pest loss risks. These can include use of:  certified clean seed free from pathogens or pests, and  use of resistant or tolerant hybrids or varieties that suffer lower damage from pests and diseases due to natural or bred-in resistance. They can also include cultural and agronomic practices that help clean soil:  solarization with plastic and sunlight, and  use of soil bunding, mounding and raised-bed techniques so that soil dries out properly. Training can emphasize and demonstrate use of tactics to generally reduce the levels of certain pests and diseases:  inter-planting several crops, and  use of crop rotations. Training can provide information on proper basic PPE to use when planting treated seed:  rubber gloves to protect hands from seed coating,  dust mask to protect mouth and nose from inhalation of seed treatment dust. If a project decides to provide resources for seed treatment services, they will need to ensure that such services have and know how to use seed treatment equipment/machines as well as PPE required and listed on the pesticide bottle labels and MSDSs referenced above.

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Pesticides (Insecticides, Miticides, Fungicides, Herbicides/PGRs, Rodenticides, Farmer-Produced Artisanal Extracts from Spices and Plants) and Veterinary Pesticides

Most of the approved insecticides, miticides, and herbicides are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC), to be sprayed using backpack sprayers or tractor-pulled boom sprayers. Most fungicides are formulated as wettable powders (WP), also to be sprayed with backpack sprayers or tractor-pulled boom sprayers. Rodenticides are formulated as blocks or pellets that rodents eat, to be put inside rodent bait boxes. Most farmer-produced artisanal extracts are applied using backpack sprayers. Veterinary pesticides are also applied by backpack sprayers.

For projects that are approved to provide pesticides, including treated seed, use the following training regimen of GAPs, IPM tools and SPU topics is mandatory:

Good Agriculture Practices/Integrated Pest Management Topics  Best agronomic practices for each crop grown in each region, including soil and water tests for quality and lack of contaminants, as well as seed spacing, watering, fertilization and harvesting.  Do pest, predator and parasite monitoring, survey and proper identification to understand the risks of spraying pesticides.  Natural parasites, predators and diseases attack and control many pests, diseases, and weeds of project crops/livestock. Over-applications of pesticides can kill these beneficial organisms, leading later to outbreaks of the pests as well as outbreaks of secondary pests.  Frequent monitoring of the crop is one of the most-recommended tactics for identifying and preventing outbreaks of pests/diseases, and ultimately reducing the amount of pesticides needed.  Use treated and certified clean (pest/disease/weed-free) seed from pest/disease-resistant or tolerant cultivars, hybrids or varieties.  Do soil tests for soil structure, pH, macronutrient & micronutrient levels for precision soil amendment targeting.  Regularly test soil moisture levels to manage soil-borne diseases and potentially reduce amount of irrigation water used.  Use raised-bed or bund production to better manage water use, soil moisture and speed seedling growth.  Use minimum and no-tillage, cover crops, terracing and contour plowing to conserve soil.  Maintain a vigorous plant by properly watering and fertilizing following soil test and moisture results.  Rotate crops and intercrop different crop types.  Use organic mulches and cover crops to suppress weeds, conserve irrigation water, manage soil moisture, and thus protect soil from rapid salinization.  To add organic nitrogen and structure to the soil, use green manures or rotate with nitrogen-fixing legume crops, use inter-planting with legumes and agroforestry techniques.  Use manures and compost to increase soil organic matter and nutrition, decrease soil-borne pathogens, sequester carbon, hold moisture and decrease need for increasingly more expensive synthetic nitrogen fertilizers derived from fossil fuels.  Sanitation: After harvest, destroy crop residues and weeds in and near field.  Have a pest management plan, organized chronologically by season or crop stage, which combines all or parts of these preventive and curative tactics with other production tactics.  Weeds can be managed by smallholder farmers by hoeing, or hand-pulling.  Greenhouse use of window and ventilation screens to exclude adult moths from greenhouse.  PMPs – Pest Management Plans: Creating and using these farm crop-management tools.

Safe Pesticide Use Topics  Always read and follow instructions and risk-reduction measures printed on the pesticide label and MSDS, if available. Labels and MSDSs should also have crops, pests and dosage recommendations (but some do not).  To reduce the risk of pests/diseases/weeds gaining resistance to a certain pesticide or type of pesticide, always rotate among classes of pesticides with different modes of action, if possible.  Herbicides are primarily registered for larger-scale commercial farmers. Most herbicides are too expensive for smallholder farmers, who manage most weeds by hoeing, or hand-pulling.  For how and when to use each pesticide, train farmers to read and follow the label instructions.  Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes and acute toxicities of common pesticides  Regulations: USA and Uzbekistan laws that guide pesticide registration and use  Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)

 REI – Re-Entry Intervals: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation  PHI – Pre-Harvest Interval: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down  MRL – Maximum Residue Level: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food  Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying  Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides  When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain  Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used  Safe Use: How to transport, store and use pesticides safely  Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers  Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance  Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinseate and empty pesticide containers (EPCs)  The use of pesticide spray buffer zones near schools, water resources, organic crop production, apiaries, bird sanctuaries, biodiversity enclaves, national parks or other sensitive areas.  How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity  Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present  Water Pollution: Raise awareness of herbicides with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach  Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry  Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings  Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Insecticides

Food security or grain storage warehouse insecticides approved for use on USAID projects, primarily Food for Peace (FFP) projects, are only approved for use by highly-trained and PPE-protected professional companies' staff strictly following guidance contained in USAID's Fumigation Programmatic Environmental Assessment.

Beneficiary farmers shall not be trained on use of fumigants like aluminum-phosphide or magnesium- phosphide, due to exceptionally high risks of death. Methyl-bromide should not be used on any USAID project. On-farm food storage may only be treated by use of powder insecticides like Actellic that contain pirimiphos-methyl.

The following warehouse storage best practices shall be taught during training:

For insect management:  Do routine (weekly) monitoring. Train on and ensure good pest identification; understand pest biology, ecology, and behavior.  Use sticky and/or pheromone traps to monitor for presence and quantity.  Use hermetic grain storage systems and triple bagging technology.

 In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris.  Brush and sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect- infested grain and debris.  Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible).  Remove and dispose of all beans and debris remaining in planting machine or harvester, cull beans for animal feed, small piles of beans in field and close partial sacks of bean planting seed.  Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly.  Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies.

For rodent/bird management, in addition to the above:  Close and fill all potential entry holes along walls, under and at door joints, at wall-ceiling joints. Use steel wool, which rodents will not chew through.  Put (preferably metal) screens on all windows.  Remove all debris within a ten-foot perimeter of the grain storage warehouses or on-farm storage bins to remove rodent hiding places.  Spray a ten-foot perimeter around warehouses and on-farm bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weeds that rodents use to hide.  Use sticky traps for capture and disposal by burying.  Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions.

Approved Water/Sanitation and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Disinfectants/Microbicide AIs

Water, sanitation and HPAI microbicides must be used only with proper respiratory, eye, hand and splashing protection since most disinfectants are highly corrosive to skin, lungs and eyes. Training should teach how to sample water for presence of contaminants and how to mitigate these risks:  Promote sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation services, and the adoption of key hygiene behaviors.  Encourage the sound management and protection of freshwater resources.  Strengthen water sector governance, financing, and institutions.

Approved Malaria Mosquito Control Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Insecticides All approved malarial mosquito control training shall follow Global Health Bureau guidelines for safe use, as follow:

USAID Mission Environmental Officers (MEOs) and Mission Health Officers should provide training to contractor program managers and other partners involved in USAID-supported malaria vector control interventions. This training should inform program managers of the importance and methods of integrating human health and environmental concerns into malaria vector control. It should also inform program managers of USAID’s expectations for implementation of best practices for human health and environment in USAID's PEA, http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/50060.pdf. Finally, the training should express USAID’s expectations of what measures are needed to protect human health and the environment be factored into program evaluation. Additional topics for discussion may include:  Factors to consider in intervention selection  Factors to consider in pesticide selection  Potential impacts of pesticides  Best practices and mitigation measures (throughout the life cycle of the intervention or pesticide)

 Adaptive management

Approved Locust Control Insecticides

Any funds and training provided for locust plague management would likely come from FAO and/or USAID's Transboundary Pest Management Program. Training would follow all the above best practices under field use of pesticides.

Approved Construction/Termite Management Insecticides

Termite control on construction sites involves best practices to avoid dumping wood scrap pieces or tree and stump remains as fill around the building foundation (a common practice) after erection. Additional preventive practices to teach during training are as follow:

 Locate and destroy termite nests and mounds near construction sites.  Continually monitor structures for mud tubes, and manually remove, applying pesticide to nests.  Keep drains and gutters clean to avoid leakage. Make sure that there are no blocked lines, no filtration nor broken pipes with excess of moisture around them (termites seek moist soil).  Eliminate all sources of moisture. Do not leave unattended areas where there is a high concentration of humidity. Clean those areas periodically.  Apply chemicals as soon as you detect areas where termites are being reunited.  Remove wood products that have had the presence of moisture or have been in contact with water for prolonged time.  Eliminate the wood contact with the ground.  Do not bury scrap pieces of wood in the ground for any use.  Fill junctions or voids.

Approved Rights of Way (ROW) Treatment Herbicides

Rights of way alongside roads, runways, power lines, irrigation/water canals and around food/grain storage warehouses or dwellings are often treated with herbicides to control weeds, brush and trees. This keeps vegetation from affecting operations in each of these sectors. Around food and grain warehouses, weeds and brush are controlled to reduce refuge for rodents. Training should include the following topics

Risks from Herbicide Use

USAID works with irrigation canals, water supply and food/grain warehouses; thus, there is likely to be herbicide use in these sectors. In the irrigation or water supply sector there is the risk that the herbicide will enter the drinking water, or enter agriculture production, potentially negatively impacting irrigated crops.

Mitigation of Herbicide Risks

In the place of using herbicides, mechanical weed/brush/tree control can be done using mowers and tractor-pulled cutting devices, on a regular basis.

Annual review and update of the approved pesticides list in this 2019 PPERSUAP

To ensure that this PERSUAP stays current & compliant with US EPA registration status, the list of chemicals should be reviewed annually, in January. Thus, the next review, or amendment, will be due near the end of 2019, and include analyses of any newly-registered and project-requested pesticides to that point in time.

Substantial re-write every 2-3 years of the PPERSUAP

To distill lessons learned and ensure that all requirements are up-to-date, this document should be substantially updated as soon as Uzbekistan registers additional pesticides.

Regular training for USAID/CAR and USAID/Uzbekistan, IPs, GOU officials

Do regular annual training on use of this PPERSUAP for all stakeholders so that they understand how to interpret and use it. The next SPU and IPM training will be due before June of 2019.

Translate this PERSUAP into local languages

Key parts of this document should be translated into local languages to make it accessible to a wider audience.

Transboundary Pests

To better coordinate responses to transboundary pests like tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, locusts, wheat blast, Sunn pest and others, see and reference other approved PPERSUAPs from the region.

Approval of Recommended Environmental Actions, Pesticides and Training Topics:

Clearances:

Regional Mission Director, USAID/CA: ______Date: ______

Regional Environmental Advisor for Central and South Asia & OAPA: ______Date: ______Andrei Barannik

USAID/CA Uzbekistan Country Office Director: ______Date: ______

USAID/CA Uzbekistan AVC A/COR: ______Date: ______Bahtiyor Mirzabaev

USAID/CA Mission Environmental Officer: ______Date: ______Nina Kavetskaya

Approval: Asia Bureau Environmental Officer: ______Date: ______William Gibson

CCed: USAID/CA EDO, HEO and DGO Project File MEO/CAR Tracking System (P:\PSPUB\ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE\Initial Environmental Examinations) OAA

2019 Uzbekistan Programmatic P-PERSUAP

(Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan)

Covering Sectors of Pesticide use in/on: Agriculture (Seed, Field and Greenhouse) Food Security (Food Treatment and Warehouse Fumigation) Veterinary/Feed Additives Water and Sanitation Avian Influenza/Disinfectants Health/Malaria Locust Control Construction Rights of Way Treatments

Using Resources of USAID’s and DAI’s Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) Project, implemented by DAI Global, LLC

April-December 2018

Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA Social and Agricultural Entrepreneur Environmental Assessment Professional [email protected] Business cell phone: 703-488-0252

Sunnat Djalolov, MSc AVC Agriculture and Environmental Compliance Specialist

Acronyms and a Glossary of Terms used in this Uzbekistan Programmatic P-PERSUAP

ADB Asian Development Bank AgLinks Agricultural Linkages (project) AI Active Ingredient AN ammonium nitrate ANE Asia and Near East Bureau, USAID APO Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, Pakistan AVC Agricultural Value Chains AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center BCI Better Cotton Initiative BMP Best Management Practice BT Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterium that produces a toxin used as a pesticide) BRC British Retail Consortium CAC Central Asia and Caucasus CACRP Central Asia and the Caucasus Regional Program CAN calcium ammonium nitrate CAR Central Asian Republics CCP Committee on Chemical Protection CEQ Council on Environmental Quality (US Government) CFR Code of Federal Regulations CIMMYT The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COP Chief of Party DAI DAI Global LLC DCN Document Number DDT Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane DPP Department of Plant Protection, Pakistan DS Powders for dry seed treatment (pesticide formulation) EA Environmental Assessment EASC EuroAsian Interstate Council for Standardization, Meteorology and Certification EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC Emulsifiable Concentrate (pesticide formulation) EC50 Effective Concentration (acute toxicity measure) EG Economic Growth EMMP Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring Plan EPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as USEPA) EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations agency) FDA Food and Drug Administration (US) FFP Food for Peace FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FS Flowable concentrate for seed treatment (pesticide formulation) GAP Good Agriculture Practice GDL Global Development Lab GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German International Cooperation) GLAAS Global Acquisition and Assistance System GlobalGAP Global Good Agriculture Practices, a certification system GOST Gosudarstvennyy (Russian) standard GOU Government of Uzbekistan

GUP General Use Pesticide Ha Hectares HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points HPAI Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza HT Highly Toxic ICAMA Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of the Ministry of Agriculture, China ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas ID Identification IFC International Finance Corporation IEE Initial Environmental Examination IGR Insect Growth Regulator IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest Management IRS Indoor Residual Spraying IVM Integrated Vector Management IWM Integrated Weed Management LC50 Lethal Concentration (acute toxicity measure) LD50 Lethal Dose (acute toxicity measure) M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MD Micro Dispersion (pesticide formulation) MEO Mission Environmental Officer MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOWR Ministry of Water Resources MRL Maximum/Minimum Residue Level/Limit MT Moderately Toxic NAT Not Acutely Toxic NCAT National Center for Appropriate Technology NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (US) NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture NPV Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus OP Organophosphate PAN Pesticide Action Network PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment PER Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan pH log of Hydrogen concentration, measure of acidity PHI Pre-Harvest Interval PIC Prior Informed Consent (a treaty, relates to toxic pesticides) POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (a treaty, relates to toxic persistent pesticides) PMP Pest Management Plan PNT Practically Non-Toxic PPE Personal Protection Equipment R&D toxin Reproductive and Developmental toxin REA Regional Environmental Advisor Reg 216 Regulation 216 (USAID Environmental Procedures) REI Re-Entry Interval (safety period after pesticide spraying) ROW Rights of Way RUP Restricted Use Pesticide S&C Standards and Certification SC Suspension Concentrate (pesticide formulation)

SDS Safety Data Sheet (also known as Material SDS, or MSDS) ST Slightly Toxic SUAP Safe Use Action Plan THM Trihalomethane ULV Ultra-Low Volume (a type of sprayer/spraying that uses little water) UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as EPA) VAT Value Added Tax VHT Very Highly Toxic WFP World Food Program (UN) WHO World Health Organization WP Wettable Powder (pesticide formulation) WS Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (pesticide formulation)

Glossary of Terms

SDS, Safety Data Sheet, a 2-5 page flyer produced by the pesticide manufacturer containing safety information (SDSs can be found at http://www.msds.com/; www.msdsonline.com/; and http://www.msdsxchange.com/english/index.cfm, and by doing Google searches using the acronym ‘SDS’).

PMP, or Pest Management Plan, which can include an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan, includes pest anticipation and prevention planning and decision points, following USAID, USDA, academia and university extension services advice. Detailed IPM data contained in this P-PERSUAP is in Annex 1.

HACCP, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, an analysis that identifies and mitigates point sources of risk in food handling and processing.

Table of Contents

IEE AMENDMENT: §216.3(b) Pesticide Procedures...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Acronyms and a Glossary of Terms used in this Uzbekistan Programmatic P-PERSUAP ...... 32 Table of Contents ...... 35 P-PERSUAP SUMMARY ...... 37 Approved Unrestricted Pesticide Active Ingredients and Products for Same and Similar Use ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. P-PERSUAP Requirements and Recommendations for Mitigating Risks...... 64 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 67 1.1 USAID Environmental Regulations ...... 67 1.2 Differences Between USEPA, WHO and Russian Acute Toxicity Classification Systems, and why this is Important ...... 67 1.3 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy ...... 67 1.4 2019 Uzbekistan P-PERSUAP Methodology ...... 68 SECTION 2: BACKGROUND ...... 68 2.1 Country Background ...... 68 2.2 Pesticide Regulation in Uzbekistan ...... 71 2.2.1 Seed Treatment with Pesticides ...... 71 2.5.2 Field Agriculture Pesticide Use ...... 72 2.5.3 Greenhouses Treated with Pesticides ...... 73 2.5.4 Cotton Harvest and Delinting Chemicals ...... 74 2.5.5 Stored Grain and Food Warehouse Pesticide Use ...... 74 2.5.6 Agricultural Produce Treatment and Preservation ...... 75 2.5.7 Veterinary Acaricide and Insecticide ...... 76 2.5.8 Water and Sanitation Disinfectants/Microbicides ...... 77 2.5.9 Bird Flu Disinfection and Microbicide Use ...... 77 2.5.10 Malaria Control Insecticide Use ...... 78 2.5.11 Locust Control Insecticide Use ...... 79 2.5.12 Construction Insecticide Use ...... 79 2.5.13 Rights of Way (ROW) Herbicide Use ...... 80 2.6 Uzbekistan and International Treaties/Agreement Obligations Related to Pesticides as Prelim to PER Analysis ...... 80 2.7 Evaluation of Uzbekistan Pesticide System Risks as Prelim to PER Analysis ...... 81 2.8 Pesticide Import Including Informal or Illicit Import ...... 83 2.9 Pesticide In-Country Production ...... 84 2.10 Pesticide Packaging, Repackaging and Labeling Quality ...... 84 2.11 Pesticide Distribution/Retailers and Major Distribution/Retail Supply Companies ...... 84 2.12 Climate Change and Uzbekistan Agriculture as Prelim to PER Analysis ...... 86 2.13 Transboundary Pests ...... 88 SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT ...... 89 3.1 Factor A: USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide...... 89 3.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ...... 91 3.3 Factor C: Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program ..... 93 3.4 Factor D: Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment ...... 96 3.5 Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards ...... 100 3.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticides for the proposed use ...... 102 3.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems ... 106

3.8 Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils ...... 109 3.9 Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods ...... 111 3.10 Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticides ...... 112 3.11 Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators ...... 114 3.12 Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide ...... 115 SECTION 4: PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP) ...... 117 Annex 1: Matrices of AVC Crops, Other Sectors, Pests, Diseases, Weeds, Prevention, and Control Tools Including Approved Pesticides ...... 121 Annex 2: Guidelines for Pest Management Plans (PMPs) for Uzbekistan Crops and Beneficiaries ...... 151 Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program ...... 154 Annex 4: Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA, WHO and Russian Classifications ...... 156 Annex 5: Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Registered in Uzbekistan ...... 160 Annex 6: Training Topics on IPM and Safe Pesticide Use ...... 173 Annex 7: Monitoring for Best Practices on Uzbekistan Beneficiaries...... 179 Annex 8: Farm and Project Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use ...... 181 Agricultural pesticide application details ...... 181 Annex 9: P-PERSUAP References ...... 182 Annex 10: Donor-Supported IPM and Pesticide Projects in Uzbekistan ...... 183 Annex 11: USAID Uzbekistan 2018 Relevant Project Backgrounds ...... 186 Annex 12: Pesticide Regulations and Import from Neighboring Countries ...... 188 Annex 13: Biodata of P-PERSUAP Author Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA ...... 191 Annex 14: Central Asia Forms for Implementing Partners: Pesticide Inventory and Environmental Authorization to Purchase Pesticides ...... 192 Annex 15: Prohibited Materials Analysis: Pesticide Active Ingredients Registered in Uzbekistan but NOT to be used on USAID/Uzbekistan projects or by beneficiaries ...... 197 POPs and PIC Chemicals NOT to be used on USAID/Uzbekistan projects or by beneficiaries ...... 205

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This 2019 Uzbekistan Programmatic PERSUAP (P-PERSUAP) was developed for and under the direction of USAID Uzbekistan Mission’s AVC project, implemented by DAI. It supersedes all previous PERSUAPs (2009, 2012) written for Uzbekistan. This “Programmatic” approach (codified in 22 CFR 216.6(d)) was used to advise all current and near-future USAID regional and local projects and sectors impacted in Uzbekistan, while economizing resources such that each USAID project would not need to duplicate costs to produce their own PERSUAP report. Moreover, the objective is to have one document which can guide and inform the work of our COR and MEO where pesticides are or could be involved in any project in Uzbekistan.

For the purposes of this PERSUAP, the word pesticide is used, following EPA’s guidelines2, for the following: fumigants, insecticides, miticides/acaricides, nematicides, molluscicides, fungicides, antimicrobials, bactericides/biocides, microbicides/antibiotics, herbicides, rodenticides, avicides, algicides, ovicides (kill eggs), disinfectants/sanitizers and anti-fouling agents (chemicals that repel or kill things like barnacles that attach to boats). Even biological agents such as biopesticides, microbial pesticides, repellents, defoliants, desiccants, insect growth regulators and plant growth regulators are included as pesticides. Pheromones, attractants and repellents are no longer included in this list by EPA.

Pests, diseases and weeds that limit development in Uzbekistan often require management with locally- registered pesticides. All pesticides pose risks to users of the pesticides, their communities, environmental resources as well as access to markets for high-quality, low pesticide residue produce. As part of USAID’s development portfolio, projects require information on which pesticides can and cannot be recommended, as well as non-pesticide tools and tactics that can and should be learned and employed. This document fulfills this requirement.

Purpose

The purpose of this document is to conduct a new (2019) Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safe Use and Action Plan (SUAP) in compliance with USAID’s environmental regulations (Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), part 216, or Regulation 216) on pesticide use on USAID-funded projects. In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this Programmatic PERSUAP for Uzbekistan:

 Establishes the set of pesticides for which ‘support’ is approved on a USAID project. “...assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction...” The list of permitted pesticides shall comply with this. Support includes purchase, direct use, promotion during training or on demonstration farms/farm plots, recommending for use, financing, application and safety equipment, use by funded partners or subgrantees, and other actions that directly facilitate the use of pesticides.

 Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide use or support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use (SPU) and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an IPM framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the P-PERSUAP and an IEE Amendment by Asia Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO/Asia.) Following approval of this Programmatic PERSUAP, projects with links to pesticide use will amend their Initial Environmental Examinations (IEEs) so that

2 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm

37 pest control response is subject to a negative determination with conditions, the condition being compliance with the SUAP, including the recommended chemical controls and IPM practices.

Scope

USAID Uzbekistan programs, projects, and activities of implementing partners (IPs), and the IP’s sub- grantees, partners, financiers and beneficiaries are covered by this P-PERSUAP. The set of P-PERSUAP- approved pesticides, and requirements for IPM implementation and SPU are established through Section 3, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which assesses the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (identified as A through L) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). Pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction that clear this 12-factor analysis can be promoted to beneficiaries, financed and used on demonstration farms and activities.

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) in Section 4 provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. The SUAP also provides information useful for an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this P-PERSUAP must complete and submit this SUAP and EMMP to its AOR/COR.

Sectors and crops covered by this 2019 Programmatic PERSUAP

This 2019 P-PERSUAP analyzes and compiles IPM tools and tactics (including pesticides) for the following pesticide use sectors:

 Agriculture (Seed, Field and Greenhouse)  Food Security (Food Treatment and Warehouse Fumigation3)  Veterinary/Feed Additives  Water and Sanitation/Disinfectants  Avian Influenza/Disinfectants  Health/Malaria/Disinfectants  Locust Control  Construction  Rights of Way (Roads, Runways, Powerlines, Irrigation Canals) Treatments/Herbicides

For AVC, this P-PERSUAP specifically covers the following crop Value Chains (VCs):  Tree Nut Crops: almond; walnut; pistachio  Tree Fruit Crops: Stone fruits: apricot, peach, plum, cherry/sour cherry; Pome fruits: apple, pear, quince; Others: mulberry; persimmon; pomegranate  Grapes  Cucurbitaceae: cucumber, melons, watermelon  Solanaceae: tomato, potato  Alliums: onion, garlic

The report begins with sections that evaluate background and risks across the inputs sectors in Uzbekistan, as bulleted above. Beyond that, it also examines other special Uzbek industrial chemical and

3 Please note that USAID has produced a PEA for use of the high-risk fumigant aluminum phosphide, which produces phosphine gas to kill pests. It is to be used only by highly trained, certified, PPE-protected fumigation service personnel; not smallholder farmers. It is used in food/grain warehouses, shipping containers and other structures. Please see: http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm.

38 climate change risks to agriculture. And, it promotes the use of IPM and Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs).

This 2019 document takes advantage of, and supersedes, information found in previous PERSUAP studies done in 2009 and 2012 for Uzbekistan, as well as refers to similar studies done in neighboring countries Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and a recent document from Afghanistan. The 2009 PERSUAP was produced by USAID’s Agricultural Linkages (AgLinks) project (implemented by DAI Global), covering only 12 USAID-supported crops as well as supporting training for farmers based upon the approved PERSUAP, resulting in the effective and safe treatment of a widespread grape mildew plight caused by increased rainfall in 2009. Then in 2012, the Uzbekistan Agricultural Linkages Plus PERSUAP was produc3ed by DAI to cover six additional crops for a total of 18 crops.

Changes and Lessons Learned from the 2009 and 2012 Uzbekistan PERSUAPs to the present 2019 PPERSUAP

The 2009 PERSUAP resulted in desired hands-on field and coursework training for farmers on pesticide basics, IPM and SPU and targeted primarily farmers growing grapes and intercropping those with vegetable crops to reduce disease incidence. The 2009 and 2012 PERSUAPs analyzed pesticides solely for the AgLinks and AgLinks Plus projects and both contained and evaluated very limited lists of pesticides.

In the past, Uzbekistan registered pesticides on an irregular basis, sometimes not readily available to the public. The primary lesson learned from previous studies to this current one is that Uzbekistan is finally registering pesticides on an annual basis, making those lists publicly available, and is training farmers on safety. Further, most Uzbek farmers interviewed were aware of and using numerous non-pesticide IPM tools, such as release of parasitoids that attack pests, use of pheromone traps, field sulfur placements for disease control, use of resistant varieties, intercropping fruit trees with row crops, and others.

Since 2009 and 2012, the primary change within USAID/CA is to now use a “Programmatic” approach (codified in 22 CFR 216.6(d)) for new PERSUAPS in order to cover all current and near-future USAID regional and local sectors and projects impacted in Uzbekistan, while economizing resources such that each USAID sector or project would not need to duplicate costs to produce their own PERSUAP report. The objective is to have one document which can guide and inform the work of the A/COR and MEO where pesticides are or could be involved in any sector or project in Uzbekistan.

A major local change occurred in early 2018, when the Uzbek Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources was split into the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Water Resources.

This document provides project implementers in each sector where pesticides could be or will be promoted during training, procured and used on demonstration plots or farms, or both, with the most common risks likely to be encountered for each sector. And, it contains, or references recommended mitigation measures and internationally-recognized best practices to reduce each risk in each sector. Projects can then use these risk-mitigation pairings to inform and guide their own development of environmental risk monitoring, mitigation and reporting plans (EMMPs), as USAID requires.

Since 2009 and 2012, and since the recent presidential election, Uzbekistan has opened considerably to international trade and is one of the fastest growing economies in the world4. New seeds, fertilizers, tools

4 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311840097_Agriculture_and_economic_development_in_Uzbekistan

39 and tractors are available everywhere visited. Natural gas has replaced cotton as a major export. Agriculture as a share of GDP has gone down as industry and services have increased.

There are over 17 million tons of fruits and vegetables produced annually, consisting of 300 kg of vegetables, 75 kg of potatoes and 44 kg of grapes, three times higher than the average global consumption rates. Exports of fruits, vegetables and grapes is expanding, as is value-added processing, leading to higher GDP growth. Virtually all of agriculture relies on irrigation, the infrastructure of which remains relatively static. In 2015 the country built and refurbished 230 enterprises in industrial processing of agricultural products, commissioned 114 new cold storage facilities with a capacity 77,800 tons. This increased the total capacity of storage of fruits and to 832 thousand tons. Uzbekistan now aims to impact organic production with standards and practices which were nonexistent in 20095. In 2016, Uzbekistan had a total area of organic certified 563 hectares arable land while 6,000 ha of wild land was certified according to organic farming rules, up from zero ha in 2013. During 2016 to 2018, the organic area in Uzbekistan increased by about 250 hectares each year.

The domestic chemical industry specializes in production of mineral fertilizers for agriculture. Potash and phosphorus fertilizers produced in the country cover a third of the demand for them. However, capacities for production of complex mineral fertilizers are outdated by 60-70 percent, which leads to waste of heavily-subsidized energy resources, an increase in the cost of chemical products. Efficiency of the fertilizer production sector needs to be improved.

Uzbekistan has also developed a relatively complex seed policy, leading to the development of improved seed and varieties and the crop diversity profile has increased measurably since 20096.

Two species of moths from the New World are invading other countries: the American Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and South American Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta. The leaf miner is already present in Uzbekistan, particularly troublesome in greenhouses. The Fall Armyworm, according to FAO7, is likely to invade Central Asia. P-PERSUAPs have been produced for both of these pests: https://ipmil.cired.vt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fall-Armyworm-PERSUAP-May-2017-002.pdf and https://ipmil.cired.vt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/BFS-17-04-002-FtF-IPM-IL-Amend-TA- PERSUAP.pdf. Both are covered with preventive and chemical tools in Annex 1, the IPM plan, p. 128-9.

Goal of 2019 Uzbekistan P-PERSUAP

The goal of this P-PERSUAP is to both mandate and recommend preventive and curative mitigation measures that can be used to reduce risks to human health, environmental resources and market access for exported produce. These risks are inevitably present with the use of pesticides and similar chemicals (like antibiotics/microbicides in human food, animal feed or food processing chemicals) used for agricultural crop and livestock production and outbreaks of emergency pests like locusts, as well as fumigation of food security stores and warehouses, disinfection or sanitization of domestic water resources, potential use of pesticides on construction projects and rights of way as well as irregular bird flu outbreaks, locust outbreaks and malarial mosquito outbreaks in health projects.

Note that farmers and others can, with their own funding, buy and use the pesticides they want, as long as they are not part of a USAID project and the treated produce or other good does not enter a USAID- funded processing, marketing, food security or other development program. USAID projects can

5 http://www.fao.org/3/i8398en/I8398EN.pdf 6 http://pim.cgiar.org/2017/04/10/increasing-the-profile-of-crop-diversity-in-agricultural-production-and-policies-in- uzbekistan/ 7 http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1148819/icode/

40 promote, advise, purchase or donate pesticide training, demonstration trials, pesticides, spray services and safety equipment as long as these activities have been evaluated in a PERSUAP. USAID should seek to promote and train farmers on IPM and SPU. Furthermore, USAID provides guidance, in ADS 312, and on-line8, for fertilizer best practices, as well as a reminder (in addition to project’s USAID contract language) on the prohibition on purchase and use of ammonium nitrate (AN) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) in Central Asian Republics (CAR) as well as other regions and countries.

8 http://www.encapafrica.org/meo_course/Course_Materials/Module9-- Special_Topics/Fertilizers_and_Reg216/fertilizer_fact_sheet_final--Africa_Bureau.pdf

This 2019 Uzbekistan Programmatic PERSUAP makes recommendations for actions to mitigate risks from pesticides. Before errors (such as human poisonings) occur, it is the responsibility of USAID project implementers to put these mitigation recommendations into action, as soon as possible. Implementers will then monitor changes in risks, impacts and mitigation success using EMMPs. Finally, the implementers will report positive or negative changes from mitigation success baselines in semi- annual reporting instruments to USAID.

PERSUAP Recommendations (conditions): In summary, Implementing Partners (IP) conditions require that:

 Only pesticides with PERSUAP-approved active ingredients can be procured, used or recommended for use with USAID funds.  Pesticide products procured, used or recommended for use must be labelled in a national language (Uzbek or Russian) and include specified essential usage and safety information.  Basic training in safer pesticide use (SPU) must be provided broadly to those using, selling, financing or providing extension services involving pesticides with USAID funding. Training must be reported to the AOR/COR.  Pesticides for crop protection, as well as other sectors, must be part of an IPM plan including numerous preventive tools and tactics to manage and reduce pests/diseases/weeds before the decision to use pesticides is made.  Projects must assure SPU per pesticide label specifications, including the correct use of appropriate PPE for each pesticide use under their direct control. Otherwise, projects must assure access to, proper use and maintenance of appropriate PPE and use per label to the greatest degree practicable.  In addition to any other procurement requirements, projects seeking approval to purchase pesticides must certify that such procurement is compliant with this PERSUAP and provide other specified information for AOR/COR review and clearance via a provided form (Annex 14)  Record-keeping, reporting on compliance with the above conditions as part of regular project implementation reporting, and pass-down of all above requirements to subcontractors, grantees and sub-grantees is required.

In summary, conditions for USAID/CA/Uzbekistan require that:

 Substantial update every 3-5 years of the PERSUAP. In order to distill lessons learned and ensure that all requirements are up-to-date, this document should be substantially updated at least every 3 years. Thus, the next major update should occur not later than 2022.  Regular training for USAID/CAR and USAID/CA/Uzbekistan, IPs, collaborating GOU officials. Do regular annual training on use of this PERSUAP for all stakeholders so that they understand how to interpret and use it. The next training will be due no later than June of 2019.

The list of unrestricted, Uzbekistan-registered and EPA-approved list of registered for the “same or similar uses” by USEPA, “without restriction” pesticides is available below in Table 1. Pesticides are rejected by this PERSUAP analysis if they are not EPA registered for “same or similar uses”, with restrictions (Restricted Use Pesticides, RUP), or are classified as extremely toxic (Class I); this list is included at the end of this PERSUAP in Annex 15.

Unrestricted, Uzbekistan-Registered and EPA-approved pesticides (Assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction)

The following Table 1 is a list of approved AIs and examples of pesticides containing them, for procurement and use on USAID funded projects in Uzbekistan. The lists of Uzbek-approved products containing these approved AIs are far too long to reproduce here below. Projects that use this document will need to obtain a copy of lists of the Uzbekistan-registered pesticides in order to match and find products containing them.

Table 1: 2019 Uzbekistan Programmatic PERSUAP Pesticides with AI, EPA status, product and MSDS for same or similar use products

Approved Seed Treatment Insecticides, Miticides and Fungicides are listed below

Approved Insecticide for Field and Greenhouse Seed treatment AI and an Uzbekistan-Registered Pesticide that contains the AI

Active Ingredient EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Insecticide Product acetamiprid Active Acetaplan, Achieve, https://www.adama.com/documents/444852/452008/cormoran-sds-20170328.pdf Camelot (do not use during crop flowering) acephate Active Arten, Dalcefat, https://assets.greenbook.net/M70629.pdf Lancer, Orten imidacloprid Active Confidor http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ (recommended for file7526.pdf use during vegetative growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) thiamethoxam Active Cruiser https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Cruiser_5FS_27045_N (recommended for Variant_en_msds.pdf use during vegetative growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees)

Approved Fungicide for Field Seed treatment AIs and Uzbekistan-Registered Pesticides that contains each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Fungicide Products captan Active Captan http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mpAOK003.pdf carboxin Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf chitosan Active Chitosan https://www.nwmissouri.edu/naturalsciences/sds/c/Chitosan.pdf cyproconazole Active Akanto Plus, http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf Alto Super, Fighter difenoconazole Active Score, http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF Azoxyfen fludioxonil Active Severe http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpB6U000.pdf flutriafol Active Impact, http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpDJL004.pdf Impanoor, Impass humic acid Active Humic Acid https://www.plantfoodco.com/media/2248/humic-acid-sds.pdf mefenoxam/metalaxyl- Active Ridomil Gold, http://www.syngenta-us.com/sds-label/apron-xl M Bakomil, Metalman prothioconazole Active Lamardo https://www.chemservice.com/media/product/msds/N-12866.pdf pyraclostrobin Active Insure https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/solutions.nsf/Images/PDC-OAIO- AFXLQX/$File/Insure_Pulse_MSDS.pdf salicylic acid Active Salicylic acid http://www.esciencelabs.com/sites/default/files/msds_files/Salicylic%20Acid.pdf

45 tebuconazole Active Raxil, Scarlet, https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000264-00964-20050921.pdf Essenzalil, Zeem Extra thiabendazole Active Vial, Vincite http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2707517082010.pdf thiophanate-methyl Active Topsin-M, https://www.croplifescience.com/pdf/thiophanate-methyl-70perc.wp.pdf Teefani, Thiofenate- methyl thiram Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf triticonazole Active Premise https://m.agro.basf.co.za/agroportal/mza/media/productcatalogue/products/sds/Flite.pdf

Approved Fungicide for Greenhouse Seed treatment AIs and Uzbekistan-Registered Pesticides that contains each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Fungicide Products difenoconazole Active Score http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF cyproconazole Active Akanto Plus, Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf Super, Fighter fludioxonil Active Severe http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpB6U000.pdf flutriafol Active Impact, Impanoor, http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpDJL004.pdf Impass mefenoxam/metalaxyl- Active Apron http://www.syngenta-us.com/sds-label/apron-xl M tebuconazole Active Folicur, Raxil https://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/ Country-Canada-Internet/Products/Folicur%20EW/Folicur-250-EW-MSDS.ashx; Raxil: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000264-00964- 20050921.pdf thiabendazole Active Vial, Vincite http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2707517082010.pdf

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Insecticides and Miticides are listed below

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Insecticide and Miticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Active Dipel https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/VBC- biopreparation 0031R0%20DiPel%20DF%2004-23-15.pdf bifenthrin Active Talstar (for use against http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp8PP005.pdf the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) buprofezin miticide Active Applaud http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MBUPR440_51547-0408.PDF chlorantraniliprole Active Coragen http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2809606182010.pdf chlorfenapyr Active Peelora https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/24141m.pdf clothianidin Active Tayshin (do not use https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0369-Belay%20Insecticide-GHS- during crop flowering) Rev%201.pdf dimethoate Active Bi-58 https://arystalifescience.co.za/files/Dimethoate-EC_msds.pdf emamectin benzoate Active Proclaim, Benzoate https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/pdfs/052-23-03b_Emamectin- Super, Surrender benzoate.pdf

47 etoxazole Active Zoom https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0268rev1%20GHS%20Zeal%20- %201.pdf fenpyroximate Active Hortus https://www.belchimcanada.com/MSDS/MSDS_E_150.pdf

Helicoverpa armigera Active Helicoverpa armigera http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/2011/hanpvmanual-pt1.pdf NPV NPV hexythiazox Active Nissorun http://www.agrichem.com.my/pdf/msds/crop_care_and_environmental_scie nce_products/acaricide/Nissorun_10_WP.pdf imidacloprid Active Confidor (recommended http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ for use during vegetative file7526.pdf growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) indoxacarb Active Avaunt, Alexander, http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_3105106042013.pdf Valent malathion Active Carbofos https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf mineral oil Active Preparati № 30, 30А, http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5C 30С, 30СС, 30М ND%5Cpesticide%5CMSDS%5C239%5C239-16%5C239- 16_ORTHO_VOLCK_OIL_SPRAY_DORMANT_SEASON_INSECT_KI LLER_CONCENTRATE_10_4_2004_1_58_11_PM.pdf novaluron Active Rimon, Uniron http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/novaluron.pedestal.pdf pyridaben miticide Active Sanmite http://pgf.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/08/Sanmite-MSDS.pdf pyriproxyfen Active Admiral https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/21872m.pdf spirodiclofen Active Inspirodiclo, Abam http://datasheets.scbt.com/sds/eghs/en/sc-229326.pdf Extra, Envidore sulfur miticide Active lump sulfur, powdered http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf sulfur thiamethoxam Active Cruiser (do not use https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Cruiser_5FS_27045_N during crop flowering) Variant_en_msds.pdf

Approved Greenhouse Spraying or Granular Treatment Agriculture Insecticides and Miticides are listed below

Approved Greenhouse Agriculture Insecticide and Miticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Uzbekistan Registered (Cut and paste address into Browser) Pesticide Products (with PERSUAP Conditions) abamectin Active Abalon, Abamek, https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/19201m.pdf Bankomeek Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Active Dipel https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/VBC- biopreparation 0031R0%20DiPel%20DF%2004-23-15.pdf chlorantraniliprole Active Coragen http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2809606182010.pdf chlorfenapyr Active Peelora https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/24141m.pdf hexythiazox Active Nissorun http://www.agrichem.com.my/pdf/msds/crop_care_and_environmental_scie nce_products/acaricide/Nissorun_10_WP.pdf indoxacarb Active Avaunt, Alexander, http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_3105106042013.pdf Valent imidacloprid Active Confidor (recommended http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ for use during vegetative file7526.pdf growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) mineral oil Active Preparati № 30, 30А, http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5C 30С, 30СС, 30М ND%5Cpesticide%5CMSDS%5C239%5C239-16%5C239- 16_ORTHO_VOLCK_OIL_SPRAY_DORMANT_SEASON_INSECT_KI LLER_CONCENTRATE_10_4_2004_1_58_11_PM.pdf neem seed Active Neem tree seed extract http://www.agrologistic.com/sg_userfiles/MSDS- extract/azadirachtin _DEBUG_TURBO_FEBRUARY_2011.pdf novaluron Active Rimon, Uniron http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/novaluron.pedestal.pdf permethrin Active Vismetrin https://greenbook-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/M94449.pdf

49 pyridaben miticide Active Sanmite http://pgf.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/08/Sanmite-MSDS.pdf sulfur miticide Active lump sulfur, powdered http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf sulfur

Approved Homemade/Artisanal/Natural Field/Greenhouse Agriculture/Horticulture Pesticides are listed below

Approved Homemade/Artisanal/Natural Field/Greenhouse Agriculture/Horticulture Pesticide AIs used in Uzbekistan

Active Ingredients EPA Status Artisanal No MSDS sources for most artisanal products (many natural Pesticide products, as Products low risk, no longer require EPA approval) allicin N/A Garlic extract N/A

Neem seed extracts: Active Neem tree seed http://www.agrologistic.com/sg_userfiles/MSDS- azadirachtins, neem extract _DEBUG_TURBO_FEBRUARY_2011.pdf oil canola oil N/A Canola extract N/A capsaicin N/A Chili pepper N/A extract cinnamaldehyde N/A Cinnamon extract N/A citronella N/A Lemon grass N/A essential oil eucalyptus oil N/A Eucalyptus leaf N/A extract geraniol N/A Geranium flower N/A extract limonene N/A Lemon and lime N/A extracts Millettia pinnata: oil N/A Millettia pinnata: N/A tree extract oil tree extract

50 pine oil N/A Pine needle N/A essential oils Pyrethrum flower Active Marigold flower https://www.greenharvest.com.au/DownLoads/MSDS/PyrethrumSFInsecticide.pdf extract: pyrethrins extract quassin N/A Bitter ash extract N/A soap, insecticidal N/A insecticidal soap N/A

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Fungicides are listed below

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Fungicide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Pesticide Products azoxystrobin Active Altes, Square, http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2577908262004.pdf Azoxyfen Bacillus subtilis Active Sonnet http://advancedturfmo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ArmorTech-Sonnet- MSDS1.pdf Bordeaux mix Active Bordeaux http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html (copper sulfate, lime and water, can be home-made, artisanal) captan Active Captan http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mpAOK003.pdf carboxin Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf chitosan Active Chitosan https://www.nwmissouri.edu/naturalsciences/sds/c/Chitosan.pdf chlorothalonil Balear, Bravo http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2619610262009.pdf copper oxychloride Active Ridopolihom http://msds.orica.com/pdf/shess-en-cds-020-000000020767.pdf

copper sulfate Active Bluestone Copper http://www.buchheitagri.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/copper_sulfate.pdf cymoxanil Active Centric, Entochlorok http://www2.dupont.com/Crop_Protection/en_CA/assets/downloads/200110629- Extra, Tsimopro Curzate%20E%20MSDS.pdf cyproconazole Active Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf cyprodinil Active Chorus http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MCYPR500_49660-0313.PDF difenoconazole Active Score http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF dimethomorph Active Acrobat https://agro.basf.ca/East/Products/MSDS/Acrobat_50WP_MSDS_2012.pdf famoxadone Active Ultimatrix http://www.dupont.ca/content/dam/dupont/tools-tactics/crop/canada-label- msds/documents/cp_PSD-64_Tanos_130000000560_20170228_MSDS_E.pdf ferrous (iron) Active ferric sulfate http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924057 sulfate fludioxonil Active Severe http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpB6U000.pdf flutriafol Active Impact, Impanoor, http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mpDJL004.pdf Impass folpet Active Pergado https://www.adama.com/documents/268722/268805/ScotiaSDS_tcm105-76771.pdf fosetyl-aluminum Active Aliette, Fosetyl, https://www.twigachemicals.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/MSDS-ALIAL_- Funfos Fosetyl-Al-80.pdf humic acid Active KMAX https://www.plantfoodco.com/media/2248/humic-acid-sds.pdf indole-3-butyric Active IBA http://datasheets.scbt.com/sc-279212.pdf acid iprodione Active Ippon https://fmccrop.ca/isl/uploads/2016/01/Rovral_Flo_Fungicide_MTR_AGHS_EN.pdf kasugamycin Active kasugamycin (in http://www.nyirchem.hu/images/pdf/novenyvedoszerek/Kasugamycin- bactericide mix with copper) technical20160603_gyari.pdf

52 kresoxim-methyl Active Stroby, Ardent, https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/25816m.pdf Benvol mancozeb Active Penncozeb http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_257491172011.pdf mandipropamid Active Revus Top, Pergado http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Tobacco/GAP/MSDS/Fungicides/Revus.pdf mefenoxam / Active Apron http://www.syngenta-us.com/sds-label/apron-xl metalaxyl-M metalaxyl Active Arcerid, https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/greenbook-assets/M116309.pdf Ridopolihom metiram Active Ridopolihom https://www.engageagro.com/MSDS/MSDS_E_74.pdf picoxystrobin Active Acanto Plus propamocarb Active Previcur https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- hydrochloride agcomm/products/PREVICUR%20FLEX%20FUNGICIDE.pdf propiconazole Active Tilt http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/tilt %20a6140a%2002052015.pdf prothioconazole Active Lamardo https://www.chemservice.com/media/product/msds/N-12866.pdf pyraclostrobin Active Insure https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/solutions.nsf/Images/PDC-OAIO- AFXLQX/$File/Insure_Pulse_MSDS.pdf pyrimethanil Active Mitanil http://deccous.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SDS-Decco-Pyrimethanil-Aerosol.pdf salicylic acid Active salicylic acid https://www.fishersci.com/shop/msdsproxy?productName=A275500 sulfur Active Sera http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf tebuconazole Active Folicur, Raxil https://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/ Country-Canada-Internet/Products/Folicur%20EW/Folicur-250-EW-MSDS.ashx; Raxil: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000264-00964-20050921.pdf thiabendazole Active Vial, Vincite http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2707517082010.pdf thiophanate-methyl Active Topsin http://www.blychem.mu/downloads/topsin1.pdf

53 thiram Active Vitavax http://www.arystalifescience.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vitavax-200FF- MSDS.pdf Trichoderma Active Trichoderma species https://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/Koppert/MSD/EN/TRIANUM- species biopreparation G_MSDS29.04.2016__EN_.pdf biopreparation triticonazole Active Premise https://m.agro.basf.co.za/agroportal/mza/media/productcatalogue/products/sds/Flite.pdf ziram Active Triscabol, Funziram https://assets.greenbook.net/M113899.pdf

Approved Greenhouse Fungicides are listed below

Approved Greenhouse Fungicide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products Bacillus subtilis Active Sonnet http://advancedturfmo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ArmorTech- Sonnet-MSDS1.pdf copper oxychloride Active Ridopolihom http://msds.orica.com/pdf/shess-en-cds-020-000000020767.pdf copper sulfate Active Bluestone Copper http://www.buchheitagri.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/10/copper_sulfate.pdf cyproconazole Active Alto http://www.herbiguide.com.au/msds/mcypr100_47527-0605.pdf difenoconazole Active Score http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MDIFE250_45810-0605.PDF humic acid Active KMAX https://www.plantfoodco.com/media/2248/humic-acid-sds.pdf ferrous (iron) sulfate Active ferric sulfate http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924057 metalaxyl Active Arcerid, Ridopolihom https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/greenbook-assets/M116309.pdf metiram Active Ridopolihom https://www.engageagro.com/MSDS/MSDS_E_74.pdf

54 propamocarb Active Previcur https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- hydrochloride agcomm/products/PREVICUR%20FLEX%20FUNGICIDE.pdf sulfur Active Sera http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/msds/sulphur_generic_msds.pdf thiophanate-methyl Active Topsin http://www.blychem.mu/downloads/topsin1.pdf

Trichoderma species Active Trichoderma species https://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/Koppert/MSD/EN/TRIANUM- biopreparation biopreparation G_MSDS29.04.2016__EN_.pdf

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Herbicides, PGRs and Desiccants are listed below

Approved Field Agriculture/Horticulture Herbicides, PGRs, Desiccant AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Pesticide Products (with PERSUAP Conditions) bensulfuron-methyl Active Londask http://www.apparentag.com.au/MSDS/MSDSApparentBensulfuron1011%20(2).pdf bentazon (sodium Active Basagran https://products.basf.com/documents/pim;view/en/8809671502293. salt) Basagran%C2%AE%20480%20SL%20MSDS.pdf bispyribac-sodium Active Asirius, Nominal, https://assets.greenbook.net/M104720.pdf Nomnatur bromoxynil Active Nougrin http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp41P002.pdf octanoate carfentrazone-ethyl Active Aim, Karfen http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp5L1005.pdf chlorsulfuron Active Phenisan http://www.fmccrop.nz/Portals/FMCNZ/Herbicides/Glean/SDS_Glean_13.pdf clethodim Active Centureon https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0232rev5.pdf clodinafop propargyl Active Tidot http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_1913212092009.pdf

55 cyhalofop-butyl Active Top Shot https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/RebelEX_MSDS1p.pdf dicamba Active Banvel, Dymet http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_1260503062006.pdf fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Active Puma-Super, Furore http://dunecoiv.com/msds/PH_P_Z/PUMA_1_EC_BAYER.pdf Super florasulam Active Derby http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_2770110282009.pdf fluazifop-p-butyl Active Fusilade http://www.falorfarmcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/fusilade_MSDS.pdf flucarbazone Active Everest https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Sierra_20_30430_en_msds.pdf (sodium) flumetsulam Active Derby http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MFLUM80_40714-0611.PDF fluometuron Active Cotoran (labeled for https://www.adama.com/documents/444852/448418/Cotoran_4L_MSDS3_tcm13- use in cotton, BCI 83933.pdf project) glufosinate Active Basta, Best https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/16675m.pdf ammonium glyphosate Active Glyp, Glyphogan, http://www.fmccrop.com.au/download/herbicides/msds/glyder_450_msds_0912.pdf Glyphor glyphosate (potassium Active Sprut https://www.croplifescience.com/pdf/glyphosate-71perc.sg.pdf salt) imazapyr Active Arsenalf https://www.forestry-suppliers.com/Documents/194_msds.pdf (isopropylamine salt) imazethapyr Active Zeta http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mp8C4002.pdf (ammonium salt) iodosulfuron methyl Active Hussar https://assets.greenbook.net/M115936.pdf sodium mesosulfuron-methyl Active Atlantis https://www.chemservice.com/media/product/msds/N-13923.pdf sodium

56 metamitron Active Goltix https://www.adama.com/documents/1313470/4765037/SDS+GOLTIX+FLO_tcm42- 24945.pdf metribuzin Active Sencor https://www.cropscience.bayer.ca/~/media/Bayer%20CropScience/Country-Canada- Internet/Products/Sencor/Sencor-480-F-MSDS.ashx metsulfuron-methyl Active Magnum https://www.croplifescience.com/pdf/metsulfuron-methyl-20-wg.pdf oxyfluorfen Active Goal, Oxygoal, http://www.cdms.net/LDat/mpAKI001.pdf Hadaf pendimethalin Active Penitran, Stomp http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Labels/PEN33_61322-1209.PDF penoxsulam Active Raimbow https://assets.greenbook.net/M123779.pdf pinoxaden Active Axial https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/AXIAL%20XL%20HERBICIDE.pdf prometryn Active Gesagard, Cotofor, https://www.syngenta.ca/pdf/msds/Gesagard_24771_en_msds.pdf Ordam, Pahton prosulfuron Active Peaks http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/prosulfuron.peak.pdf pyrithiobac-sodium Active Staple http://cdn.chemservice.com/product/msdsnew/External/English/N- 13161%20English%20SDS%20US.pdf quinclorac Active Tornado, Faster, https://newsomseed.com/resources/MSDS%20Quinclorac1.5L.pdf Facet rimsulfuron Active Titus, Entus http://www.trees-llc.com/label-sds/sds_Dupont_MatrixSG.pdf sethoxydim Active Navy https://www.gallivancompanies.com/pdfs/herbicides/sethoxydim-e-pro-msds.pdf sulfosulfuron Active Total https://www.valent.com/Data/Labels/0513R1-ORD.pdf thifensulfuron- Active Granstar, Entostar https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Volta_Extra_MSDS3.pdf methyl thiobencarb Active Saturn, Risan, http://www.herbiguide.com.au/MSDS/MTHIO80_41729-0810.PDF Benthiocarb tribenuron methyl Active Karfen https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.agrian.com/pdfs/Volta_Extra_MSDS3.pdf

57 trifluralin Active Nitral, Olitref, https://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/trifluralin.dow.msdstreflan.pdf Treflan

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Insecticides are listed below

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Pesticide Products cypermethrin Active Ripcord (approved for https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/WebASProduct.nsf/Attachment/SUP- crack and crevice CIRD-6BML39/$File/Ripcord_Apr_2009.pdf treatment by professionals; NOT approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) malathion Active Malathion, Carbofos https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- (approved for floor agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf and wall treatment by professionals) pirimiphos-methyl Active Actellic (approved for http://www.pestfreeuae.com/Uploads/ACTELLIC%2050%20EC.pdf admixture and external treatment of grain sacks; NOT approved for field agricultural or horticultural use)

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Rodenticides are listed below

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Rodenticide AI and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Approved Veterinary Insecticide/Acaricide is listed below

(note that veterinary pharmaceuticals are not regulated in the USA by EPA; they are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration)

Approved Veterinary Insecticide and Acaricide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products deltamethrin Active Blaze, Spot On, Butox, https://www.msd-animal-health.co.nz/binaries/Blaze_Aug11_tcm51- Spotinor, Deltamole (for 36702.pdf use as a pour-on to cattle, sheep, goats to kill ticks, flies, lice; NOT registered or approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) diazinon Active Patriot (for use in cattle, http://www.bayerresources.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/file11418.pdf sheep, goat ear tags to kill ticks; NOT registered or approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) diflubenzuron Active Mergan, Vigliante, http://www.msd-animal- Gerold Umo, Stampede, health.co.nz/binaries/Fleececare_SDS_May09_tcm51-36671.pdf (for use as a feed-through

bolus formulation; for use as a pour-on to cattle, sheep, goats to kill ticks, flies, lice) gamma-cyhalothrin Active Bantex (for use as a pour- https://www.valleyvet.com/Library/lib_40227_-MSDS.pdf on to cattle, sheep, goats to kill ticks, flies, lice; NOT registered or approved for field agricultural or horticultural use)

Approved Water and Sanitation Disinfectants/Microbicide AIs are listed below

(Note that Uzbekistan Does Not Register Water Disinfectants or Microbicides, thus there are no approved product names to go with the selected EPA-registered AIs)

Approved Water/Sanitation Disinfectant/Microbicide AIs

Active Not Known http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/ KellyData%5CNC%5Cpesticide%5CMSDS%5C15300%5C3377-79- 15300%5C3377-79- bromine chloride 15300_CHEMTREAT_CL_4900_8_5_2009_10_40_22_AM.pdf chlorine dioxide Active Not Known https://healthwyze.org/archive/MSDS_chlorine_dioxide.pdf copper Active Not Known http://www.alligare.com/assets/pdf/ALLIGARE_8_Copper_SDS.pdf hydrogen peroxide Active Not Known http://www.h2o2.com/files/PeroxyChem%20SDS%20OxyPure%2050.pdf iodine Active Not Known http://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/msds/Iodine%20Soln%20Flinn.pdf

60 sodium hypochlorite Active Not Known http://mvc.com.ph/pdf/MSDS-Hypo.pdf

Approved Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Disinfectants/Microbicides

These are presented on an EPA website, and are thus for brevity (there are 100 chemicals) not repeated here: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/avian_flu_products.htm.

Approved Malaria Mosquito Control Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Insecticides are listed below

Approved Health/Malaria IRS Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products deltamethrin Active Deltaphos, Decis http://www.evenspray.com/linked/decis_5_ec_label.pdf malathion Active Carbofos, Malathion https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf permethrin Active Vismetrin https://greenbook-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/M94449.pdf

Approved Locust Control Insecticide is listed below

Approved Locust Control Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products acetamiprid Active Acetaplan, Achieve, https://www.adama.com/documents/444852/452008/cormoran-sds- Camelot (do not use 20170328.pdf during crop flowering) diflubenzuron Active Mergan, Vigliante, http://www.msd-animal- Gerold Umo, Stampede health.co.nz/binaries/Fleececare_SDS_May09_tcm51-36671.pdf (approved by USAID PEA for Migratory Pest Control, but not approved

for general field agriculture) dimethoate Active Bi-58 https://arystalifescience.co.za/files/Dimethoate-EC_msds.pdf imidacloprid Active Confidor (recommended http://www.bayercentral.com.au/resources/uploads/msds/ for use during vegetative file7526.pdf growth, not flowering, due to CCD risks to honeybees) malathion Active Carbofos, Malathion https://kernred.co.kern.ca.us/kern- agcomm/products/DREXEL%20MALATHION%205EC.pdf novaluron Active Rimon, Uniron http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/novaluron.pedestal.pdf

Metarhizium anisopliae Active Green Guard, Kilok https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2498 var acridium

Approved Construction/Termite Management Insecticides are listed below

Approved Construction/Termite Insecticide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Examples of MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Status Uzbekistan (Cut and paste address into Browser) Registered Pesticide Products cypermethrin Active Ripcord, Nurelle-D https://agro.basf.ca/basf/agprocan/agsolutions/WebASProduct.nsf/Attachment/SUP- (approved for use as a CIRD-6BML39/$File/Ripcord_Apr_2009.pdf termiticide; NOT approved for field agricultural or horticultural use) chlorpyrifos (ethyl) Active Nurelle-D (approved http://www.indiana.edu/~bsrvcs/Pest%20Control/Not_In_Use/ only for use as a Dursban%20TC%20Termiticide%20Concentrate.pdf termiticide; NOT approved for field agriculture or horticulture use)

62 lufenuron Active Match (approved for http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/msds/lufenuron.match.nz.pdf use in termite baits; NOT approved for field agriculture or horticulture use)

Approved Rights of Way (ROW) Treatment Herbicides are listed below

Approved ROW Herbicide AIs and Uzbekistan-registered Pesticides that contain each AI

Active Ingredients EPA Status Examples of Uzbekistan MSDS sources, if available, for "same or similar use" products Registered Pesticide (Cut and paste address into Browser) Products fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Active Puma-Super, Furore http://dunecoiv.com/msds/PH_P_Z/PUMA_1_EC_BAYER.pdf Super fluazifop-p-butyl Active Fusilade http://www.falorfarmcenter.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/03/fusilade_MSDS.pdf glyphosate, potassium Active Roundup, Oracle, Sprut https://www.fumigationzone.com/files/53/Roundup+Original+-+EPA salt Extra, pendimethalin Active Penitran, Stomp http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Labels/PEN33_61322-1209.PDF

Mixtures of approved AIs with rejected AIs are not approved by this PERSUAP and should not be bought, promoted or used with USAID resources.

The following matrix provides a timeline of expectations for putting risk mitigation measures into action.

P-PERSUAP Requirements and Recommendations for Mitigating Risks

Immediate 2019 Actions Recommended for Safety To improve chances for behavior modification and adoption of Safe Pesticide Use (SPU) practices, as part of this document’s required SUAP and all USAID project's required Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP), perform GAP/IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training (on a repeated—once or twice a year—basis) for all USAID Uzbekistan project A/CORs, OAA, implementers and beneficiaries that use or procure pesticides with project assistance (see Annexes 1, 2, 3 and 6). The first training will occur no later than June 2019.

To reduce risks to beneficiaries, assist with recommended PPE for all USAID Uzbekistan project groups or cooperatives of implementers and beneficiaries that use or procure pesticides with project assistance (see PPE websites referred to herein).

To reduce risks of the use of a high-risk pesticide on a USAID Uzbekistan project activity, ensure that implementers and beneficiaries only procure or use approved pesticides in the above tables with USAID assistance. Provide training and recommendations for avoiding any use of such pesticides.

To ensure that each USAID Uzbekistan Implementing Partner (IP) or subgrantee has a copy of the list of pesticides currently approved for unrestricted same and similar use and available for use in Uzbekistan, have them see Annexes 1 and 5 with pesticide AI names).

To ensure that USAID Uzbekistan projects obtain, as available, copies of the Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for each of the pesticide CPs used regularly by their beneficiaries, make it a requirement. Project technical staff have the SDSs for the CPs.

To reach local IPs and beneficiaries, translate into a local language the most critical P-PERSUAP sections and Annexes for a more efficient use of P-PERSUAP findings.

Action Recommended by October 2019 So that project managers and farmers have a tool to better predict, prevent and manage pests throughout the season, USAID Uzbekistan projects make provisional PMPs for each Project crop, livestock, product or pest (use Annexes 1, 2 and 3 as well as local farmer knowledge).

Continuous Actions Recommended for Safety and Best Management Practices (BMPs) Once GOU begins to register pesticides again WHEN/1, USAID Uzbekistan projects obtain new pesticide regulatory changes and list of registered pesticides.

To learn and adopt GAPs, BMPs, and SPU practices, USAID Uzbekistan projects implementers, for all demonstration activities, introduce pesticide use record-keeping concepts and tools following GlobalGAP or other internationally-accepted procedures.

Program Management Actions on Compliance Improving coordination between USAID Missions in CAR and South Asia on climate change, impacts on transbondary pests, IPM tools, registered pesticides, and CG center research findings. USAID Uzbekistan ensures that A/COR and MEO clear procurement (see Annex 14, Form 2) and use of approved unrestricted same and similar use pesticides in GLAAS.

The IPs for relevant projects monitor beneficiary farmers for their understanding and use of best practices found in the field form in Annex 7.

USAID Uzbekistan projects report on monitoring in Annual Reports to USAID COR and MEO, under a heading titled “Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring”.

USAID Uzbekistan projects implementers report on any changes in Uzbekistan pesticide regulations and registrations.

Annually participate in the amending of this P-PERSUAP to contain new IPM/IVM tactics and any new pesticides registered or available.

USAID Uzbekistan projects write the names of pesticides that cannot be used with USAID assistance into any future grant or sub-contract.

USAID Uzbekistan projects environmental staff include relevant actions drawn from this SUAP in EMMPs or draft an EMMP containing pesticide issues identified in the SUAP, and ways to mitigate the most common risks.

P-PERSUAP REPORT UPDATES, AMENDMENTS AND IMPORTANT FOLLOW-THROUGH

It is important to note that the development of new pesticides, new EPA and international pesticide regulations and registrations, as well as new international market requirements for pesticide residues on food are all highly dynamic, changing every month. For that reason, and others, this P-PERSUAP should be updated—ideally every year—and amended after two years to remain current and accurate.

Annual review of the approved pesticides list in this 2019 P-PERSUAP

To ensure that this PERSUAP stays current & compliant with US EPA registration status, the list of chemicals should be reviewed annually, in January. Thus, the next review will be due in November 2019.

Substantial update or amendment every 2-3 years of the P-PERSUAP

To distill lessons learned and ensure that all requirements are up-to-date, this document should be updated Uzbekistan may produce a new list of registered pesticides, and EPA registrations will have changed significantly.

Regular training for USAID/CAR and USAID/Uzbekistan, IPs, GOU officials

Do regular annual training on use of this P-PERSUAP for all stakeholders so that they understand how to interpret and use it. The next training by an international crop protection expert will be due no later than June of 2019.

Translate this P-PERSUAP into local languages

Key parts of this document should be translated into local languages to make it accessible to a wider audience.

Transboundary Pests

To better coordinate responses to transboundary pests like tomato destroyer Tuta absoluta, locusts, wheat blast, Sunn pest and others, see and reference other approved P-PERSUAPs from the region. These include P-PERSUAPs for Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan, and Bangladesh and can be found at USAID’s database website: https://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/compliance/database. The impact of climate change and its impact on these transboundary pests are also discussed briefly on pages 61 and 62, and management tools for each pest are contained in Annex 1.

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 USAID Environmental Regulations

According to USAID Environmental Regulations,

(b) Pesticide Procedures

(1) Project Assistance. Except as provided in §216.3 (b)(2), all proposed projects involving assistance for the procurement or use, or both, of pesticides shall be subject to the procedures prescribed in §216.3(b)(l)(i) through (v). These procedures shall also apply, to the extent permitted by agreements entered into by A.I.D. before the effective date of these pesticide procedures, to such projects that have been authorized but for which pesticides have not been procured as of the effective date of these pesticide procedures.

(i) When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact.

The separate section referred to above involves preparing a document routinely called Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP). This document focuses on the circumstances of the potential assistance programs, the risk management, choices available, and how a risk management plan would be implemented in the field. The preparation of a PERSUAP give a program manager the opportunity to consider practical action by which to reduce the risks of using pesticide products in a program, considering the context in which the product will be used, the particular element of the program, and the different capacities of the partners involved.

1.2 Differences Between USEPA, WHO and Russian Acute Toxicity Classification Systems, and why this is Important

Regulation 216 addresses USEPA registrations on same or similar use, including EPA’s acute toxicity classifications for individual pesticide products (not AIs). All of the EU as well as most of the developing world, which USAID serves, uses WHO’s acute toxicity classifications for individual pesticide AIs (not products). And, Russia, as well as countries in the former USSR, use yet another system for determining acute toxicity classification. Thus, IPs operating within this sphere will encounter all three systems (through Regulation 216, interpreted in this document; through WHO, interpreted on the labels of pesticide products imported from European companies like Syngenta, Bayer, BASF and others; as well as interpreted on labels of pesticides imported from Russia). However, IPs must follow as closely as possible USEPA’s interpretation found in this document. To assist IPs (and USAID) with this potential conundrum, Annex 4 lists the three systems to show the similarities and differences.

1.3 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy

In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (for livestock pests, most of which are disease vectors, this becomes Integrated Vector Management or IVM) as official policy. IPM is now a recognized system of BMPs for modern agriculture and is also

67 strongly promoted and required as part of Regulation 216.3. Since the early 2000s, IPM—which includes judicious use of ‘safer’ pesticides—has become an integral part of GAPs.

For most crops, soils need to provide adequate nutrients and moisture and be well drained. The soil is where plant health begins and ends. A healthy soil will have a greater capacity to moderate the uptake of fertilizers and will allow a more balanced uptake of nutrients, creating a healthy plant that is less attractive to pests and more resistant to pest damage.

1.4 2019 Uzbekistan P-PERSUAP Methodology

From May to June 2018, the international consultant and lead P-PERSUAP author, Alan Schroeder (biodata, Annex 13) researched EPA websites to check the current registration status of the pesticides on the most recent registered list, 2018. Information was both saved from the 2009 and 2012 Uzbekistan PERSUAPs, and collected on seed treatments, field crops, greenhouse crops, warehouse treatments, livestock treatment, malaria treatment, avian influenza, construction, locust treatment, and rights of way spraying. As well, this study addresses crops, pests, IPM/IVM tools, pesticide risks, and mitigation of those risks.

As with the 2012 PERSUAP, the strategy used for writing this 2019 P-PERSUAP is for it to contain as many links to websites with best practices as possible, both to make it easier to use (reduce the length and thickness) and more up-to-date or accurate (as websites are updated). So, instead of having numerous Annexes containing pesticide safety equipment recommendations or safe pesticide use practices, websites now take their place.

Following receipt of feedback to the draft report, author Alan Schroeder further updated the Uzbek registered pesticide list with EPA’s rulings up-to-date as of February 2019. Author also updated the IPM tools in Annex 1 and researched MSDS data for every approved pesticide AI.

SECTION 2: BACKGROUND

2.1 Country Background

Uzbekistan has an area of 447,400 km2 and is the 57th largest country in the world by area and the 44th by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the 5th largest by area and the 3rd largest by population. Major cities include: Bukhara, Samarkand, Namangan, and the capital Tashkent. Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 km from West to East and 930 km from North to South. Uzbekistan borders Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the North and Northwest, Turkmenistan to the Southwest, Tajikistan to the Southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the Northeast. It also shares a short border (less than 150 km) with Afghanistan to the South. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country with 80 percent desert, dominated by the Qizilqum (Kyzyl Kum) Desert of the North-central part of the country. The mountains of the far Southeast and far Northeast, which are foothills of the Tian Shan Range, reach 4,500 m in elevation. In the Northeast, the Fergana Valley, which is the country’s center of population, agriculture, and industry, is 200 to 500 meters above sea level, surrounded by mountain ranges, and intersected by the Syr Darya River. The far West is dominated by the Turan Lowland, the Amu Darya valley, and the Southern half of the shrinking Aral Sea. Some 10.5 percent of Uzbekistan’s land, most of it in the Fergana Valley, is classified as arable, and 0.8 percent is planted to permanent crops, while about 0.4 percent is forested.

The climate of double-landlocked Uzbekistan is continental, with hot summers and cool winters. Summer temperatures average 32°C, but can reach 40°C, while winter temperatures average between –2 to -10°C, although –38°C has been recorded. Rainfall averages vary between 100 millimeters per year in the Northwest compared to 800 millimeters in the Tashkent region. Precipitation falls in the winter and spring. The June 2018 population estimate is 29.7 million people of which 50.5% is urban and 49.5% rural. According to official sources, Uzbeks comprise a majority (80%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include Russians 5.5%, Tajiks 5%, Kazakhs 3%, Karakalpaks 2.5%, Tatars 1.5%, Others 2.5%. The population of Uzbekistan is very young: 23.9% of its people are younger than 14 (2018 estimate).

As of 2018, agriculture contributes 18.5% to GDP while employing 25.9% of the labor force. Major exports are cotton, fruits, vegetables, grain and livestock. Virtually all of agriculture relies on irrigation, the infrastructure of which remains relatively static.

Environment

The Aral Sea, half of which lies within the borders of Uzbekistan, has been severely desiccated by overuse of its tributary rivers, a situation recognized as one of the world’s worst environmental disasters. Enormous water losses from these rivers are caused by the extremely low efficiency of irrigation systems in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Without the moderating influence of the sea, winters became significantly colder and summers hotter. Desertification has led to the large-scale loss of plant and animal life, loss of arable land, changed climatic conditions, depleted yields on the cultivated land that remains, and destruction of historical and cultural monuments. Every year, many tons of salts are carried as far as 800 kilometers away. Regional experts assert that salt and dust storms from the Aral Sea have raised the level of particulate matter in the earth’s atmosphere by more than 5 percent, impacting global climate change.

Drinking water quality also is a major problem, especially in the Western province of Karakalpakstan, where water is poorly distributed, and sources are exposed to various types of surface and underground contamination. Inadequate sewage disposal adds to Uzbekistan’s water pollution problem: only 40 percent of the population is served by sewage systems. Some 15,000 hectares of pastureland are lost to salt and dust annually. Soil contamination is highest in agricultural areas that have been subjected to annual overdoses of fertilizers and pesticides. Uncontrolled timber cutting has endangered the few remaining stands of forests.

The Soviet era approach to environmental management yielded decades of poor water management and lack of water or sewage treatment facilities; inordinately heavy use of pesticides, herbicides, defoliants, and fertilizers in the fields; and construction of industrial enterprises without regard to human or environmental impact. Those policies present enormous environmental challenges throughout present day Uzbekistan.

Water Pollution

Large-scale use of chemicals for cotton cultivation, inefficient irrigation systems, and poor drainage systems are examples of the conditions that led to a high filtration of saline and contaminated water back into the soil. According to one report, virtually all the large underground fresh-water supplies in Uzbekistan are polluted by industrial and chemical wastes. About half of the country’s population is estimated to live in regions where the water is severely polluted.

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture and the agro-industrial sector contribute about 18.5% to Uzbekistan's GDP, employing 26% of the labor force. Cotton is Uzbekistan's dominant crop, followed by cereals wheat, corn, barley and rice. Uzbekistan also produces significant amounts of fruit, vegetables, livestock and silk. All agriculture involves heavy use of irrigation. Cultivable land is 4.5 million ha, or about 10% of Uzbekistan’s total area and it has to be shared between crops and livestock. Desert pastures cover fully 50% of the country and they support production of cattle, sheep and Mohair goats.

In 2008, the President of Uzbekistan signed a decree on enlargement of private farms, which has led to the redistribution of small farmers’ land in favor of large farms. Farmers and agricultural workers earn low wages, which the state seldom pays on a regular basis. In general, the government controls the agriculture sector, dictates what farms grow, and sets prices for commodities like cotton and wheat. Most farms grow wheat and cotton to meet the state order, and farmers can face losing their leased land if they do not meet state quotas.

With annual cotton production of about 1 million metric ton of fiber (4%-5% of world production) and exports of 700,000- 800,000 tons (10% of world exports), Uzbekistan is the world's fifth-largest cotton exporter and seventh-largest producer. Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings. However, because of the risks associated with a one-crop economy, as well as food security considerations, Uzbekistan has been moving to diversify its production into cereals, while reducing cotton production. Thus, area sown to cotton was reduced from 1.8 million ha in 1990 to 1.4 million ha in 2006, while the area under cereals increased from 1.0 million to 1.6 million ha (partly at the expense of area allocated to feed crops). Another reason for crop diversification might be environmental, because the large quantities of irrigated water and fertilizer needed to produce cotton have contributed to the drying up of the Aral Sea and to the severe soil pollution in the surrounding area.

The main cereals produced are wheat, barley, corn, and rice, which are intensively cultivated in irrigated oases. Minor crops include sesame, onions, flax, and tobacco. Fresh fruits are consumed domestically, while dried fruits (apricots, grapes, plums) are also exported. Uzbek melons, known for their long life and unique taste, are widely sought after in the large cities of the CIS. Pelts of the Karakul sheep bred in Bukhara and its environs are a traditional export commodity, but their contribution to total exports today is negligible. The production of karakul pelts dropped from 1.4 million pieces in 1990 to less than 700,000 pieces in 2004.

Cattle, sheep, goats and chickens are raised for meat. There are 3 million cows in Uzbekistan, and they produce 5 million liters of milk per year. The achieved yields of around 1,600 kg of milk per cow per year are among the lowest in the CIS (compared to 2,500 kg per cow per year for Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova) and dismally low compared to those in the EU countries or North America. The low milk yields are attributable to insufficient feed and reluctance of peasants to use artificial insemination for breed improvement.

Although silkworms and mulberry trees have existed in Uzbekistan since the 4th century and the country is renowned for its colorfully patterned silks, the silk industry continues to be statistically insignificant.

Changing Farm Structure

Up to 1991, agriculture in Uzbekistan (then Uzbek SSR), as in all other Soviet republics, was organized in a dual system, in which large-scale collective and state farms coexisted in a symbiotic relationship with quasi-private individual farming on subsidiary household plots. The process of transition to a market

70 economy that began in independent Uzbekistan after 1992 led to the creation of three types of farms: the traditional household plots were renamed dehkan (or dehqon) farms, in general less than 0.2 ha; the large- scale collective and former state farms were reclassified as shirkats (agricultural production cooperatives) or other corporate forms (joint-stock societies, limited liability companies, partnerships); and a new category of midsized peasant farms or farmers at 40 ha was introduced between the small dehkan farms and the large-scale shirkats. Currently, dehkan farms produce 62% of gross agricultural output, followed by 32% in peasant farms, and 6% on corporate farms.

2.2 Pesticide Regulation in Uzbekistan

In 1999, the Government of Uzbekistan established a special commission, the State Chemical Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan, to control pesticide and chemical use. In 2000, Uzbekistan established a legal framework and adopted a series of legislative acts governing production, export, import and application of pesticides. A law was approved 2000 for protection of agricultural plants from pests, diseases and weeds, and that clarifies regulation of pest management in the country and forms the framework for laws on pesticide use and plant protection in Uzbekistan.

In 2004, the Republican Center for Plant Protection and Agrochemicals was established under the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources in accordance with Presidential Decree to enhance the quality of services rendered to beneficiaries and improve safe use of agricultural pesticides. According to the Ministry of Labor, a regulation was adopted on December 12, 2008 regarding the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Many products from Uzbekistan are smuggled across the Ferghana Valley and into north-western (Sughd) Tajikistan, without specific knowledge of the customs service.

2.2.1 Seed Treatment with Pesticides

Many USAID agriculture projects donate or assist with acquisition of quality hybrid crop seed for farmers they serve. All of these seeds, as well as most modern vegetable seeds, are sold pre-treated with pesticides. Most commercial seed treatment, by volume, is done by the company that produces and packages the seed, not by donors and not by farmers. And all treated seed is colored to show that it has been treated—this is so that it is not confused with food grain, cooked and eaten.

Many farmers in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, save seed from season to season and treat it themselves with at least one of the following pesticide products found available in the region: Raxil, Fundazole, Kalfigo Super, Maxim, Vitavax and Vinner. In general, seed-treatment pesticides are formulated as one of the following: FS = Flowable concentrate for Seed treatment (most seed treatments); DS = Powders for Dry Seed treatment; SC = Suspension Concentrate; WP = Wettable Powder; MD = Micro Dispersion; WS = Water dispersible powder for Slurry treatment.

Advantages of Seed Treatments

Since they are used at very small amounts of active ingredient per seed and thus per unit of land, and take the chemical directly to the pest, seed treatments with pesticides fit nicely within an IPM program. They exert a much lighter impact on the environment than spraying an entire field. They protect the seed from numerous soil and seed-borne fungal, bacterial and insect pests, so that germination and seedling growth can proceed unimpeded. And, there are some biological seed treatments available and some new ones being developed.

Risks from Treating Seed with Pesticides On-Farm

Treating seed involves many of the same risks as for mixing concentrated pesticide products and applying them to field or greenhouse crops. First, it assumes that the farmer knows the principle soil diseases and pests present and what to use against them. And, it also assumes that farmers understand the risks associated with treating, packaging, labeling, storing and planting the seed.

Ideally, seed would be treated in a specialized “seed treater” composed of a mixing tank, treater head and coating chamber to apply precisely measured quantities of pesticide. Proper PPE must be used by the farmer applicator and unused pesticide and residues must be properly disposed of. Next, the treated seed must be properly labeled as “Treated” with the common (Active Ingredient) and trade (Product) names of the pesticide used, health hazards of the pesticide such as skin or eye irritant or if it is a carcinogen. For highly toxic chemicals, the statement “This seed is treated with a poison” and for toxic chemicals, the statement “Do not use for food, feed or oil purposes” should be used.

Seed treated for planting should be stored separately from grain to be used for food, animal feed or oil extraction. Storage should be in a dry, well ventilated space. Farmers should keep treated seed out of reach of small children.

AID IPs are effectively limited to promoting or purchasing and donating only seed treatment pesticides or seed already treated with pesticides registered by EPA for same or similar uses. For this reason, this P- PERSUAP evaluates in Annex 5, all the AIs found in seed treatment pesticides for EPA registration, human health and environmental risks, among other factors. Note again that the AIs found in concentrated and formulated seed treatment pesticide products will present more application risks than seed already treated, due to a dilution effect.

2.5.2 Field Agriculture Pesticide Use

USAID agriculture projects focus on increasing agricultural production in countries where agriculture still consumes most of a country’s labor, natural resources and GDP output. Inevitably, these projects work with providing farmers access to improved varieties and tools, best practices and inputs. These inputs include fertilizers and pesticides. Pesticides include insecticides, miticides, nematicides, molluscicides, fungicides, herbicides, bactericides, avicides and rodenticides. Insecticides that are gaseous or produce toxic gas are called fumigants. Most fumigants are for soil treatment used for high value crops (like strawberries in the USA) that kills everything in the soil and are Class I toxins (the most toxic).

Advantages of Field Agriculture Pesticide Treatments

Some pests significantly reduce yield and yield potential of certain crops. Pesticides, if used wisely and safely in an IPM program, can reduce pests to tolerable levels, leading to lower pest damage risks and higher yield.

Risks from Field Agriculture Pesticide Treatments

Risks from use of pesticides in the field are numerous, but the highest risk is encountered when the container of pesticide is opened because of the potential for contact with a high concentration of the AI. Once the AI becomes mixed with water and sprayed, risk decreases but not completely. Risk goes up with higher concentrations of AI and with higher AI acute toxicity classes.

As noted in the introduction, AID IPs are effectively limited to discussing during training, promoting, purchasing or donating only pesticides registered by EPA for same or similar uses.

2.5.3 Greenhouses Treated with Pesticides

The primary advantage of greenhouse use is to produce early-season seedlings for transplant and to extend the growing season of popular crops like tomatoes and cucumbers. Greenhouse production of vegetables is not attractive to most rural farmers because gas supply to heat them unavailable or too expensive.

Greenhouse production of vegetables is focused on growing tomatoes and cucumbers as well as off- season green leafy winter herbs and salads in Uzbekistan. The warm, humid conditions and abundant food are ideal for pest build up. Natural enemies that serve to keep some pests under control in the field are absent in the greenhouse. For these reasons, pest problems often develop more rapidly and are more severe in enclosed systems. Greenhouses tend most likely to be infested with very small crop pests like spider mites, scales, mealy bugs, whiteflies, aphids, leaf miners, fungus gnats and thrips. Common greenhouse diseases include powdery and downy mildews.

Advantages for Greenhouse Production

The advantage of using pesticides in a greenhouse is that the pests are trapped and cannot leave, increasing the chance that they will be poisoned. The use of biological controls (predators, parasites or diseases that attack pests) can be effective for the same reason. The website9 maintained by the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service contains numerous biological control resources for greenhouse production. And, many small pests can be excluded (and biological controls kept in) by using screens on greenhouse openings.

Risks from Treating Greenhouses with Pesticides

The risk of phytotoxicity—the injury to plants by pesticides—is greater in greenhouses where plants grow rapidly and are exceptionally succulent. The greenhouse environment is in some ways more challenging than the field in that it is an enclosed space where pesticides can become concentrated in the air, with little room for error for applicator safety.

Concentrated liquid formulations are more hazardous to the applicator than dry formulations as they may be easily absorbed through the skin. Aerosols and fogs usually penetrate dense foliage better than conventional sprays so better pest control is achieved, but they pose greater risk to people of exposure through the eyes or by inhalation. Special metering or application equipment may be needed and some of the chemicals used may be highly toxic.

Many pesticides labeled for field use are prohibited for greenhouse use because of concerns about worker safety, phytotoxicity leading to crop injury, and/or pesticide resistance management. Regulation 216 applies to greenhouse production in the same way that it applies to field uses.

9 http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-ipm.html

2.5.4 Cotton Harvest and Delinting Chemicals

Although USAID rarely supports large-hectarage cash crops like cotton, there are issues associated with chemicals used on cotton for harvest and delinting. USAID/Global Development Lab (GDL) Better Cotton Initiative (BCI) currently does not operate in Uzbekistan, but IFC (International Finance Corporation) is planning to launch a similar pilot initiative in Uzbekistan. The social issue of child labor is reported to be still widely used in Uzbekistan and Uzbekistan, particularly in cotton production.

If needed in the future, the issues and best practices for dealing with cotton harvest chemicals can be found at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r114800111.html. For delinting, risky high concentration sulfuric acid or very dangerous anhydrous hydrochloric acid gas are frequently used. Another, costly, technique is the use of fire to burn lint. Finally, a newer, safer technique using dilute sulfuric acid is the current recommended process. Chemical-resistant gloves, plastic face-shields, rubber splash-proof aprons and carbon-filter respirators10 are required11 for handling acids. Prior to disposal, acids should be diluted or neutralized.

2.5.5 Stored Grain and Food Warehouse Pesticide Use

Several species of insects, mites and rodents may infest grain in storage. The principal pests that cause damage are the adult and larval stages of beetles, and the larval stage of moths. Rodents (rats and mice) or their hair, urine and feces are another possible stored food contaminant. All may be a problem by their presence, either alive or dead, or in grain that is to be processed for food, or already processed. Stored- grain insects are known as “internal feeders” if they feed within the kernels, otherwise they are referred to as “external feeders.”

Stored grain and foods can be turned to dust and contaminants very quickly if a pest population is left unchecked. In general, warehouses are fumigated to kill all pests at once and the fumigant of choice is aluminum phosphide (which produces highly toxic phosphine gas). Others may use carbon dioxide. These gases are especially effective against internal grain feeders as non-gas pesticides may not reach into the grain. Several non-fumigants are also used.

Since aluminum and magnesium phosphides are so toxic, and users in many countries do not have sufficient training and safety equipment to use these chemicals safely, USAID produced an Agency-wide Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for fumigation. It is of paramount importance that USAID Uzbekistan projects use the provided template for the Fumigation Management Plan (FMP, http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FumigationPEA/Phosphide_FumigMangmtPlan_August%202014. docx) that is found with the USAID PEA described on PEA homepage: http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationPEA.htm. The purpose of the FMP is to: describe the commodity and ownership, establish an emergency plan and safety measures, list equipment and supplies, confirm procedures are met for application and monitoring, and confirm procedures are met for disposal and cleanup. The following are some absolute requirements:

As USAID is tracking the implementation of the Fumigation PEA, the precise information about equipment is needed, which is described below.

10 http://www.labsafety.com/refinfo/ezfacts/ezf320.htm 11 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/

1. Fumigation Monitoring Equipment Requirement: Abundant evidence demonstrates that gas monitoring devices are critical to verify that phosphine concentrations are sustained at high enough levels to provide an effective “kill” treatment of the commodities. Equally, gas monitors are needed to ensure the safety of warehouse personnel and fumigators. Without these monitors, the fumigant applicator has absolutely no knowledge of the gas concentrations. At phosphine concentrations where one can smell the trace additives in the phosphine gas, the gas is toxic to human health.

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirement: All fumigation PERSUAPs will provide detailed guidance on the types of PPE that fumigation applicators will be required to use during fumigation. PPE requirements for fumigation include half-face respirators with eye protective gear or full- face respirators, gloves, coveralls and closed-toed shoes with socks.

3. Gas Impermeable Tarps (e.g. vinyl coated nylon tarping): Stacks in warehouse are to be enclosed with gas impermeable (e.g. vinyl coated nylon) tarps when fumigation occurs with phosphine. Warehouse doors and vents must be sealed during fumigation because gaps can result in gas to leak from the warehouse. In addition, fumigation tarps must not be re-used too often as this may weaken the tarps or result in torn tarps and, therefore, would not create a gas tight seal. The warehouse compound must not remain open during fumigation, as well, as this potentially exposes workers in adjacent warehouses, office workers, and others working on-site to phosphine gas. Placarding and other measures should be taken to ensure that no entry will occur in warehouses that are being fumigated.

Procurement: USAID implementers should be aware that if and when this fumigation equipment is not available, then implementing partners are prohibited from contracting with these Fumigation Service Providers. Alternatively, implementing partners may make a proposal to their C/AOR to procure only essential fumigation equipment as described above.

Advantages of Warehouse Treatment

The warehouse environment is a sealed environment where pests—especially well hidden and protected pests inside grain and food—being controlled cannot escape and are controlled with toxic gases. Bait boxes can be placed near warehouses to control rodents attracted to the warehouse.

Risks from Treating Warehouses with Pesticides

The closed environment and use of gases pose unique and potentially deadly risks to humans, especially if they are not trained and equipped properly. Fumigation personnel must be trained and present in a pair, have self-contained oxygen or canister filter masks, phosphine meter and chemical resistant gloves. Most stored grain issues are dealt with using good sanitation practices. Regulation 216 applies to warehouse storage in the same way that it applies to other uses.

2.5.6 Agricultural Produce Treatment and Preservation

Many agricultural products are treated and preserved, from the household level to food assistance and commercial markets, and USAID is assisting with all of these. For instance, apricots shipped to Russia and the USA are treated with sulfur, and many other products are treated with dilute chlorine solutions. Any fresh fruit and vegetable shipments traded between countries are treated with aluminum phosphide, producing phosphine gas, one of the most toxic chemicals known. At times, carbon dioxide, a natural but very toxic chemical is used for fumigation. Food additives and preservatives are the domain of the US

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)12, not the EPA, and as such are not covered specifically under Regulation 216.

Advantages of Produce Treatment

All agricultural produce declines in quality with time and is attacked by microbes, insects and other pests. Thus, treatment with chemicals and by use of physical means (raising or lowering temperatures) is essential to ensure food lasts until consumption, and that sanitary and phytosanitary needs have been addressed for international trade.

Risks Associated with Produce Treatment

Some naturally-occurring chemicals like salt, sugars, weak acids (citric, acetic) or sulfur compounds are innocuous (sulfur was the first known pesticide used 4000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent). But others, like aluminum phosphide can be very dangerous to people who use it without sufficient training, safety equipment and warnings. Phosphides as well as chlorine, carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds are analyzed for safety in Annex 5, and are also discussed in the PER.

2.5.7 Veterinary Acaricide and Insecticide

Like field agricultural production, USAID also supports ways to increase production in countries reliant on pastoralism or livestock rearing for meat and milk. The singular important pest problem with livestock production involves the annoyance and transmission of diseases by ectoparasite ticks, mites and biting flies. Along with cultural practices and IVM (Integrated Vector Management), acaricides and insecticides are used to control these pests. In Annex 5, this P-PERSUAP evaluates AIs contained in the most common veterinary pesticides.

Animal pharmaceuticals and antibiotics are regulated in the USA by the FDA (see footnote below) and not the EPA. They are referred to nowhere in Regulation 216 and are not considered to be pesticides. And, in no case are vitamins considered to be pesticides, nor are they intended to be treated, by Regulation 216, as pesticides.

Advantages of Veterinary Pesticide Use and Feed Additives

Cattle, sheep, goats diseased from tick or fly bites or bothered by biting flies lose weight and do not produce quantity or quality milk, meat and hides. Acaricides and Insecticides reduce these risks. Animal feed additives increase livestock nutrition, health and vigor. Spraying barns in poultry and dairy operations should be contracted through independent Uzbek pesticide service providers.

Risks from Treating Livestock with Pesticides and Feed Additives

One major risk from livestock treatment is the use of livestock dips whereby a deep pit is dug into the ground, usually next to a water source like a river or stream and filled with a pesticide solution. Livestock are then run through and submerged in the dip. What to do with the dip water once dipping is complete poses risks to the environment. Occasional floods, as well as intentional disposal by dumping often carry the dip water down the stream, contaminating the water resource and killing aquatic organism. USAID does not support the use of dips.

12 http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/

Many ranchers use backpack sprayers to apply acaricides. More recently, herders and ranchers apply acaricides using pour-on formulations. And, some without resources apply acaricides by using a rag soaked in pesticides and applied using bare hands. They should be encouraged to keep and use chemical- resistant gloves for these purposes.

Risks from animal feeds include non-approved uses, inaccurate formulations or antibiotics, seepage of feed additives from manure into drinking water, and contamination of low-quality feeds with chemicals, heavy metals, microbes and pesticides. Non-approved uses, like the use of certain cattle food additives for sheep may kill the sheep. Inaccurate formulations can lead to nutritional imbalances. Excessive antibiotics can contaminate fresh water sources, leading to unintended development of microbial resistance. And, the risk of feed additives and contaminants is passed on to humans who consume milk and meat products from such animals.

Feed additives—other than vitamins—like antibiotics/antimicrobials are discussed in the PER, and the FDA provides many resources for mitigating risks13.

2.5.8 Water and Sanitation Disinfectants/Microbicides

Water disinfection/sanitization for household and drinking water use presents challenges that require the use of microbicides, which are categorized by USEPA as pesticides14. The primary chemicals used in Uzbekistan for water treatment are based on chlorine. Additional chemicals that can less commonly be used include those based on other halogens like bromine, iodine, as well as ozone and hydrogen peroxide. The EPA provides a very nice summary of water treatment and some mitigation measures at https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/surface-water-treatment-rules. The American Chemistry Council has some mitigation measures: http://www.americanchemistry.com/100years/Practices.html.

2.5.9 Bird Flu Disinfection and Microbicide Use

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus can be serially transmitted between and among wild and domestic bird populations and can decimate domestic production and harm trade. Migrating wild birds may transfer HPAI long distances and across international borders and are one source of the current outbreaks. Another source is the movement of infected birds in the commercial trade, both caged wild birds and poultry. The HPAI virus may also be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected birds, body parts and waste, leading to sickness and potential death. The worst-case scenario is that the virus may mutate to become able to be transmitted from human to human, leading to an epidemic or pandemic.

USAID recognizes the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus as a threat to public health, economic stability, and development in affected and at-risk countries. Both Kazakhstan to the north and Afghanistan to the south are considered to be HPAI epidemic countries. Uzbekistan is considered to be a high-risk country, and in the mid-2000s USAID contracted HPAI activities there.

HPAI activities involve extensive use of microbicides to kill pathogens. These are the same as disinfectants used for cleaning water of pathogens. EPA’s list of 100 disinfectant pesticide products registered for use against AI is at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/avian_flu_products.htm. EPA also has a site for food processing disinfectants at http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm.

13 http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/default.htm 14 https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/selected-epa-registered-disinfectants

Thus, this P-PERSUAP will refer to these sites and not duplicate this process. However, in Annex 5, this P-PERSUAP evaluates AIs contained in the most common water disinfectant microbicides (pesticides).

Advantages for HPAI and Water Treatment

The HPAI virus and other microbial contaminants can be transmitted from dead birds, bird waste and bird parts. Disinfection reduces these risks. Water is also treated by many of the same microbicides as well as by ultraviolet light.

Risks from Treating HPAI and Water with Pesticides

Water disinfection with chlorine gas from sodium chlorite and chloramines sometimes react with organic matter to produce side product chemicals, some of which are called trihalomethanes (THM). Mitigation of THMs includes reducing the amount of organic matter in water before treatment. Most disinfectants are Class I toxins and are highly corrosive to skin eyes and mucous membranes. Thus, they require the use of gloves, splash-proof safety glasses and a carbon-filtered face mask or respirator.

Although the current 2019 risk of AI infection remains low, it could explode again in the future; thus, USAID projects must be prepared to assist if this happens.

2.5.10 Malaria Control Insecticide Use

According to WHO, malaria was eliminated in Uzbekistan in 1961, and only one autochthonous Plasmodium vivax (the protozoan that causes malaria) case occurred up to 1999, when local P. vivax transmission was reestablished. In 2000–2014, 432 cases were imported from endemic areas, with a predominance of P. vivax infections (97.92%) and 9 cases of P. falciparum protozoan (imported from Africa and Asia), and the country is now in the “prevention of malaria reintroduction” phase.

The highest risk areas for transmitting malaria by importation are the flood plains of the country's main rivers, such as Syrdarya, Amudarya, Chirchik, Surkhana and rice-growing areas. The main malaria vectors are Anopheles superpictus (the most efficient vector), A. pulcherrimus, A. maculipenis, A. hyrcanus and A. claviger.

In 2000, the Ministry of Health set up a national program for malaria surveillance and control to reduce malaria transmission and limit its distribution. A variety of interventions resulted in a steady, dramatic decrease in the malaria burden. The main interventions included:  vector control and entomological monitoring, with indoor residual spraying (IRS), larval control (Gambusia affinis) in 6500 Anopheles habitats and water reservoirs covering 20 000 ha and environmental management;  scaled-up surveillance with active and passive case detection, improved laboratory support, free radical treatment of malaria, comprehensive, prompt investigation of cases and foci, recording and timely reporting;  mass drug administration in active malaria foci;  capacity-building and deployment of mobile teams to provinces bordering Tajikistan; and  health education

2.5.11 Locust Control Insecticide Use

Locust plagues routinely afflict all countries of Central Asia from the end of March to the end of July. The Asian Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria) has a permanent breeding area confined to reed stands around water bodies, particularly in large river deltas of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation. During 2015, invading locusts (primarily the Italian Locust, Calliptamus italicus and Moroccan Locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus) infested eastern areas of Uzbekistan in the Ferghana Valley area and south along the Uzbek border. Control is done through a locust control unit in the Ministry of Agriculture.

Locust Control Insecticide Risks

The primary pesticides used by GOU against locusts in Uzbekistan are Organophosphate (OP) dimethoate, IGRs diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron (not EPA registered), lufenuron (only approved by EPA for use in termite baits), novaluron, phenyl-pyrazole fipronil (RUP), and synthetic pyrethroids that are RUP for field use: lambda-cyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and zeta cypermethrin (USAID would permit none of these on agriculture, since they are all RUP for field agriculture uses). USAID only permits the use of malathion. Risks from synthetic pyrethroids include unacceptably high aquatic ecotoxicity, irritation of skin and breathing, while these chemicals are a risk to all aquatic organisms. FAO, which assists most countries with spraying, focuses on the purchase and use of insecticides containing the OP chlorpyrifos-ethyl (which presents risks to the developing nervous systems of children, and should not be used on locust plagues—note that it can be used as an anti-termite pesticide in wood structures not used regularly by children) and the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron, which is RUP for horticultural/agricultural uses, but approved in USAID’s PEA for Migratory Pest Control. Pesticides are applied by tractor/truck-pulled sprayers, motorized backpack sprayers, and Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) battery-powered sprayers.

Mitigation of Locust Control Insecticide Risks

IPM tools include plowing or digging a ditch to trap flightless locust larvae. Pilot studies are underway to use a biopreparation composed of Metarhizium anisopliae green fungus which kills locusts, but this is not yet registered by GOU. All FAO- and GOU-funded and operated spraying is done with full PPE and SPU practices.

2.5.12 Construction Insecticide Use

Construction involves the use of best practices that avoid permitting standing water on-site and the use of best practices with pesticides to control future termite infestations in the structure(s) being erected. Malaria transmission is highest where there is standing water. Thus, the primary mitigation recommendation for reducing malaria transmission near construction sites is to avoid the presence of continuous (more than one week) standing water in puddles in borrow pits and open containers where malarial mosquitoes can breed. Thus, borrow pits and open containers should be avoided and if they become filled with water, they should be emptied or treated with a mosquito larvicide. Such larvicides are evaluated in the PER and referenced Annex 5.

 Locate and destroy termite nests and mounds near construction sites.  Continually monitor structures for mud tubes, and manually remove, applying pesticide to nests.  Keep drains and gutters clean to avoid leakage. Make sure that there are no blocked lines, no filtration nor broken pipes with excess of moisture around them.  Eliminate all sources of moisture. Do not leave unattended areas where there is a high concentration of humidity. Clean those areas periodically.  Apply chemicals as soon as you detect areas where termites are being reunited.  Remove wood products that have had the presence of moisture or have been in contact with water for prolonged time.  Eliminate the wood contact with the ground  Do not bury direct pieces of wood in the ground for any use.  Fill junctions or voids.

Most modern buildings in areas infested by termites also apply a persistent termiticide to the soil around the foundation. IPM practices and permitted termiticides are found at the end of Annex 1.

2.5.13 Rights of Way (ROW) Herbicide Use

Risks from Herbicide Use

Mitigation of Herbicide Risks

In the place of using herbicides, mechanical weed/brush/tree control can be done using mowers and tractor-pulled cutting devices, on a regular basis.

2.6 Uzbekistan and International Treaties/Agreement Obligations Related to Pesticides as Prelim to PER Analysis

The following are international agreements concerning pesticides. First the common name of the treaty is provided in column one, with a description of the purpose of each treaty in column two, and then Uzbekistan’s status with each is provided in column three.

Treaty or Purpose of Treaty or Convention Uzbekistan decision taken Convention name Stockholm The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Not signed, not party to Convention Pollutants (POPs) covers chemicals that are toxic, convention15 persistent in the environment, and liable to bio-accumulate. The Convention was established to eliminate or restrict the production and use of POPs. Rotterdam The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Not signed, not party to Convention (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and convention16 Pesticides in International Trade promotes shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals, referred to as PIC chemicals. Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the treaty, and exporting countries are obliged make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply. Basel The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Accession and Entry to Force in Convention Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is an 199617 international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. Montreal The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ratified on 18 May 199318 Protocol Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Methyl bromide used for agricultural fumigation is one of the protocol chemicals being phased out worldwide. Espoo The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment Not signed, not party to Convention (EIA) in a Transboundary Context sets out the obligations convention19 of Parties to assess the environmental impact of certain activities at an early stage of planning. It also lays down the general obligation of States to notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across boundaries.

2.7 Evaluation of Uzbekistan Pesticide System Risks as Prelim to PER Analysis

Uzbekistan has a functioning pesticide registration system, and an up-to-date list of registered (permitted) pesticides to guide famers, health workers and other users. Uzbekistan receives guidance from the

15 http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en 16 http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx 17 http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/1290/Default.aspx 18 http://ozone.unep.org/node/81456 19 https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en

81 regional EASC (EuroAsian Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification) as well as Russian sources.

The primary change from 2012 is that there are many more products being imported. Traditionally and until recently, outside of the cotton and wheat sectors, only small amounts of pesticides have been used on smaller orchards, vineyards and small-scale vegetable field crops due to a lack of financial resources and absence of a well-developed in-country pesticide system. The last few years have seen increased pesticide use. A few shops in the Namangan, Fergana, Samarkand and Tashkent area now offer pesticides products along with Tashkent- and Fergana-based trading companies licensed to import pesticides. The shops sampled in 2018 had up to 30 different products in stock with material from Bayer, BASF, and Syngenta. In addition, Russian and Chinese products were found. Highly toxic pesticides are sometimes available outside the official sales system. Package size in shops is usually 1 to 10 L or 1 to 10 kg. Smaller amounts (100 ml or 0.5 kg or less) are either in colorful and almost non-informing plastic bags and with fantasy names or packed in unlabeled or inappropriately marked flasks and plastic bags. Sales personnel provide the only instruction to farmers.

Many farmers or other pesticide users employ several years old plastic hand-pump backpack sprayers and air pressure pesticide blowers. Most of these applicators are insufficiently protected. Based on shop owner information, safety equipment is available, but rarely sold and therefore rarely ordered. This equipment was not readily displayed in the shops during P-PERSUAP site visits.

Several pesticide users reported inefficacy of pesticides for various reasons, such as dilution of pesticide or copper sulfate products. Sealed bottles and packages of European origin are experienced as effective pesticides. Imported products are currently not tested regarding concentration and quality of active ingredients. Analytical capacity for testing pesticide products is currently very limited and concentrated in Tashkent.

Pesticide registration tests involve multi-location and multi-season trials in Uzbekistan. First time registration for an active ingredient takes about three years, while a new crop use for an already registered active ingredient can be approved in two years. For dosage and crop use, farmers rely on pesticide seller recommendations and very rarely consult or understand the label information. The most recent pesticide registration brochure was readily available to salespersons and farmers. Contrasted with the situation in neighboring countries like Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, this registration system and brochure represents significant progress. However, crop-wise listings of pesticides, toxicity classification for bees, beneficial insects, and groundwater, as well as an active ingredient index, pesticide law and regulations, safety provisions, mixture calculations and first aid procedures remain missing.

A pesticide factory exists in Navoi Province which is owned by “Uzkimyosanoat” a state joint stock company (SJSC) with a limited portfolio of pesticides, for cotton and wheat production. There are 13 poisonous obsolete substance conservation facilities in Uzbekistan comprising a total of 60 hectares. Most of these facilities are filled with pesticides, primarily, persistent organic pollutants, covered with concrete blocks and soil. However, there are also partially filled open facilities such as Tuprakkalystorage facility in Khorezm Province with potential profound adverse environmental impacts.

AVC should ensure close monitoring to ensure that banned chemicals are not associated with or used in project activities in addition to other non-registered pesticides and pesticides without EPA registration. Moreover, banned products are finding their way into Uzbekistan by trans-border traffic from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which have still less-guarded pesticide dumpsites. Both countries border management permits easy transboundary trafficking of goods, products, substances including obsolete pesticides or pesticides with unknown origin, quality and use.

The current system of pest control and overall government policy in handling dangerous pesticides is sufficiently strong. After independence, there were still practices for using dangerous pesticides countrywide that were widely employed during the Soviet period. The post-1991 government has taken and continues initiatives to reduce application of hazardous agricultural chemicals and pesticides and developed sound environmental practices to improve pest management during the late 1990’s.

Other concerns, which will be addressed, are the close proximity of pesticide storage and households, the insufficient labeling of repackaged pesticides, and the inefficient control of pesticide sale. Another issue is the potential lack of farmer awareness of pre-harvest intervals (PHI) or waiting periods before harvesting the crop. It is planned that quarantine inspectors certify the required PHI before harvesting and selling the product on international markets. Uzbekistan should establish or reestablish the old Soviet rules of good crop protection and quarantine practices.

2.8 Pesticide Import Including Informal or Illicit Import

Pesticides found in shops are currently imported from Russia, China, India and Germany with products from BASF, Bayer and Syngenta also sold in Uzbekistan. More companies will enter this market, when agriculture profits increase. There were no illicit pesticides found in the pesticide shops visited and none were detected in the visited on-farm storage. Sales personal and owners were knowledgeable regarding their products and basic safety provisions. In general, all shops and storage sites visited will restock pesticides as the next growing season approaches. Subsequently, AVC is advised to make new visits to the respective targeted areas of AVC crop production support activities.

The Uzbekistan Law: “Protection of agricultural crops from pests, disease and weeds” dated August 31, 2000, deals with pesticide and agro-chemical import and export. An agro-chemical registration certificate must be obtained, and other standard acts and regulations followed to acquire state registration. Purchase, sale and transportation contracts must provide the state registered pesticide and agro-chemical registration certificate clauses. With the currently developed new crop protection legislation the control, permits requirements and monitoring is likely to increase. Some pesticides arrive illegally from neighboring countries such as Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and beyond. In the East of Uzbekistan there are more chemicals brought from Kyrgyzstan and in the Central and Southern part from Tajikistan, China and Russia.

Except for the “Uzkimyosanoat” SJSC, there are no other state-registered foreign companies in Uzbekistan for agrochemical production. Companies like IFODA and Euro-Team import pesticides and distribute BASF, Bayer, Syngenta, Cheminova and DuPont products. The majority of imported pesticides are still used for cotton and wheat production. The certification of pesticide import occurs at the local (Hakimyat) level, where the business is registered. However, this is planned to be changed, giving the Tashkent State Protection Service the sole responsibility of licensing pesticide business. The import of plant protection chemical preparations follows decisions made by the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The State Chemical Commission is responsible for licensing agrochemical imports and consists of crop protection experts, pathologists, entomologists, and representatives of the Health Ministry, Labor Ministry and the environmental unit within the Ministry of Agriculture. The Ministry of Agriculture carries out pesticide registration and field testing through its crop protection service.

2.9 Pesticide In-Country Production

Currently there is one factory in Navoi, part of the “Uzkimyosanoat” SJSC, producing fertilizer and pesticides, used for cotton and wheat production. Based on annual Uzbek state bidding procedures, they process state-purchased active ingredients (mostly generics) into Uzbek registered pesticide products.

2.10 Pesticide Packaging, Repackaging and Labeling Quality

Pesticide retailers are present in all AVC provinces including Tashkent, Namangan, Fergana, Samarkand and Bukhara. Most shops gave a good, clean impression and the shop salesmen demonstrated understanding of pesticide handling, application and safety precautions. Some pesticides were packed in plastic bags, bottles and tiny vials without proper labeling all of which are dangerous for any pesticide use. Many of the larger containers were subdivided and various packaging employed. Pesticides should not be stored and sold in bottles, which can be confused with soft drinks, especially by children. Labels were in Uzbek, Russian and Chinese. Uzbek and Russian labels were readable and informative, but pictogram warning symbols, color-coding and help hotline information was often absent. Chinese packages displayed colorful pictures of fruits and vegetables and showed meaningless names resembling brand product names. Improvements in labeling are highly recommended along with farmer and salesmen training to introduce current and modern pesticide knowledge and safety measures.

Pesticides are delivered in 1-liter and 5-liter plastic containers while powder preparations arrive in barrels. Pesticides are subdivided in the stores (i.e. to 100 ml or 0.5 kg or smaller units). Salesmen repack pesticides into the smaller units according to market demand. Repackaging might occur without proper protection and appropriate safety measures. Since pesticide packets are not sealed and airproof, chemical traces were occasionally seen on shop and storage surfaces, posing a permanent hazard. Any repacked pesticide should have the full and correct label Plus the date of subdividing and origin of the product, as recommended as well by the state toxicology committee.

2.11 Pesticide Distribution/Retailers and Major Distribution/Retail Supply Companies

Several entities import and distribute pesticides in Uzbekistan including two major distributors in Tashkent, IFODA and Euro-Team. In total six major pesticide distributors are active in Uzbekistan. Smaller import enterprises are active regionally, since Uzbek regulations allow decentralized (Hakimyat level) registration of pesticide import and retail sales businesses. Distributors such as IFODA and Euro- Team market their Uzbek registered products through local level businesses. Major international pesticide producers have their regional offices in Almaty, Kazakhstan, if not further away and mostly in Europe. Pesticides are rarely stocked in large quantities between two cropping seasons but are available during the growing season mostly for cotton and wheat.

Larger distributors promise to deliver any product in their portfolio of major stock within three days anywhere in Uzbekistan. Sufficient pesticides are ordered and stocked based upon the annually adjusted acreage sown to cotton and wheat but pesticide availability for fruit and vegetable production is still relatively limited.

Some specialized agricultural input stores are found in large provincial centers and have a consistent client base. Some customers buy larger quantities and resell at the village level in smaller quantities. Sales personnel provide toxic chemicals and sprayers but rarely the associated protective equipment (ex., respirators, safety goggles, gloves and uniforms). Reasons cited for unavailable protection equipment is salesman and customer lack of awareness of safe pesticide use and low willingness to pay. Informational flyers and posters providing basic advice on proper input use are seldom found in stores. Many salesmen lack sufficient knowledge on chemical classifications, pesticide rotation, calibration, safeguard measures and precautions. They provide very basic advice for the products available in their shops and are unaware of potential substitutes or alternatives.

In every country or region, there exist factors that increase or decrease the risk profile of the agrochemical inputs system. Following conversations with sector experts in Uzbekistan, these risks have been categorized into groups and enumerated below as “Factors that Increase Risks from Pesticides” and “Factors that Reduce Risks from pesticides.”

Factors that indicate Increase risks from pesticides

Problems, constraints or risks in the Recommendations for donors and USAID USAID Uzbekistan pesticide cycle of use projects Priority Lower quality & Chinese generic pesticides Do repeated training on pesticide quality High present choices Certified analytical capacity for analyzing Donors and produce exporters and High and monitoring pesticides and residues is authorities combine resources insufficient

Limited resources for extension Donors do demonstration farms, trials High Limited farmer knowledge of disease and Increase knowledge, do repeated training High pest ID & IPM tools on IPM Some farmers cannot read pesticide labels Do repeated training on pesticide cautions High and pictograms and interpreting pesticide label pictograms

Proximity to major cotton production & Diversify production, knowledge & input High cotton chemicals like endosulfan demand Pesticide shops without safety Train shop-keepers on pesticide safety and Med equipment/PPE access to affordable PPE Pesticides stored in the home Do repeated training on proper pesticide High storage

No use of PPE by pesticide appliers Do training on proper PPE to use; High subsidize PPE for cooperatives to share; or contract spraying service providers Over- and under-applications of pesticides, Do repeated training on calibration & Med potentially leading to development or application; or contract spraying service resistance providers Pesticides applied at wrong time of day, Do repeated training on proper application Med usually mid-day times and risks Wrong pesticide applied for Do repeated training on pesticide choice; High pest/disease/weed or contract spraying service providers Back-pack sprayers leak onto spray Do repeated training on sprayer High personnel maintenance; or contract spraying service providers

Excavation & use of obsolete POPs Do repeated training on pesticide choice & High pesticides quality Lack of understanding of chronic health Do repeated training on pesticide toxicities Low issues & PPE

Pesticides & container disposal Do repeated training on proper disposal High

Factors that reduce risks from pesticides  Uzbekistan has BioLabs that raise and release parasites and predators for farmers to use in their orchards.  Except for cotton and some small grains like wheat, there has not been a culture of heavy reliance on pesticides to produce fruits and vegetables, so unsafe use behavior patterns have not been set, moreover GAP patterns may be easier to set. Adoption of GlobalGAP standards is promoted by many USAID projects, since the use of it satisfies many of the same requirements for safety and quality.  There are some ‘natural’ pesticide products available that contain extracts of chili, garlic, neem, oils, soaps, pyrethrum, and the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as products containing sulfur, and others approved by this P-PERSUAP, most of which are permitted in organic production schemes, due to higher user and environmental safety.  Some pesticide sellers interviewed understand the most important crop production pests, pesticides/dosages to use against the pests, risks that come with pesticide use, and the need for PPE.  There is no field evidence of pesticide misuse leading to poisonings of domestic animals or environmental poisoning (like fish kills).  Various USAID development project activities will involve demonstrations to farmers by well- trained staff, so there is a possibility for the transfer of IPM and safe pesticide use practices.

Changes since 2012 that reduce risks from pesticides  An increased presence of pesticides available from brand-name multinational companies providing high quality products.  Uzbek farmers are less likely to use obsolete pesticides excavated from old Soviet dumps, due to increased safeguarding and security at these sites.

Although there are a few positive factors, there still remain numerous issues that can and do increase the risk for pesticide errors to occur in Uzbekistan. This situation increases the risk of exposing small-scale farmers, laborers and farm family members to dangerous poisons, and polluting their environment. Thus, the pesticide risk profile is higher than might be encountered in more developed countries, so extra care is required.

2.12 Climate Change and Uzbekistan Agriculture as Prelim to PER Analysis

In June 2001, Chemonics produced a USAID Biodiversity Assessment for Central Asia, including Uzbekistan. This document notes decreased biodiversity with increases in temperature, sustainable management of water resources in the Caspian and Aral Sea Basin and recommends support for global climate change (GCC) research. In 2016, WHO and UNDP formed a project titled “Climate change adaptation to protect human health” for Uzbekistan, found that climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease water availability across Uzbekistan, http://www.who.int/globalchange/projects/adaptation/PHE-adaptation-final-Uzbekistan.pdf.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has funded $145 million loan to help improve water supply services in Uzbekistan, which will help upgrade and expand water supply networks in RK (Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in northwestern Uzbekistan), improve climate change awareness and resilience of people in the area, build institutional capacity of relevant authorities, and strengthen the sustainability of the region’s water supply and sanitation utility. In 2015, ADB produced a report titled “Economics of Climate Change in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan: Report on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions”.

In 2013, World Bank Group (WBG) produced a report titled: “Reducing the vulnerability of Uzbekistan's agricultural systems to climate change: impact assessment and adaptation options”. In 2017, WBG funded the project: Uzbekistan - Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation Project: restructuring, which addresses primary GCC impacts, as detailed below.

GCC potential impacts in Uzbekistan include: increases in average temperatures, glacier retreat, and change in average precipitation and range. Climate projections also show higher average temperatures over the coming decades, accompanied by higher evapotranspiration losses, changes in seasonality of precipitation, and more extremes in precipitation levels. Such changes are expected to increase the frequency of floods and droughts, and to change the seasonality of river flows and water availability. Uzbekistan has a high risk associated with climate extremes among the Central Asian countries.

Increased methane production from the production of livestock is a major contributor to GCC. Ruminants guts release the methane through flatulence and the decomposition of manure. Livestock diet can be altered to reduce methane flatulence and manure can be composted into soil in an effort to control decomposition and reduce methane production.

Climate change will impact Uzbekistan in important ways, not the least of which is the melting of important glaciers that form the headwaters for the largest rivers in the region. Resulting water shortages could (and in the case of Uzbekistan, already do) result in drought and spark regional conflicts. Depletion of the soil organic carbon pool exacerbates carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Soil degradation decreases methane uptake by agricultural soils.

Water-logging and indiscriminate use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers increases nitrous oxide emissions from croplands. All of these may increase the rate of organic matter decomposition and soil degradation. Challenges include finding land use strategies and crops that restore degraded ecosystems and soils by improving water use efficiency, enhancing soil quality and sequestering carbon in soil biomass.

Increases in temperatures will favor the spread of insect and disease pests further toward more northerly and southerly extremes. Many pests which would die while overwintering will now survive. The increase in crop pests will lead to the use of more pesticides, which will increase the resistance of pests to these pesticides. And, human diseases such as malaria have increased in recent years and are moving steadily northward in their range.

Because of illegal tree cuttings, both for wood sale and clearing farmland, the CO2 sequestration by forests and other forest biomass has decreased. As a result of changes in land use and reclamation of new lands, CO2 absorption by soils has increased. And, CO2 emission due to intensively used soils has increased.

The safety of agricultural crops and fisheries also may be threatened through contamination with metals, chemicals, and other toxicants that may be released into the environment as a result of extreme weather

87 events, particularly flooding, drought, and wildfires, due to climate change20. All of these factors combined will challenge food security.

2.13 Transboundary Pests

Climate change that causes warmer temperatures and more powerful storms are beginning to impact pests that move on the winds of storms and invade areas that become warmer, with milder winters. These include economically important pests Tomato Destroyer Tuta absoluta, Locusts, wheat blast, Sunn pest, and others. Annex 1 contains information on managing and controlling each of these pests. USAID has produced P-PERSUAPs for surrounding countries that deal with the same pests. In order to better coordinate responses to transboundary pests, see and reference other approved P-PERSUAPs from the region.

The P-PERSUAPs for Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan can be found at USAID’s database website: https://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/compliance/database. Each of these should contain strategies as well as approved pesticides that can be used in each country for each pest.

20 https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm

SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT

This part of the P-PERSUAP, the PER (Pesticide Evaluation Report), addresses pesticide choices based upon environmental and human health issues, uses, alternate options, IPM, biodiversity, conservation, training, PPE options, monitoring and mitigation recommendations according to the twelve Regulation 216.3(b)(1) Pesticide Procedures Factors, outlined and analyzed below.

Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine THE 12 PESTICIDE FACTORS whether the use may result in significant Factor A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed environmental impact. Factors to be Pesticides considered in such an evaluation shall Factor B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides include, but not be limited to the following:” (see box, right) Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program Pesticides can be home-made (artisanal) Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, or synthesized in a factory, and may including the availability of application and safety contain either natural extracts from equipment plants, microbes, spices, oils, minerals or synthesized chemicals, or Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, occasionally both. Pesticides, in either human or environmental, associated with the general, contain more than just the AI; proposed use, and measures available to minimize such they also contain a carrier (water, oil, or hazards emulsion), emulsifiers, synergists, Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the safeners, adhesives and other proposed use components. Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use Pesticides in general contain just one AI, with target and non-target ecosystems but can contain more than one AI, in a Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be mixture. When produced commercially, used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils each pesticide is made, marketed and sold with a product commercial name. Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical This name, in addition to artisanal control methods products, is the “pesticide” referred to Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the by Regulation 216. These pesticide distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested names can be ubiquitous (like Roundup pesticide for products containing the AI glyphosate) or can be given different Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicators. names depending upon cultural and Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and linguistic differences and clever effectiveness of each pesticide marketing.

3.1 Factor A: USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide

USAID Uzbekistan projects activities are effectively limited to mentioning during training, promoting, recommending or permitting pesticides containing AIs in products registered in the host country and in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because a few of the

89 crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the US, and therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar pests and pest situations. Annex 5 provides EPA registration status for each AI found in Uzbekistan.

EPA Registrations and Restrictions

The USEPA now categorizes pesticides as either “registered” or “not registered21.” Moreover, some specific pesticide products are labeled as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs), and these cannot be purchased or promoted on USAID projects, unless a full EA is produced, with detailed risk analyses. By default, pesticides not classified as RUP are considered to be General Use Pesticides (GUP). In the USA, the pesticides that are labeled RUPs can only be sold to and used by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's certification (such as for row crops, or tree crops, or structural pests and so on). Annex 5 provides EPA RUP designation status for the products containing each AI found in Uzbekistan. The primary finding is that other pesticide products containing the same AI, but not labeled as a RUP, can be promoted and used with USAID resources. The distinction is product-specific, based upon same or similar use.

EPA versus WHO versus Russian Acute Toxicity Classifications

The pesticide AIs that passed this Factor A analysis, that is unrestricted for same or similar uses, are listed in the Executive Summary and further analyzed in Annex 5 for human and environmental health issues characteristic to each AI.

The matrices in Annex 15, at the end of this document, provide contains a list of the pesticide AIs that failed this Factor A analysis, with the reason they failed, as well as lists of the names POPs and PIC chemicals. Thus, the pesticide AIs listed in that Annex are rejected for promotion by or on any USAID Uzbekistan Project.

Compliance Requirements  USAID/Uzbekistan-funded projects/sub-grantees will not promote, finance and use on demonstration farms, pesticides not registered by EPA for same or similar uses.  USAID/Uzbekistan-funded projects/sub-grantees shall obtain and retain copies of the SDS for each pesticide that their beneficiary farmers use frequently.

21 https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/about-pesticide-registration

3.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides

This procedure in general refers to the practical, economic and/or environmental, social and health rationales for choosing a particular pesticide. In general, best practices and USAID – which promote IPM as policy – dictate that the least toxic pesticide that is effective is selected.

Agriculture (Crop Seeds, Field Crops and Greenhouse Crops) Pest and Disease Management

Up until recently, the bases for selection of pesticides have most often been availability, efficacy, and price; not environmental or human safety. Farmers have wanted a pesticide that has rapid knock-down action to satisfy the need to defeat the pest quickly and visibly – they want to see the pest immediately drop on its back with legs twitching and flailing in the air as it dies.

Farmers who will use GAP systems for export crops or high-value local markets will focus more on factors such as human safety and low environmental impact, by necessity as much as by choice. Such lower toxicity pesticides may take longer to kill the pest – usually after the farmer has left the field – but they are effective, nevertheless. Another factor of importance is the abeyance of pesticide-specific PHIs (pre-harvest intervals) and MRLs (maximum residue levels), which can be influenced by choosing products with rapid post-application degradation. The three most common bases for traditional farmer pesticide selection for crops in Uzbekistan are currently price, availability and efficacy.

Individual pesticides are in general formulated specifically for each of the above uses and will be labeled for use on seed or for use in greenhouses. Some pesticides found in Uzbekistan are formulated and labeled specifically for seed treatment; however, the demand and market for specifically-labeled greenhouse pesticides is too small, so no specially formulated greenhouse pesticides are available. In any case, this P-PERSUAP reviews the most common greenhouse pesticides used world-wide in anticipation of markets expanding sufficiently that greenhouse production increases in Uzbekistan.

Food Security/Treatments/Preservation and Fumigation of Warehouses Pest Management

Pesticides, preservatives and fumigants used for treating stored grains and foods are in general well- known in the sector and are relatively few. Selection is based on what is available, recommended, cheap and efficacious against the pests at hand. Many food preservatives are naturally-occurring salts, sugars, weak acids (citric, acetic) or sulfur compounds. Further, USAID DCHA produced a PERSUAP for the use of fumigants, and this document should be referred to and used if fumigant use is planned.

Food additives would need to be evaluated for use by special groups of people like children, pregnant women, people who have chronic or acute illnesses and so on. Moreover, under no circumstance should donated food stuffs and vitamin mixes be used continuously for everyday meals. Instead, good fresh local or regional produce and grains should be consumed.

The UN’s Codex Alimentarius Commission was created in 1963 by FAO and WHO to develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program. The main purposes of this Program are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations, and its website is www.codexalimentarius.net.

Veterinary and Animal Pest and Disease Management

Few pests affect livestock and likewise there are few specific insecticides and miticides available for treatment. Most are synthetic pyrethroids due to relative safety of these products over other classes of pesticides. Animal treatment antibiotics, microbials and chemicals are listed and analyzed in Annex 5. Animal Premix vitamins are regulated in the USA by the FDA22 and not the EPA. They are referred to nowhere in Regulation 216 and are not considered to be pesticides. Dairy cow premix requested for use by ProApt contains vitamins A, D and E as well as micronutrients—the same kinds of ingredients contained in human vitamin mixes, albeit in different quantities and formulations, and with the goal of fattening the cows. Efficacy and cost are the major factors in pesticide selection.

Water and Sanitation Microbial Management

The primary chemicals used in Uzbekistan for water treatment are based on chlorine. Additional chemicals that can less commonly be used include those based on other halogens like bromine, iodine, as well as ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Wikipedia provides a very nice summary of water treatment and some mitigation measures at https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/surface-water-treatment-rules.

Avian Influenza Disinfectants and Sanitizers Microbial Management

Because Avian Influenza and water disinfection are controlled by governments and donors, selection is made by them, in general not by beneficiaries. EPA’s list of 100 disinfectant pesticide products registered for use against HPAI in the USA is at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/avian_flu_products.htm. EPA has a website for food processing disinfectants: http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm. Disinfectants are chosen depending upon cost and availability.

Health/Malaria Mosquito Management

Malaria control programs are controlled by governments and donors, so pesticide selection is made by them, in general not by beneficiaries. Pesticide selection precedents are set by each donor, according to their environmental policies. USAID has produced Programmatic Environmental Assessments for malaria control23 and ITNs24; however, number of malaria cases is so low presently, that there should be little need for this type of spraying on or associated with USAID Uzbekistan projects. The Stockholm Convention permits the use of DDT for IRS; however, Uzbekistan has not chosen to use it.

Locust Management

Most locust management is dealt with through the MOA, and with FAO material support. USAID Uzbekistan does not in general get involved with pesticide selection or support these types of activities. If it does, approved pesticides are provided in the Executive Summary and Annex 5.

22 http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/default.htm 23 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADI081.pdf; https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document- library/implementing-partner-reports/integrated-vector-management-programs-for-malaria-vector-control- programmatic-environmental-assessment---volume-1-of-2-main-document.pdf?sfvrsn=4; https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/implementing-partner-reports/integrated-vector- management-programs-for-malaria-vector-control-programmatic-environmental-assessment---volume-2-of-2- annexes.pdf?sfvrsn=4 24 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP696.pdf

Construction Termite Management

Termiticides are chosen based on what is available and safest. Permitted termiticides are listed at the end of Annex 1, under Construction Site Termite Control.

Rights of Way Weed Management

Herbicide use for management of weeds along rights of way is quite limited in Uzbekistan, and USAID Uzbekistan does not have a record of support for these activities.

Issue: Most beneficiaries do not consider factors such as:

 Reducing risks to human health by using products that contain active ingredients with low acute human toxicity and few to no chronic health risks;  Reducing risks to scarce and valuable water resources on the surface and underground;  Reducing risks to biodiversity and environmental resources, ecosystems, habitats and honeybees, and the services they provide.

Recommendations:

 In conjunction with recommending pesticides, and providing training in pesticide use, USAID/Uzbekistan-supported projects/sub-grantees shall provide training to beneficiaries on how to choose the correct quality of pesticide products from reputable companies (in general not Chinese generics), instead of relying solely upon the advice of retail shops, agrodealers and neighbors.  In conjunction with recommending pesticides, and providing training in pesticide use, USAID/Uzbekistan-supported projects/sub-grantees shall provide training to encourage beneficiaries to use products with lower human and ecological toxicities (see Annex 5) if there is a choice among pesticide products and AIs.

3.3 Factor C: Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program

USAID promotes training in, and development and use of, integrated approaches to pest management tools and tactics whenever possible. This section emphasizes how the proposed pesticides used can be incorporated into an overall IPM strategy. All sectors examined have IPM tactics, including numerous non-synthetic pesticide tactics and tools available.

The susceptibility of crop plants to pests and diseases is influenced by the general health of the plant, as discussed above in Section 2.10. Therefore, good crop management practices can strongly affect IPM, and good agronomic or cultural practices are the most basic and often the most important prerequisites for an effective IPM program. A healthy crop optimizes both capacities to prevent or tolerate pest damage while maintaining or increasing yield potential.

Issue: Most Uzbekistan beneficiaries are not aware of all of the IPM tactics available

Agriculture (Seed, Field and Greenhouse)

Among the tactics used include resistant varieties, sanitation, raised-bed, proper water management, monitoring, hand-picking, trap crops, crop rotation, proper fertilization, deep plowing, soil solarization, and taking advantage of some naturally-occurring parasites. The analysis shows that there are plenty of areas for improvement among USAID Uzbekistan projects field staff and demonstration farmers. The

USDA supports several programs aimed at investigating and developing IPM tools and tactics, including NIFA (the National Institute of Food and Agriculture) and the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service of the National Center for Appropriate Technology25 (NCAT).

Annex 1 shows a Crop-Pest-IPM-Pesticide matrix for each crop to be assisted by USAID Uzbekistan projects, most major pests of each crop, IPM tactics currently in use in Uzbekistan, and a list of tools and tactics used for the same pests in developed countries and recommended to be tried and adopted. In conclusion, some of the beneficiary farmers, whether or not they understand the IPM philosophy fully, do know about, and use some GAP and IPM tools and tactics. However, there is room for improvement as many tools/tactics remain unused, if not unknown. For instance, the use of fine-mesh screens on greenhouse openings effectively excludes many small pests.

Food Security/Treatments/Preservation and Fumigation of Warehouses

Food treatment and preservation consists of several chemical, physical (use of temperature extremes) and cultural (rapid marketing, sale and use of agricultural products; customer acceptance of cosmetically imperfect products) choices. Ergo, non-chemical integrated options exist and can be practical. The National Center for Home Food Preservation26 has numerous guidelines for home food preservation best practices, and the FDA provides many resources for preserving food and for mitigating risks with food preservatives27.

Sanitation of the warehouse is the primary non-pesticide tactic that will keep pest populations under control, so they do not require treating with pesticides, or require fewer treatments. Several sanitation best practices, tools and tactics for pests of cereals, small grains and dry beans/peas are included in Annex 1.

Veterinary

Livestock pesticides can be integrated with other tactics including: hand-picking ticks, fly baits, disease vaccines, using natural extracts of Camphor, as well as the Euphorb (Euphorbia candelabrum) milky latex against ticks, Solanaceous (Solanum incanum) alkaloid extracts against ticks, and neem leaf aqueous extracts against endoparasites. Other shrub and tree gums, resins and salts can be rubbed on animals to repel ticks.

BMPs for raising livestock provide guidelines for producing vigorous clean livestock food and livestock while reducing or eliminating many additives. Both the FAO28and EPA29 have BMPs for livestock rearing and feeding, which are too numerous to include in this document, but which can easily be found electronically with the click of a computer mouse.

Water and Sanitation

Integrated Pest Management per se does not necessarily apply to water and sanitation. However, best practices do apply, and there are non-chemical means to disinfect or sanitize water. These include the use

25 http://www.attra.ncat.org/ 26 http://www.uga.edu/nchfp/index.html 27 http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/ucm094211.htm 28 http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-production/farm- practices/en/?fb_locale=es_ES#.Vvv9RkuBVg0 29 http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/anafobmp.html

94 of ultraviolet radiation, solar treatment and membrane filtration. Other techniques include those based on mechanical and biological processes, as follows30:  mechanical systems: sand filtration, lava filter systems and systems based on UV-radiation)  biological systems including plant systems as constructed wetlands and treatment ponds (sometimes incorrectly called reedbeds and living walls) and  biological systems including compact systems as activated sludge systems, biorotators, aerobic biofilters and anaerobic biofilters, submerged aerated filters, and biorolls In order to purify the water several of these systems are usually combined to work as a whole. Combination of the systems is done in two to three stages, namely primary and secondary purification. Sometimes tertiary purification is also added.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants and Sanitizers: The international—as well as many national—strategies being implemented to deal with HPAI already form an integrated program. In addition to control of the HPAI virus, most initiatives include monitoring and surveillance, zoning and compartmentalization, regulations and quarantine, vaccination, disinfection and disposal of waste31.

Health/Malaria

USAID’s Malaria PEA32 contains numerous IVM tactics that can be used in concert with pesticides for mosquito control. These include:

Interventions targeting adult mosquitoes  IRS using approved pesticides.  Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Interventions targeting mosquito larvae  Environmental management methods, including filling breeding sites, lining water sources and canals, physical wetland drainage, biological wetland drainage, impoundment planning, deepening and narrowing of old drains, vegetation manipulation, synchronized cropping and intermittent irrigation, larvivorous fish introduction, and saltwater flooding.  Larvicidal agents, including bacterial larvicides, methoprene, temephos, and molecular films and oils.

Locust Management

Uzbekistan’s MOA uses several IPM tools to reduce locust populations; these are listed above under Section 2.2.

30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification#Other_mechanical_and_biological_techniques 31 http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2018 32 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadi081.pdf; https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document- library/implementing-partner-reports/integrated-vector-management-programs-for-malaria-vector-control- programmatic-environmental-assessment---volume-1-of-2-main-document.pdf?sfvrsn=4; https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/implementing-partner-reports/integrated-vector- management-programs-for-malaria-vector-control-programmatic-environmental-assessment---volume-2-of-2- annexes.pdf?sfvrsn=4;

Construction

IPM applies to both malarial mosquito control, discussed above, and termite control. IPM measures for termite control are included at the end of Annex 1.

Herbicides for Rights of Way Spraying

USAID Uzbekistan is unlikely to pay for or promote rights of way spraying, instead, if needed, it could support mechanical weed removal, by mowing.

Recommendations:

 Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination or situation (see Annex 1) should be recommended and used before, as well as combined with, the use of synthetic pesticides.  Agriculture projects should assist with the provision of new IPM tools/tactics/technologies, like hybrid seed, pheromone traps, drip irrigation, printed extension flyers, pest prevention text messaging systems, or computerized farm-based weather monitoring systems (micro meteorological stations) for pest/disease prediction, if desired.  Uzbekistan would benefit from a new national Pest Management Plan (PMP) containing preventive tools and tactics to help reduce pests/diseases of major crops (beyond just cotton), as well as curative pesticides if needed. Annex 1 provides a starting point for such PMPs. World Bank assists many countries to produce or expand on these PMPs, and a new one could be requested, if desired.

3.4 Factor D: Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

This section examines how the pesticides are to be applied, to understand specific risks with different application equipment available and application methodologies, and the measures to be taken (repeated training especially of younger future farmers, use of PPE) to ensure safe use for each application type. Pesticides can and do enter the body through the nose and mouth as vapors, through the skin and eyes by leaky sprayers, mixing spillage/splashing and spray drift, and mouth by accidental splashing or ingestion on food or cigarettes.

Agriculture Seed Treatment

Very few Uzbek farmers treat seed themselves and if they do, the seed and pesticide are mixed in buckets, wheelbarrows or other large receptacles, which leads to uneven application and coverage of seed. Most purchased seeds come already coated with a fungicide and sometimes an insecticide as well, to protect the young seedling. Gloves, eye protection, respirator and long-sleeve shirt and pants should be used for seed mixing and handling, but only by professionals.

Field Crops

Most project pesticides will be applied by hand-pumped backpack sprayers (liquids) or by hand (powders and granules). Although most Uzbekistan farmers do not use PPE, USAID Uzbekistan projects-supported beneficiaries will be promoting their use as a best practice. Pesticide labels should provide guidance on appropriate PPE to use, and EPA has guidance on a website33.

33 http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm

Greenhouse crops

Most project pesticides used in greenhouses will be applied by hand-pumped backpack sprayers (liquids) or a few by hand (powders and granules). Although most Uzbekistan farmers do not use PPE, USAID Uzbekistan projects-supported beneficiaries will be promoting their use as a best practice, and could set PPE use as a condition for co-financing. Pesticide labels should provide guidance on appropriate PPE to use, and EPA has guidance on a website34.

Food Security/Warehouses

Fumigation, only if done only by a trained and equipped fumigation service, and not by USAID project- supported farmers (absolutely requires two trained and certified-level fumigators for each fumigation event):  Use a continuous monitoring and detection program to check for and ID pests  In the USA, “persons who are not trained and certified for the use of grain fumigants should not attempt to fumigate stored grain”  Follow the aluminum phosphide label to determine correct amount of chemical to use per cubic meter of infested food commodity  Calm warm day with no wind and temperature above 16 degrees (and not less than 4 degrees) Celsius  Learn & follow all safety regulations  Have two trained people present for safety  Plan to finish fumigation in 15-20 minutes maximum  Post warning signs on all doors  Use tape and 4 ml polyethylene sheeting  Leave only necessary holes for putting aluminum phosphide tablets or gas from gas generator and quickly sealing them  If using tablets, use probes to put tablets around (not in) grain sacks and pallets  Remove webbing if Indian meal moth larvae are present  Use proper respiratory protection equipment (self-contained oxygen or canister filter) for both fumigators  Use phosphine gas detection devices  Absolutely no phosphine tablets or residues come into direct contact with wheat flour

Other pesticide applications are by hand-pumped backpack sprayers (liquids) or a few by hand (powders). See reference above for selection of appropriate PPE. Small-scale food additives are added by hand scoop or measuring cup, with the recommended use of gloves and a dust mask.

Veterinary

Many ranchers and herders apply acaricides using either pour-on, or using a rag soaked in pesticides and applied using bare hands (they should be encouraged to keep and use chemical-resistant gloves for these purposes). Some ranchers and herders use backpack sprayers to apply acaricides. Dips for pastoralist livestock have fallen out of use and favor. See reference above for selection of appropriate PPE.

34 http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm

Water and Sanitation

Drinking water sanitizers are in general applied by a water treatment facility. Best practices for handling, applying and reducing risks from water sanitizers are found through the Asian Development Bank35.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants and Sanitizers

Disinfectants for Avian Influenza are often applied by bucket and mop or hand brush. Most disinfectants are Class I toxins and are extremely corrosive to eyes, skin and mucous membranes, necessitating the use of goggles or eye protection, chemical-resistant gloves, a carbon-filter respirator and a spray suit to protect clothing and skin. For water treatment, water is exposed to a disinfectant while it is pumped through a treatment facility. The best information on how to apply the disinfectants safely will be found on the product or container labels. In the USA, EPA requires that all products have labels containing application and safety procedures.

For products that are registered in the USA, use http://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home to see web copies of the labels. Products not registered in the USA are also likely to have labels with the same type of information, as most international standards require. For food processing disinfectants, see the following: http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm.

Health/Malaria

USAID has produced PEAs to guide safe malaria mosquito control including IRS and ITNs36. IRS is accomplished using back-pack sprayers with wands. Most IRS application staff members are required to wear PPE in order to do, and keep, their jobs. If LLITNs are used, then there will be no need to treat bed nets with pesticides. If only ITNs are available, then retreatment should only be done by WHO-trained and certified individuals with recommended PPE.

Locust Plagues

Locusts are sprayed with hand-held ULV sprayers, motorized backpack sprayers and truck/tractor-pulled foggers. All MOA spray personnel use PPE.

Construction

Pesticides applied to standing water to control malarial mosquitoes and to building foundations to control termites are applied by back-pack sprayers and impregnated granules.

Rights of Way Weed Management

Rights of way herbicides would be applied with tractor-pulled boom sprayers.

35 http://www.adb.org/Evaluation/case-studies/2006-AER/Best-Practices-WaterSupply-Sanitation.pdf 36 https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/implementing-partner-reports/integrated- vector-management-programs-for-malaria-vector-control-programmatic-environmental-assessment---volume-1-of- 2-main-document.pdf?sfvrsn=4; https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/implementing- partner-reports/integrated-vector-management-programs-for-malaria-vector-control-programmatic-environmental- assessment---volume-2-of-2-annexes.pdf?sfvrsn=4;

Issue: Leaky back-pack sprayers

Hand-pump backpack sprayers, used by the poorest farmers among others, can and do eventually develop leaks at every junction (filler cap, pump handle entry, exit hose attachment, lance attachment to the hose and at the lance handle) and these leaks soak into exposed skin. Clothing serves to wick and hold these pesticides in contact with skin, and to concentrate them use after use, until washed.

Recommendations for Mitigation

 USAID Uzbekistan projects, as part of its provision of inputs, should include budget allocations for repair and maintenance of application equipment, and develop a management program that includes oversight of repair and maintenance by a selected member of a farmer cooperative or association.

Issue: Pesticide granules and powders applied by hand

Most farmers that use pesticides formulated as granules or powders apply these by hand, without benefit of gloves. Gloves should be used for these applications.

Recommendations for Mitigation

 USAID Uzbekistan projects ensure that farmers that use powders or granules do so only with gloves, mask and goggles, as well as any additional PPE recommended by the label or SDS.

Issue: Uzbekistan farmers do not use PPE

Reasons that many Uzbekistan farmers do not use PPE to reduce pesticide exposure risks include:

1. Farmers and workers either discredit or do not completely understand the potential health risks associated with pesticides. Since they have not associated health problems with pesticide exposure they continue to take risks;

2. Climatic conditions (particularly heat) make it uncomfortable to use the safety equipment (even though it is recommended that many pesticides should be applied very early in the morning when it is cool and there is a lack of wind and rain);

3. Appropriate PPE (especially carbon cartridge respirators necessary for filtering organic chemical vapors) equipment is in general not available at all and if it is available, it is too expensive;

4. Farmers may not understand either the warning labels or pictograms provided on the pesticide labels.

Most pesticide containers, on each pesticide label, either list or put pictograms showing PPE that is recommended for use of that certain product.

Recommendations for Mitigation

 Training under USAID Uzbekistan projects should include descriptions of health risks to spray operators, their families, and their village (see risks for each pesticide AI in Annex 5).  Training should include advice on minimizing discomfort from wearing PPE, like spraying in early morning before it becomes hot, or late in the afternoon.

 Ensure that (i.e., budget for) protective clothing (carbon-filter respirator mask, gloves, frequently- washed long-sleeved shirt and pants or Tyvek outfit, boots, and goggles if indicated on the label) recommended for the most commonly-used pesticides are available to farmers and farm workers involved with pesticide use. General examples of PPE to be used for different types of pesticide are found in the following website: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm.  Provide training on the need for exclusion times and zones for areas that are being or have been sprayed. Include information about sensitive populations (pregnant women, children, elderly and sick).  Put into place sprayer equipment maintenance procedures, proper spray techniques that reduce sprayed area walk-through, as well as frequent washing of application clothing.  Considering illiteracy issues, training should use and explain pictogram representations. Some general mitigation measures to ensure safe pesticide use are contained in Chapter 13 of the following website: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf.  Set out a schedule for, and budget for, repeated training in safe handling and use of pesticides – including aspects such as types and classes of pesticides, human and environmental risk associated with pesticides, use and maintenance of PPE, understanding information on labels and proper disposal of packaging. Ensure that training has a higher chance for behavior modification and adoption by developing a system to certify trained farmers for safe use.

3.5 Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

This section of the P-PERSUAP examines the acute and chronic toxicological risks associated with the proposed pesticides.

The pesticide matrix in Annex 5 contains information on acute and chronic human and environmental toxicological risks for every pesticide AIs found in Uzbekistan, or likely to be imported to or used in all nine of the sectors that this P-PERSUAP covers. USAID-supported projects must be limited to EPA- registered pesticides, and decisions should be biased toward those pesticides with lower human and environmental risks. Nevertheless, pesticides are poisons, and all of them present acute and/or long-term toxicological hazards, especially if they are used incorrectly. And, in the Benin cotton sector, farmers have been poisoned to death by cotton insecticide endosulfan diverted to use on vegetables37.

Issue: Pesticide Active Ingredients on POPs and PIC lists

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Rotterdam Convention’s Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure which list banned and highly regulated toxic chemicals, respectively, were not known when Regulation 216 was written, so there is no language directly governing their use on USAID projects. Furthermore, Uzbekistan has signed neither of these. Nevertheless, the pesticides listed in them present high risks to users and the environment, due to persistence and toxicity. It is thus prudent that they be discussed. The following websites contain current lists of all POPs and PIC chemicals: http://www.pic.int; http://www.pops.int. The latest versions of these lists are included in Annex 15, Pesticide Active Ingredients Not to be used on USAID-Supported Activities.

Recommendations for Mitigation

 None of these POPs or PIC chemicals, listed on the POPs and PIC websites, and including endosulfan, should be used on USAID Uzbekistan projects beneficiary demonstration farms.

37 http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403

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 USAID should facilitate GOU compliance with its own obligations under relevant international conventions and this is stipulated in all BEO/ASIA-approved IEEs.

Issue: Very high acute toxicity

A few of the pesticides found in Uzbekistan contain active ingredients that are EPA Class I or WHO Class Ia or Ib (the highest toxicities by mg/kg of body weight), which are too toxic for small-scale (USAID’s target), unaware and uninformed farmers to use. Less toxic alternatives, including preventive tactics and tools (Annex 1), and several curative pesticide choices, including some that are less toxic than Class I chemicals (Classes II, III and IV for instance), also found in Annex 1, exist, and should thus be used in place of Class I pesticides.

Recommendations for Mitigation

 With the exception of rodenticides and some copper-containing fungicides, USAID Uzbekistan projects’ beneficiaries shall only use pesticides approved in the P-PERSUAP for unrestricted, same and similar uses!

Issue: Moderate acute toxicity

All pesticide products that have at least acute WHO and EPA toxicity ratings of II (see Annex 5) are considered to be too toxic for use without farmer training and proper use of PPE.

Recommendations for Mitigation

 Products containing active ingredients with Class II acute toxicity ratings (see Annex 5) should not be recommended unless there are no safer effective alternatives (Class III or IV).  Moreover, recommendations should not be made to use such products unless it can be ascertained that appropriate training and PPE are available and will be used.

Issue: USAID Uzbekistan projects use of lower toxicity pesticides registered by EPA

Even EPA Class III and IV and WHO Class III and U pesticides, mostly classified by EPA as General Use Pesticides (GUPs), sold to the public at large in the USA, may present acute and chronic human health and environmental risks (see decision matrix in Annex 5). In sufficiently high doses, they may kill or harm humans or the environment. Thus, pesticide safe use and handling training and practice are required for their use as well as for more toxic products.

Recommendations for Mitigation of Human Toxicological Exposures

Most pesticide poisonings result from careless handling practices or from a lack of knowledge regarding the safer handling of pesticides. Pesticides can enter the body in four major ways: through the skin, the mouth, the nose, and the eyes. Chapter 13 in the resource http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf contains measures to reduce risks of exposure via oral, dermal, respiratory and eyes. The time spent learning about safer procedures and how to use them is an investment in the health and safety of oneself, one’s family, and others.

 USAID Uzbekistan projects field staff should encourage the demonstration farmers and beneficiaries with whom they work as partners to not use POPs or PIC products or products containing very highly toxic active ingredients.

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 Train beneficiaries and provide posters/flyers on pesticide safe-use BMPs. For each group of farmers to be trained, identify the pesticides most likely to be used on their specific crops, and then identify the human health risks associated with each by using information on pesticide labels, in the attached Annex 5, and on SDSs.  Provide training on and follow basic first aid for pesticide overexposure. Train managers and farmers on basic pesticide overexposure first aid, while following recommendations found in Chapter 13, ibid, as well as any special first aid information included on labels and SDSs for commonly-used pesticides.

Recommendations for Mitigation of Exposures to Environmental Resources

Ecotoxicological exposures can be mitigated by adhering to the following do’s and don’ts:

Do’s  Emphasize and use IPM practices in crop production  Read and follow pesticide label instructions  Choose the pesticide least toxic to fish and wildlife (see Annex 5)  Protect field borders, bodies of water and other non-crop habitats from pesticide  Completely cover pesticide granules with soil, especially spilled granules at the ends of rows  Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent  Properly dispose of chemical containers (provide training on what this means locally)  Maintain a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray zone around national parks, water bodies or other protected areas  Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives

Don’ts  Do not spray over ponds and drainage ditches  Never wash equipment or containers in streams or where rinse water could enter ponds or streams  Do not use pesticides with potential or known groundwater risks near drinking water sources, or where the water table is less than 2 meters, and on sandy soils with high water tables  Do not apply pesticides in protected parks  Do not use aerial applications near sensitive habitats  Do not spray when wind speeds are more than 13 to 16 kph  Do not apply granular pesticides in fields known to be frequented by migratory waterfowl  Do not apply insecticides from 10 am to 4 pm when honeybees are foraging; insecticides are best applied early in the morning when it is cool with no wind or rain, and when honeybees do not forage

3.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticides for the proposed use

This section of the P-PERSUAP requires information similar to that provided previously, but more specific to the actual conditions of application and product quality. This section considers the potential for use of low-quality products (such as many of those imported from China and a few from India) as well as the development of pest resistance to proposed pesticides, both of which will decrease effectiveness (efficacy). The issues and mitigations will be the same for all of the sectors covered.

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Agriculture Treated Seed, Field Crops and Greenhouse crops

Local knowledge is essential to choosing the correct pesticides. Local farmers know what has or has not worked for them in the past, and USAID Uzbekistan projects can increase local knowledge as to what is available, effective, and presents the lowest risk shall only use pesticides approved in the P-PERSUAP for unrestricted, same and similar uses.

Resistance of pests to pesticides used on USAID Uzbekistan projects crops will occur with increased use. Many farmers over- and under-dose and use non-selective pesticides, all of which increases chances for resistance development. The primary tool in the battle against resistance is rotation among available chemicals, combined with the use of preventive IPM tools and tactics.

Food Security/Warehouses

Managing stored grain pest resistance to certain insecticides is a major challenge to this sector38. There are even insects that have developed resistance to deadly phosphine gas39. Most food security pesticide applicators trained by the UN WFP will know the insect, mite and other pest species that have developed resistance to certain pesticides or classes of pesticides. And, they will know the alternative pesticides available for rotation.

Antibiotics added to preserved food should be rotated periodically to reduce the risk of resistance development by microbes. Food additives would also need to be evaluated for use by special groups of people like children, pregnant women, people who have chronic or acute illnesses and so on. Moreover, under no circumstance should donated food stuffs and vitamin mixes be used continuously for everyday meals. Instead, good fresh local or regional produce and grains should be consumed.

Veterinary

Pathogen, insect and tick resistance to vaccines/antibiotics/medicines, insecticides and acaricides, respectively is a major challenge facing veterinary technicians. Fully 41% of pest resistance occurs in the veterinary field40. The primary tool in the battle against resistance is rotation among available chemicals, combined with the use of preventive IVM tools and tactics.

Water and Sanitation

Chlorine compounds used for treating water are highly effective and this is the reason that they continue to be used to the present time.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants

Fortunately, most disease-causing viruses have not developed resistance to most disinfectants. The HPAI virus is not omnipresent and thus is not continuously exposed to disinfectants to which it might develop some resistance. However, it is still a good idea to rotate disinfectants to reduce the chance of resistance.

38 http://ipm.illinois.edu/pubs/iapmh/05chapter.pdf 39 http://bru.gmprc.ksu.edu/proj/iwcspp/pdf/9/kps41.pdf 40 http://science.jrank.org/pages/48691/Pesticide-Resistance.html

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Health/Malaria

Unfortunately, malarial mosquitoes are developing resistance to many of the insecticides used against them, including DDT. Most WHO-trained malaria control technicians recognize the need to rotate among pesticide classes and products.

Locust Plague Management

MOA and FAO carefully rotate among insecticides used to manage locusts in order to manage resistance, so that the chemicals continue to be effective.

Construction

Mosquito control crews can gain advice on malaria control products and resistance from the local malaria control board. Many termiticides are new; to reduce the development of resistance by termites to termiticides, mixes of termiticides can be used containing chemicals from different classes (see Annex 1).

Rights of Way Weed Management

Agricultural weeds have developed resistance to the herbicide AI glyphosate; its effectiveness may be reduced.

Issue: Pesticide classes with known global resistance by certain pests or diseases (use with care—do careful calculations of dose—and rotate with other classes of pesticides):

 Most of the synthetic pyrethroid class of insecticides and miticides  Strobin fungicides  Glyphosate herbicide  Azine herbicides

Issue: Pests/Diseases/Weeds known to have developed significant resistance to pesticides (especially to older-generation classes of pesticides; see Annex 5 for classes (column 2) of each approved pesticide AI):

Pests  Colorado potato beetle  Corn earworm  Whiteflies  Aphids  Spider mites  Thrips  Mealybugs  Scales  Psyllids

Diseases  Powdery mildew  Downy mildew

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Weeds  Pigweed  Striga weed

Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on reduced pesticide effectiveness and resistance. At some point, projects field staff and beneficiary beneficiaries may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in their field and will begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be due to the use of cheap generic products, improper dosing, or the development of resistance. Beneficiaries should be trained to understand the development of resistance, and projects implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.

A resistance management strategy should also consider cross-resistance between pesticides with different modes/target sites of action. Pests may develop cross-resistance to pesticides based on mode/target site of action. The website http://www.pesticideresistance.com/ can be used to search for known resistance issues in countries with certain pest or disease resistance to specific pesticide AIs.

If pesticide use is warranted and a risk of pesticide resistance development is identified, a Resistance Risk Management approach should be followed. The following section details points of concern for both application equipment and pesticide applications.

Ways to address and manage or mitigate pest resistance:

 Use IPM to minimize pesticide use: Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance management. IPM programs incorporating pest monitoring in USA states of California, New York, and Maryland, and in Canada have demonstrated 25 to 50% reduction in pesticide use with an increase in crop quality. IPM programs will help determine the best application timing for pesticides (when they will do the most good), thus helping to reduce the number of applications. The use of nonchemical strategies, such as pest exclusion (e.g., screening, micro tunnels, greenhouses), host-free periods, crop rotation, biological control, and weed control may reduce the need to use chemicals and consequently slow the development of pesticide resistance.

 Avoid Knapsack Mixes: Never combine two pesticides with the same mode of action in a tank mix (e.g., two organophosphate insecticides or two azine herbicides). Such a 'super dose' often increases the chances of selection for resistant individuals. In some cases, mixing pesticides from two different classes provides superior control. However, long-term use of these two-class pesticide mixes can also give rise to pesticide resistance, if resistance mechanisms to both pesticides arise together in some individuals. Continued use of the mixture will select for these multiple-pesticide-resistant pests.

 Avoid Persistent Chemicals: Insects with resistant genes will be selected over susceptible ones whenever insecticide concentrations kill only the susceptible pests. An ideal pesticide quickly disappears from the environment so that persistence of a 'selecting dose' does not occur. When persistent chemicals must be used, consider where they can be used in a rotation scheme to provide the control needed and with a minimum length of exposure.

 Use Long-term Pesticide Rotations: Resistance management strategies for insects, weeds, and fungal pathogens all include rotating classes of pesticides. Pesticides with the same modes of action have been assigned group numbers by their respective pesticide resistance action committees, Insecticide

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Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)41, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)42, and Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)43. These group numbers have been included in the treatment tables of these committee’s guidelines (see foot-noted websites, below) to help clarify which pesticides can be rotated.

 The strategies used for rotations differ by type of pesticide: For example, with fungicides, classes should be rotated every application. With insecticides, a single chemical class should be used for a single generation of the target pest followed by a rotation to a new class of insecticide that will affect the next generation and any survivors from the first generation. Longer use of a single chemical class will enhance the chance of resistance since the survivors of the first generation and the next will be tolerant to that class. Rotating through many chemical classes in successive generations will help maintain efficacy.

Recommendations:

 Train and encourage beneficiaries to value and buy higher quality products from name brand companies and rotate among pesticides from different chemical classes.  Support the development of certified government laboratories capable of testing registered pesticides for quantity and quality of AIs as well as manufacturing byproducts.  Train beneficiaries on the above methods to reduce the development of resistance.

3.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

This section examines the potential effect of the pesticides on organisms other than the target pest (herein called critical resources). Non-target species of concern include fish, honeybees, birds, earthworms, aquatic organisms, and beneficial insects. The potential for negative impact on non-target species should be assessed and appropriate steps identified to mitigate adverse impacts; and this would be included in the USAID Uzbekistan projects’ Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans (EMMP).

Annex 5 shows the relative known risks to the types of terrestrial and aquatic organisms referred to above for each pesticide active ingredient found in pesticide products discovered likely to be used in Uzbekistan in each of the nine sectors covered by this P-PERSUAP, so that informed product choices can be made if the pesticide is to be used in or near sensitive areas or resources. Maps below show natural resources.

Issue: Pesticide Persistence

The effect of each pesticide on non-target ecosystems will depend on how long it stays in the environment, or its rate of break-down, or half-life. Half-life is defined as the time (in days, weeks or years) required for half of the pesticide present after an application to break down into degradation products. The rate of pesticide breakdown depends on a variety of factors including temperature, soil pH, soil microbe content and whether or not the pesticide is exposed to light, water, and oxygen.

Many pesticide breakdown products are themselves toxic, and each may also have a significant half-life. Since pesticides break down with exposure to soil microbes and natural chemicals, sunlight and water, there are half-lives for exposure to each of these factors.

41 http://www.irac-online.org/ 42 http://www.frac.info/ 43 http://www.hracglobal.com/

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In the soil, types and numbers of microbe present, water, oxygen, temperature, pH, and soil type (sand, clay, loam) all affect the rate of breakdown. Most pesticides also break down, or photo-degrade, with exposure to light, especially ultraviolet rays. Lastly, pesticides can be broken down, or hydrolyzed, with exposure to water. Pesticides with a long residual period (that are labeled persistent and last for years) include atrazine herbicide and organochlorine pesticides. Many of the newer carbamate, organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides break down much quicker, in general within weeks, in the environment.

Issue: Biodiversity conservation and protected or endangered species

In 2001, Chemonics produced a biodiversity assessment, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnacn475.pdf, for USAID, featuring the five Central Asian countries, with a focus on each, including Uzbekistan. The assessment was designed to identify the major threats to biodiversity conservation in the five Central Asian countries, examine the impact of global climate change on biodiversity in the region, and identify concrete recommendations on incorporating natural resource management and conservation into USAID programs and activities. Protected areas are identified in the figure below. Maintain a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray zone around national parks, water bodies or other protected areas.

The country development and cooperation strategy (https://www.usaid.gov/central-asia-regional/rdcs) also notes that Uzbekistan provides high hydropower potential and that GCC may impact that as glaciers that serve that potential melt and river levels drop. Uzbekistan's inclusion as an agricultural focus country reflects its large rural population, high dependence on agriculture for household-level income generation, limited amount of arable land, and high rates of poverty and child stunting. Refer to that document for details on critical resources negatively impacted by agricultural activities, pesticides use/misuse and IPM.

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Figure: Natural protected areas (from 2001 Biodiversity Assessment)

Issue: Non-Target Organisms: Honeybees

The potential environmental impact of the pesticides on birds, bees, fish and other aquatic organisms when available is presented in Annex 5, under “Ecotoxicity”. Uzbekistan is a country with an active apiculture. Reducing pesticide injury to honey bees requires communication and cooperation between beekeepers, farmers and applicators. It is important that beekeepers understand cropping practices and pest management practices used by farmers in the vicinity of their apiaries. Likewise, insecticide applicators should be sensitive to apiary locations, obtain a basic understanding of honeybee behavior, and learn which materials and application practices are most hazardous to bees. While it is unlikely all poisonings can be avoided, a balance must be struck between the effective use of insecticides, the preservation of pollinators and the rights of all—the beekeeper, farmer and applicator. In most cases, bee poisonings can be avoided by observing the following practices:

 Do not treat fields in bloom. Be especially careful when spraying pollinating crops. The label of certain insecticides expressly prohibits application to flowering crops.  Examine fields and field margins before spraying to determine if bees are foraging on flowering weeds such as milkweeds, smartweed or dandelions. Where feasible, eliminate weeds by mowing or tillage.

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 Choose short residual materials and low-hazard formulations if insecticides absolutely must be applied during the flowering period to save the crop. Notify local beekeepers as far in advance as possible.  Avoid spray drift. Give careful attention to bee colonies positions relative to wind speed and direction. Changing spray nozzles or reducing pressure can increase droplet size and reduce spray drift.  Apply insecticides when bees are not foraging. Some insecticides can be applied in late evening or early morning with relative safety.  Adjust spray programs in relation to weather conditions. Reconsider the timing of insecticide application if unusually low temperatures are expected that night because residues can remain toxic to bees which enter the field the following day. Cease applications when temperatures rise, and bees re- enter the field in early morning. Avoid treating during hot evenings if beehives are very close to the target field and honey bees are clustered on the outside of the hives.  Read the pesticide label. Carefully follow listed precautions with regard to bee safety.

Although bees can be affected and killed by pesticides, the problem of bee dying in many countries has to be considered as a result of several factors like general and unknown environmental stress, low genetic diversity of bee populations in industrialized countries, which are imported to Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries as well, amount and quality of nutrition supply for bee populations and several bee diseases and parasites. Pesticide toxicity to honeybees is indicated in Annex 5 under the heading “Ecotoxicity.”

Recommendations:

 Maintain a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray zone around national parks, water bodies or other protected areas  Train beneficiaries about ecotoxicity and on how to read ecotoxicity precautions or pictograms on pesticide labels.  Train beneficiaries on applying pesticides the proper distance (30 meters) from open bodies of fresh water, and not to wash their sprayers out in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands, or where rinse water may run off into these aquatic resources.  Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent.  Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives.  Train beneficiaries not to spray when honeybees are active and foraging.  Recommend the implementation of biological and cultural controls with use of pesticides as a last resort  Use only pesticides of EPA toxicity Class III and IV which are less hazardous.  Investigate the use of organic farming suitable and non-toxic botanical pesticides.  Recommend farmers follow the practices mentioned above to avoid bee poisonings by pesticides.  Apply pesticides at least 35 meters from open water to avoid killing fish and other aquatic organisms.  Monitor for any adverse effect on target and non-target environments and respond appropriately by utilizing mitigation measures including discontinuation of the respective pesticide.

3.8 Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

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In general, in addition to element G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of groundwater resources. The following conditions apply, regardless of pesticide use sector, and thus the information here covers all nine sectors.

Climate

Uzbekistan's climate is classified as continental, with hot summers and cool winters. Summer temperatures often surpass 40 °C (104 °F); winter temperatures average about −2 °C but may fall as low as −40 °C. Most of the country also is arid with average annual rainfall amounting to between 100 and 200 millimeters and occurring mostly in winter and spring. Between July and September, little precipitation falls, stopping the growth of vegetation during that period of time.

Geography/Topography

Uzbekistan is landlocked between Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the south, Kazakhstan to the north and west, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the east. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises about 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about 4,500 meters above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast Qizilqum Red Sand Desert shared with southern Kazakhstan, dominates the northern lowland portion of Uzbekistan. The most fertile part of Uzbekistan, the Fergana Valley is an area of about 21,440 square kilometers directly east of the Qizilqum and surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, south, and east. The western end of the valley is defined by the course of the Syr Darya River, which runs across the northeastern sector of Uzbekistan from southern Kazakhstan into the Qizilqum.

Hydrology

Water resources, which are unevenly distributed, are in short supply in most of Uzbekistan. The vast plains that occupy two-thirds of Uzbekistan's territory have little water, and there are few lakes. The two largest rivers feeding Uzbekistan are the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, which originate in the mountains of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, respectively. These rivers form the two main river basins of Central Asia. They are used primarily for irrigation, and several artificial canals were built during Soviet times to expand the supply of arable land in the Fergana Valley and elsewhere. A shallow lake, Sarygamysh Lake sits on the border with Turkmenistan and remaining pieces of the Aral Sea are included in the northwestern part of the country.

Soils

According to FAO, http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y4711E/y4711e0a.htm, “The genesis of the soil forming rocks in Uzbekistan is very varied. This, combined with the complexity of the lithological structure of the soils, the different hydro-geological conditions, an arid continental climate and the vegetation has led to the formation of many different soils. In Uzbekistan, the soils are of high-altitude belts and desert zones.”

Issue: Pesticide Soil Adsorption, Leaching and Water Contamination Potentials

Each pesticide has physical characteristics, such as solubility in water, ability to bind to soil particles and be held (adsorbed) by soil so they do not enter the soil water layers and the ground water table, and their natural breakdown rate in nature. This data can be found for the pesticides discovered in Uzbekistan by checking each pesticide on the following website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm.

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The water solubility, soil adsorption and natural breakdown rates, if available, are included throughout the webpage, for each parent chemical.

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or an anaerobic soil half-life greater than 9 days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.

The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the agriculture production area. Sand, clay and organic matter, and different combinations of all of these, have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter and will thus not interact significantly with and hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is increased.

A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to the groundwater. If the groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will enter it before being broken down is increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high-water table is the riskiest situation for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Groundwater contamination potential for each pesticide active ingredient available in Uzbekistan is provided in Annex 5.

Recommendations  Hydrology: Do not spray or rinse pesticide equipment in or within 30 meters of rivers, ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches, and other surface waters, including wetlands.  Hydrology: Do not spray pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.  Soils: Do not use or recommend for use herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 5) near drinking water sources, on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface.  Soils: Since transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them is a transportation route to waterways, employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely. Such techniques include vegetated buffer strips, green manure, mulching, terracing, employing wind breaks, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, and using drip irrigation.

3.9 Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

This section identifies less toxic synthetic, as well as non-synthetic or ‘natural’ (extracts of naturally- occurring plants, spices, oils, fatty acids, induced resistance elicitors, minerals, microbes or microbial extracts) pesticide options for control of pests, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Many of these ‘natural’ pesticides can be toxic to humans, and several are even classified as RUP due to environmental risks; thus safe pesticide use practices extend to these natural as well as synthetic (produced in laboratories or factories) pesticides.

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Agriculture Seed Treatment, Field Crops, Greenhouse crops and Food Security/Warehouses, Construction

Annex 1—the heart of this P-PERSUAP—contains numerous non-chemical control methods for every major pest of every major crop and stored grain crop of Uzbekistan. It is the intent of this P-PERSUAP that USAID projects dealing with agriculture and food security use this valuable resource, which compiles all known IPM tools and tactics for each pest.

Veterinary

There are several alternate livestock IVM tools and techniques listed above under factor C.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants

The primary alternatives to disinfectants to control bird flu are containment and quarantine of both infected and uninfected birds. The non-chemical alternative to chemical water disinfection is to use radiation, like UV rays.

Health/Malaria

There are several alternate mosquito IVM tools and techniques listed above under factor C.

Issue: Natural pest controls availability

Natural chemicals: Some non-synthetic and artisanal chemical IPM tools and technologies are listed in Annexes 1 and 5. The list of natural pesticides entering and used in Uzbekistan is not as extensive as other developing countries. In general, most synthetic nematicides and soil pesticides/fumigants are very highly toxic. Since there are very few greenhouses producing commercially in Uzbekistan, very few commercially-available biological controls will be affordable or available.

Uzbekistan has, from the USSR period, operational biolabs that produce natural biological control insects and pathogens available to farmers for release in their field or orchard. These should be fully investigated by USAID projects operating in Uzbekistan.

Recommendation

 Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination in Annex 1 should be tried and used before the choice is made to purchase and use synthetic pesticides.  Annexes 2 and 3 provide guidelines for making PMPs and using IPM. For most pests, diseases and weeds, Annex 1 provides several choices of natural and synthetic pesticides to choose from.

3.10 Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticides

This section examines the host country’s existing infrastructure and human resources for managing the use of the proposed pesticides. If the host country’s ability to regulate pesticides is inadequate, the proposed action – use of pesticides – could result in greater risk to human health and the environment.

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Agriculture Seed Treatment, Field Crops, Greenhouse crops, Food Security/Warehouses and Veterinary

The Ministry of Agriculture in Uzbekistan has limited research and extension services. However, it has produced an up-to-date list of permitted pesticides for agriculture, veterinary and warehouse pest control. In Section 2.7, above, numerous deficiencies are listed, as a preliminary risk analysis to introduce this PER section, and in the interest of brevity, will not be repeated here. Please see Section 2.7, above.

USAID needs to do what AVC is tasked to do: provide extension-like materials and training to fill in for a resource-challenged Uzbek extension service.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants and Health/Malaria

The parts of the government that deal with Avian Influenza and Malaria control have international guidelines that they use for controlling the distribution, storage, use and disposal of pesticides specific for each sector.

Issue: Limited resources to control pesticides

Uzbekistan has systems for the registration and regulation of the import, sale and use of pesticides. However, GOU’s ability to cover the country and eliminate banned or highly toxic chemicals is limited due to limited resources; the fact of the matter is that most banned and highly restricted pesticides no longer enter Uzbekistan because they are becoming more and more difficult to find internationally. The list of pesticides that this P-PERSUAP has rejected as well as those banned or restricted through international agreements should not be handled by untrained, unprotected and often unaware small-holder farmers like some of those found throughout Uzbekistan. Most farmers do not have access to and cannot afford PPE in order to follow GAPs. PPE use could be made into a condition for receipt of assistance, however USAID has in general always shied away from this approach.

Issue: Illegal Products from Neighboring Countries

Border crossings can be sources of pesticides that are not officially registered in CAR countries. Some PIC chemicals have been found in formal and informal markets in the region, as have some POPs chemicals like endosulfan.

Issue: Disposal of Pesticide Containers

Some Uzbek farmers retain empty and partially-full plastic pesticide containers. Some use them to store water. Before disposal, the standard practice has been to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury or burn them. Burning plastic bottles and single-use pesticide sachets can lead to the formation of toxic (and POPs) furans and dioxins and is not recommended. GlobalGAP and other S&C systems require that empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed over a pesticide soak pit with layered soil, lime and carbon, or a bio-active pit, and then properly stored in plastic drums in the field or storage shed, to await disposal or recycling. There are no pesticide container recycling activities occurring anywhere in Asia. The website http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm provides pesticide disposal options.

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Recommendations

 Absolutely no POP or PIC chemicals will be used or supported on the USAID/Uzbekistan projects.  Where alternatives (Classes III and IV/U) exist, do not recommend or use EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Class II pesticide products on USAID/Uzbekistan projects, unless it can verify that producers and laborers (pesticide applicators) properly and consistently utilize PPE as recommended by the pesticide label and SDS.  If a regional empty pesticide container recycling facility is implemented, USAID should encourage its use.  Train beneficiaries to purchase inputs from suppliers that provide quality technical backup support, and to purchase and use PPE, or contract private pesticide spray services.  Train beneficiaries to properly dispose of containers and strongly discourage burning them.  Train beneficiaries about proper storage and handling of unused pesticides.

3.11 Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators

USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

Agriculture Seed Treatment, Field Crops, Greenhouse crops, Food Security/Warehouses and Veterinary

Issue: Farmers need intensive and repeated training

An exhaustive list of training topics is provided in Annex 6. Annex 9 provides links to active websites that have plenty of training materials, that, if repeated here, would make this document 40 pages longer. In the interest of brevity on an already-long document, links to websites shall suffice. Even better, websites are updated routinely with state-of-the-art information; whereas if the information were cut and pasted into here, it would remain, until this document is updated again, as static.

Training in Safe Pesticide Use and GAP/IPM are of paramount importance for USAID Uzbekistan projects farmers and farm laborers using pesticides. USAID Uzbekistan projects -supported agriculture activities should focus strongly on providing GlobalGAP, IPM and safe pesticide use training. Additional and refresher training are superb means for affecting beneficiary farmer behavior, now, as they continue to expand their agricultural opportunities, and before risky behaviors become further set.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants and Health/Malaria

Most government and donor workers who do Avian Influenza or malaria control receive proper training and PPE from WHO and donors.

Recommendation

 Beneficiaries require training and refresher training on proper pest identification and IPM as well as how to choose the correct pesticide, do knapsack sprayer calibration and record keeping.  Annex 6 on Training Topics provides significant discussion of SPU and IPM training topics.

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3.12 Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide

Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Pest resistance is one of the risks for which this element is intended, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.

Avian Influenza/Disinfectants and Health/Malaria

Most government and donor workers who do Avian Influenza or malaria control receive proper training on record-keeping from WHO and donors. And, these are more like emergency programs responding to an immediate short-term need. Extensive records are available on both sectors.

Agriculture Treated Seed, Field Crops, Greenhouse crops, Food Security/Warehouses and Veterinary

Record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used. Making notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for each Productive Agriculture Project beneficiary producer. Records of farmers, as well as USAID Uzbekistan projects agronomists, will need to make note of any reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

Issue: USAID Uzbekistan projects and Farm Record-Keeping

On USAID Uzbekistan projects proposed demonstration farms, pesticide use documentation is either nonexistent or not retained from year to year. Developing a more systemized approach to record keeping will allow seasonal and annual comparison of pesticide effectiveness, pest numbers, crop production, maintenance of safety equipment, and so on. The following aspects should be included in the record keeping system, for a USAID-funded program:

 Local, EPA, EU, Russian or Codex regulatory compliance: A list of country, EPA, EU, Russian or Codex laws or best practices related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection, short notes on the relevance of the law, dates the laws come into or exit force and MRLs44 for each crop-pesticide combination.  A pesticide checklist: This list allows agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are not banned by international treaties (POPs, PIC) and registered through the USEPA. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.  GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1): USAID Uzbekistan projects agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least three new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.  PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.  Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by farmers.

44 Find MRLs for USA, EU, Russia, Codex and other countries at: http://www.mrldatabase.com/

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 Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record keeping system (for example; precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so on).  Information should be transmitted at least annually, and USAID Uzbekistan projects should report to USAID on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.

Issue: Monitoring by USAID Uzbekistan projects Field Staff and Farmers Should Detect:

 Resistance: Pesticide resistance development among pests has occurred and could eventually occur more and will be noted by farmers complaining that the spray no longer works as it once did.  Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues.  Farm animal and livestock deaths.  Any incidences of water pollution.  Fish, bird, wildlife or honeybee kills.

Any of the above items should be reported immediately to USAID. Other information should be transmitted at least annually to USAID, and USAID Uzbekistan projects should report on this progress in pesticide environmental and human health safety in annual reports.

Issue: USAID Uzbekistan projects Planning and Reporting

Several issues could receive more attention in USAID Uzbekistan projects annual work plans and annual reports. These include a section on Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices, with subsections (and issues) on:

 Country and EPA regulation compliance (documents and enforcement status, risk, pollution, mitigation)  GAPs/IPM measures tried/used and on what percent of USAID Uzbekistan projects farms  Biodiversity and conservation (soil, water, energy, protected habitats, biodiversity and protected species) measures used on what percent of farms  Inputs and PPE use and issues (types, amounts and issues with products, sprayers, MRLs, REIs, SDSs)  Training/capacity building in IPM and Safe Use (hands-on, demos, sessions, meetings, extension, flyers, brochures, pamphlets, posters, crop technical GAP information sheets, and radio and TV outreach/safety message enforcement)

Recommendations for Mitigation

 USAID Uzbekistan projects to follow all of the above best practices in monitoring, record- keeping, evaluation/analyses and reporting.  Site managers/agronomists should develop a record-keeping system, which is also a requirement for GlobalGAP and other international market-driven produce certification systems. It is highly recommended that records are kept in an electronic format for easy editing, updating and modification.  Using Annex 7, USAID Uzbekistan projects staff should put plans for monitoring the environmental and human health impact of production activities, following recommendations found in this P-PERSUAP into the Annual Action Plans.  USAID Uzbekistan projects staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations found in this P-PERSUAP, and report on them in Quarterly and Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices”.

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SECTION 4: PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

This Safe Use Action Plan is the definitive, stand-alone statement of pesticide compliance requirements and is synthesized from the PER analysis. It sets out mandatory safe use conditions for IPs attendant to procurement/use/support of these pesticides. It also sets out mandatory conditions that apply to USAID/CA/Uzbekistan technical offices and AORs/CORS.

4.1 Approved Pesticides

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed allowed pesticides (as AIs) are permitted for procurement/use/support in USAID/CA/Uzbekistan activities, SUBJECT to compliance with:

1. Any conditions specified for the subject AI in Table 1 of the Executive Summary

2. Conditions specified in sections 4.2 for implementing partners (Annexes 14 and 15); and

3. Conditions specified in section 4.3 for USAID.

Human health and ecological toxicological summaries for each AI are presented in Annex 5. All are EPA-registered.

4.2 Mandatory Safer Use Conditions for Implementing Partners

1. Only pesticides with approved active ingredients can be procured, used or recommended for use with USAID funds. These pesticides are listed in Table 1 in the Executive Summary. Support must be in compliance with (1) the listed use(s) and (2) any specific conditions enumerated in Table 1. NOTEs: Where a pesticide product contains more than one AI, the product can only be used when all its AIs are approved by this PERSUAP. Products procured with USAID funds must be of a formulation, standard and quality comparable to those approved for use in the US by US EPA.

2. Pesticide products procured, used or recommended for use must be labeled in a national language (Uzbek or Russian) and include the following essential information: name and concentration of active ingredient; type of formulation; instructions for use; user safety information; safety periods for re-entry and harvest; manufacturer and country of origin.

3. Basic training. All project staff and individuals/organizations handling, using, selling, financing or providing extension services involving pesticides with USAID funding must successfully complete a safer use training appropriate to the activity that: (1) is delivered by appropriately qualified trainers, and (2) addresses all mandatory training elements specified in Annex 8. Successful completion must be determined by a satisfactory score on an individual assessment instrument.

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4. Pesticides for plant protection must be part of an IPM scheme. USAID-funded pesticide use and extension for plant must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. Such plans specify which pesticides are to be used and under what circumstances. It is the responsibility of implementing partners to develop such plans.

5. Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Projects must provide and assure the correct use of appropriate PPE (per label) for all pesticide use under their direct control. Otherwise, projects must assure access to, proper use and maintenance of appropriate PPE to the greatest degree practicable. Normally this will consist of: • hat • overalls • respirator or disposable mask • rubber gloves (solvent resistant) • rubber boots (solvent resistant).

7. Observance of label instructions and safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. Similarly, for pesticide use under their direct control, projects must assure use per label (including re-entry intervals) as well as safer pesticide transport, handling and disposal practices as per for example, the 2009-2014 Afghan IDEA-NEW Project Pesticide Retailer Handbook available at the following website: www.usaidgems.org/Documents/complianceTopics/IDEA- NEW_PesticideRetailerHandbook.docx.

8. Existing pesticide inventory reporting. Within 45 days of approval of this PERSUAP, agricultural projects must report existing pesticide inventories to their AOR/COR using FORM 1 (Annex 18 a). If products in inventory are compliant with the 2013 PERSUAP or this 2019 PERSUAP, they may be used subject to other conditions in this section. All other products in inventory must be appropriately disposed of (consultation with MEO required). No new procurement can be made that is not compliant with this 2019 PERSUAP.

9. Pre-procurement planning requirement. Prior to requesting authorization to procure pesticides (see condition 10, below), projects must conduct pesticide planning with reference to their work plan and project activities that require pesticides. Specifically:

• Agricultural projects will identify crops involved and develop pest management plans.

• All projects, including agricultural, will identify: anticipated pesticide AIs required; categories of personnel who will apply the pesticides; anticipated locations of use; PPE required and training needs by category

10. Pesticide procurement authorization. Prior to procuring pesticides, projects must submit FORM 2 (Annex 18 b) to the AOR/COR and receive his/her clearance for the subject procurement. Form 2 provides the following information.

• The active ingredient, which must be approved by this PERSUAP.

• The name of the product to be procured.

• The label of the product to be procured, ensuring that the requirements of condition #2, above, are met.

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• The mode by which it is to be procured. No pesticide purchases are authorized without AOR/COR clearance via Form 2: Note this requirement is additional to and not in lieu of any other pesticide procurement clearance/approval requirements.

11. Record-keeping & resistance monitoring. Projects procuring and using pesticides must: • maintain records (see forms in Annexes 10 and 18) of their stocks (type and quantity) and record and monitor their use (including date of use, application method, and location.) • monitor pesticide effectiveness for development of resistance. See Annex 18 for a suggested form for monitoring and record keeping. Projects providing pesticide related training and certification must maintain records of their trainings, certifications and trainees.

12. Regular implementation reporting. The status of implementation of the above-listed conditions must be addressed in regular project implementation reporting. (E.g. quarterly or 6- month reports.) This reporting must include stocks and use reporting, and summary reporting of pesticide trainings, including purpose, dates and type of training, number and type of trainees, and number successfully completing the training.

13. Pass-down to subcontractors and grantees. All above-listed conditions must be passed down to subcontractors and (sub)grantees. Prime contractors and grantees must assure that subcontractors/sub-grantees have capacity to implement these conditions.

In addition to the record on implementing the above conditions, the following action plan should be filled out and signed by the Activity (project) chief.

4.3 Mandatory Conditions for USAID/CA/Uzbekistan Technical Offices

Mandatory safer use conditions and responsibilities applying to USAID/CA/Uzbekistan technical offices and AORs/CORs are as follows. They follow directly from the PER analysis:

1.USAID/CA/Uzbekistan must put in place effective internal procedures to review pesticide procurement requests submitted by IPs. The MEO must review and approve all procurement requests before the AOR/COR can clear.

2. Per ADS 204.3.4, AORs/CORs must assure that the requirements established by section 6.3 are funded, implemented, and monitored.

3. Technical Offices, working with OAA, must ensure that contract and award language requires compliance with the conditions established by this PERSUAP for each relevant project. Note: this requirement is satisfied by general contract language requiring compliance with applicable Reg. 216 documentation.

4. USAID/CA/Uzbekistan must assure that all relevant staff receive an internal short-format (~1– 2 hour) training on the requirements established by this PERSUAP.

5. At such time that pesticides are registered under Uzbekistan ’s National Pesticide and Agrochemicals Law, USAID/CA/Uzbekistan will update this PERSUAP.

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The above Conditions have been inserted into Action Plan formats, for adaption/adoption, use and implementation by IPs and USAID/CA/Uzbekistan. They are attached as Annex 15.

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Annex 1: Matrices of AVC Crops, Other Sectors, Pests, Diseases, Weeds, Prevention, and Control Tools Including Approved Pesticides

Nut and Fruits Tree IPM Uzbek

 Tree Nut Crops: almond; walnut; pistachio  Tree Fruit Crops: Stone fruits: apricot, peach, plum, cherry/sour cherry; Pome fruits: apple, pear, quince; Others: mulberry; persimmon; pomegranate

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools

Aphids: Use resistant varieties. Contact insecticides have limited impact as plants Brown peach aphid, Pterochloroides persicae Natural enemies that control aphids include green enter the cupping stage. Mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus arundinis and brown lacewings, lady beetles, Syrphid fly Black cherry aphid, Myzus cerasi larvae. neem seed extracts (spring) Green apple aphid, Aphis pomi Use yellow or blue sticky traps for monitoring. mineral oils (dormant, spring) Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Prune the tree crown to open it to sun, wind, thiamethoxam (fall) Wooly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum parasites and predators. insecticidal soap Dusky winged aphid on walnut, Callipterus Control weeds in and around the orchard. imidacloprid (fall, spring) juglandis Sanitation: prune, remove and destroy heavily- acetamiprid Small walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola infested branches and plant parts. clothianidin Pomegranate aphid, Aphis punicae

Whiteflies: A large number of natural enemies and fungal buprofezin Citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri pathogens control whiteflies, including green and imidacloprid (fall only) brown lacewings, lady beetles, Syrphid fly larvae neem seed extracts and several parasitoids. Use yellow or blue sticky traps for monitoring.

Mealybugs: Natural parasitic wasps and predators such as lady mineral oils Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki beetle adults and larvae, lacewings adults and dimethoate Bohemian mealybug, Heliococcus bohemicus larvae, minute pirate bugs and spiders can control Long-tailed mealybug on persimmon, mealy bugs. Pseudococcus longispinus Do regular monitoring, note taking and mapping of mealy bug infestations. Control honeydew-seeking ants using tillage and common vetch cover crops. Peel back the thin bark on spurs in the current season's pruning and look for the presence of

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mealy bug larvae; if 20% of samples show larvae apply a delayed dormant insecticide.

Scales: A number of parasites and predators like lady neem seed extracts European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium beetles feed on scales. mineral oils corni For monitoring flying adult male scales, use imidacloprid Plum scale, Sphaerolecanium prunastri pheromone traps. pyriproxyfen San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus = Diaspidiotus For monitoring crawlers, use sticky traps. acetamiprid perniciosus Common predators include lady beetles, green insecticidal soap Apple mussel scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi lacewings and predatory seed bugs. Parasites malathion Olive scale on almond, Syngenaspis oleae include Aphytis species, Coccophagus species, Pyrethrum extract Yellow pistachio scale, Lepidosaphes pistaciae Encarsia species and Metaphycus species buprofezin Control honeydew-eating ants, which protect scales. Prune off large infestations. Rub off with a glove. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization.

Pear lace bug, Stephanitis pyri When planting, maintain optimum space between insecticidal soaps trees (7 x 7 meters). mineral oils Many natural enemies including wasps, predatory abamectin thrips and predatory mites control lace bugs. imidacloprid Prune trees to open up canopy. thiamethoxam

Psyllids: Natural parasites and predators usually control mineral oils (bloom) Pear psylla, Psylla = Cacopsylla pyri psyllids without need for chemical controls. Pyrethrum extracts Apple psyllid, Psylla = Cacopsylla mali Monitor frequently and hand-clean psyllids from imidacloprid Persimmon psylla, Trioza diospyri branches and leaves or use a forceful water insecticidal soaps stream. dimethoate

Fruit borers: Mass trapping and mating disruption using These are difficult to control once inside the fruits. Codling moth, walnut worm Carpocapsa = pheromone traps. Cydia pomonella Many natural parasites and predators control these Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Pomegranate moth, Euzophera punicaella pests. mineral oils while females are laying eggs Plum moth, red plum maggot Laspeyresia Prune tree for optimal height and spraying acetamiprid funebrana efficiency. chlorantraniliprole Walnut moth, Erschoviella musculana Use sticky bands or burlap bands around tree trunks to trap and destroy migrating larvae.

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Remove host trees in nearby abandoned orchards (apple, pear, and walnut) to destroy reservoirs of codling moth. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested and dropped fruit. oil spray on apples when females fly, Remove props, picking bins, and fruit piles from the orchard.

Leaf feeding caterpillars: Natural enemies include parasitic and predatory acephate Gypsy moth, Lymantria = Porthethria dispar insects such as wasps, flies, ground beetles, and Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Lackey moth, Malacosoma neustria ants; many species of spider; several species of chlorantraniliprole Apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus birds and small mammals. indoxacarb Apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Maintain tree vigor by watering and fertilizing Coleophora moth on almond, Coleophora properly. hemerobiola Use sticky bands or burlap bands around tree trunks to trap and destroy migrating larvae. Use mating disruptant pheromones if available. Prune off heavily-infested materials, remove and destroy. For monitoring, use pheromone traps. Sanitation: Pick up, remove and destroy all fallen and infested fruits. Weevils: Apply a 3- to 4-inch band of sticky material Treatment threshold is 3 weevil adults/10 cherry Apricot or cherry weevil, Rhynchites auratus (Stickem or Tanglefoot) on the trunk of young branches. Cherry weevil, Furcipus rectirostris trees to trap crawling adults in May when the first neem seed extracts adult feeding is observed. imidacloprid Reapply the sticky material when it becomes dirty thiamethoxam or is no longer sticky. indoxacarb Cultivate under plants to destroy overwintering malathion weevils. Sanitation: Clean cultivation and destruction of trash on surrounding land helps reduce the number overwintering.

Tree and stem borers: Use resistant varieties. Synthetic insecticides are not effective and not Longhorn beetles Paint tree trunks white to prevent sun burn, which recommended. City long-horned beetle, Aeolesthes sarta predisposes tree to attack. Namangan longhorn beetle on pistachio, Provide sufficient water, fertilizer, and prune for Xylotrechus namanganensis tree vigor. 123

Twig girdler on persimmon, Oncideres cingulata Monitor young orchards in spring and summer for Carpenter moth, Cossus cossus holes with frass and gum pockets at base. Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta Do not transplant trees with any signs of beetle damage. Prune away heavily infested tree parts and burn. Remove heavily infested trees.

May/June beetles, larvae on roots; adults on Natural enemies include parasitoids, ants, birds neem seed extracts leaves: European white grub cockchafer, and parasitic nematodes. imidacloprid Melolontha melolontha Grow healthy plants by planting good seeds, thiamethoxam providing enough water and fertilizer. Healthy indoxacarb plants can tolerate grub feeding without serious malathion damage. Remove weeds in orchard. Ensure proper soil drainage as larvae prefer moist soil, especially with decaying organic matter and female beetles prefer to lay eggs on moist- decaying organic matter. Good trap crops are African marigold, sunflower, mirabilis, and castor. Repellents plants are chives, garlic, tansy, and catnip. Use traps placed under lights in May/June to catch adult beetles and feed to chickens. Make bait traps of mashed fruit, sugar, yeast and water. Place these baits on the perimeter of the orchard in plastic containers with an entrance hole cut at the top. Choose sunny spots and strain the bodies out of traps every day.

Mites: Use resistant varieties, if available. Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so Fruit tree spider mite, Amphitetranychus Predatory mites control large numbers of these excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of viennesis pests. leaves, is essential and repeat applications may be Pear leaf blister mite, Eriophyes = Phytoptus Do weed control in orchard. required. pyri Control dust near orchard by watering or oiling mineral oils Brown fruit mite, Bryobia redicorzevi dirt roads. insecticidal soaps Red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi Prevent water stress by irrigating or watering fenpyroximate Fruit tree spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis orchard during dry times. etoxazole Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pyridaben pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid spirodiclofen these when possible. abamectin sulfur 124

Control dust near orchard by watering or oiling etoxazole dirt roads and maintaining some green cover (do hexythiazox not mow the green cover crop too short or let it fenpyroximate dry out or the mites may move up into the trees).

Anthracnosis: Plant trees in places with good air movement and At pink bud, apply synthetic fungicides containing: Walnut anthracnose, Gnomonia leptostyla circulation; avoid lowlands or bottom lands. azoxystrobin Persimmon anthracnose, Gloeosporium kaki Control weeds in and around the orchard. chitosan Pomegranate spot / Anthracnose, Sphaceloma Maintain a vigorous tree by properly watering and At bloom and after, apply synthetic fungicides punicae fertilizing following soil test results. containing: Sanitation: Where feasible, gather and compost or pyrimethanil burn fallen leaves and nuts. chitosan

Shot-hole diseases: Maintain a vigorous tree by properly watering and copper compounds On apricot, peach, plum, Stigmina carpophila fertilizing following soil test results. pyrimethanil On sweet cherry, Mycosphaerella cerasella Sanitation: Prune out dead plant material and chlorothalonil material with lesions and dead buds iprodione Remove and destroy infected fruits and leaves. azoxystrobin cyprodinil chitosan

Persimmon angular leaf spot, Pseudocercospora Use resistant varieties. mineral oils kaki Sanitation: Remove fallen leaves and fruits, which neem seed extracts are a source of fungal hyphae. mancozeb Prune tree canopy to open it to light and air chlorothalonil (pre-flowering) movement. chitosan Remove and destroy pruned branches and leaves.

Blossom blights/Brown rots/Spur cankers: Reduce mechanical wounding of fruit. propiconazole On apricot, peach, plum, Monilinia cinerea Sanitation: Remove from orchard and destroy thiophanate-methyl On cherry, almond, Monilia laxa diseased fruits and fruit mummies. cyprodinil Monilinia fructicola In addition to collecting and destroying fruit fludioxonil mummies, collect and compost fallen fruit to iprodione remove more inoculum from the field. pyrimethanil chlorothalonil azoxystrobin chitosan

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Powdery mildews: Avoid growing almonds near apple varieties that Jacket-split (late petal-fall) and mid-spring Of stone fruits, Podosphaera pannosa are highly susceptible to powdery mildew, such as applications of powdery mildew fungicides are Of pome fruits, Podosphaera leucotricha Jonathan, Gravenstein, and Rome Beauty. highly effective in managing the disease. On pistachio, Podosphaera tridactyla If nearby apples are expected to cause mildew chitosan problems on almonds, control the disease on tebuconazole apples. propiconazole Sanitation: Prune away and destroy infected difenoconazole shoots during dormancy or early spring. cyprodinil To reduce one potent source of inoculum, remove azoxystrobin nearby wild and cultivated roses. thiophanate-methyl

Plum pockets, Taphrina pruni Use resistant varieties. Fungicide sprays after leaf fall and before bud break Peach leaf curl (peach), Taphrina deformans Prune out all infected twigs, limbs, and/or brooms. in the spring can reduce disease incidence. Remove and destroy all dropped and hanging fruit chitosan left after harvest. sulfur Prune in the fall prior to fungicide application. copper compounds Thin fruit later in the season than normal. thiram (on seed) ziram

Gummosis on peach, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Use resistant varieties and peach varieties that are kresoxim-methyl B. rhodina, B. obtusa produce less vigorous vegetative growth that tebuconazole requires pruning. chitosan Plant in well-drained soil. Manage weeds in the orchard to reduce overall humidity. Use good management practices, which include proper irrigation and fertilization. Do not allow trees to become water-stressed. When the orchard is dry, prune to open the canopy, remove dead and dying tissues and immediately spray with a fungicide to protect pruning wounds. Reduce tree trunk wounding when working in the orchard, and by trunk- and stem-feeding insects. Avoid pruning water- or nutrient-stressed trees as well as immediately before or after a rain or irrigation event when the foliage is wet. 126

Prune trees infected with gummosis last, after healthy trees have been pruned. Regularly disinfect pruning tools between trees and especially after cutting infected trees.

Bacterial Diseases: Plant in well-drained soil. Bactericides are not recommended for control. Canker, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Delay pruning until after cool, wet weather has chitosan Walnut blight, Xanthomonas campestris pv. subsided. Use neem seed cake applied to soil to reduce juglandis Do not plant in low areas with sandy soil. nematodes that damage the roots, allowing bacteria to Manage ring nematode. enter. Manage weeds in the orchard to reduce overall humidity. Use good management practices, which include proper irrigation and fertilization to keep the trees strong and healthy.

Persimmon psylla (Trioza diospyri) Hand-clean psyllids from branches and leaves or At bloom stage apply natural insecticides: use a forceful water stream. mineral oil insecticidal soap Pyrethrum extracts imidacloprid (may be applied as a soil drench around tree base)

Mealybug on persimmon (Pseudococcus Several predators and parasites control mealybugs Spray tree late afternoon with: longispinus) well. Manage ants that tend the mealybugs by placing insecticidal soap or tanglefoot around the tree trunk. mineral oil imidacloprid

Soft and armored scales on persimmon Many predators and parasites control scales, mineral oil (Ceroplastes species, Hemiberlesia rapax, including beetles, bugs, green lacewings and insecticidal soap Pseudaulacaspis pentagona) predatory mites. imidacloprid (as a soil drench around tree base) Monitor for presence of scales and in the summer, crawlers. Provide plants with good growing conditions and especially appropriate irrigation. Prune branches to open them up to light, sun and predators.

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Sanitation: Prune off and destroy heavily infested branches. Manage ants that tend the scales by placing tanglefoot around the tree trunk.

Gall and blister mites on persimmon (Eriophyid Prune and dispose of infested leaves. dimethoate species) Keep plants vigorous with proper irrigation and Pyrethrum extracts fertilization. mineral oils

Thrips on persimmon (Ponticulothrips Sanitation: Remove weed and crop residue. pyriproxyfen diospyrosi, Frankliniella occidentalis) Use yellow and blue traps to monitor or for mass Pyrethrum extracts trapping Use of patches of trap crops. Crop monitoring for thrips Use soil mulches. Do weed control in and around the field.

Whiteflies on persimmon (various species) Use of bright yellow or blue sticky traps for dormant mineral oils monitoring and control of adult stages. Pyrethrum extracts Integrated crop management includes the crop- imidacloprid (soil drench) free periods to conserve natural enemies. thiamethoxam (soil drench) Plant away from other whitefly host crops like cucurbits or tomato.

Aphids on persimmon (various species) Use of sticky yellow or blue traps. mineral oil Weed management to avoid alternative hosts for Pyrethrum extracts aphids. insecticidal soaps Use of oil garlic-based repellents.

Gummosis on persimmon (Botryosphaeria Use good management practices, which include kresoxim-methyl dothidea) proper irrigation and fertilization. chitosan Prune out and dispose of dead and dying tissues.

Fruit tree leaf roller on mulberry (Archips Several species of parasitic Tachinid flies and Bacillus thuringiensis/BT argyrospila) Ichneumonid and Braconid wasps attack leaf rollers. Green lacewings, assassin bugs and some beetles also provide control. Fall webworm on mulberry (Hyphantria cunea) Hand removal and destruction of webbing nests in Bacillus thuringiensis/BT fall. 128

Armored scales on mulberry (Quadraspidiotus Most scales are controlled naturally by predators dormant or summer mineral oil perniciosus, Aspidiotus nerii) and parasites, except when these predators and parasites are reduced by dust, ants or persistent broad-spectrum insecticides. Sanitation: Remove heavily infested branches. Monitor for presence of scales and in the summer, crawlers.

Mealy bugs on mulberry (several species) Keep plants vigorous with proper water, nutrition mineral oils and pruning. imidacloprid Manage ant populations that tend and protect acetamiprid mealy bugs. Sanitation: Remove and destroy heavily infested branches or perpetually infested trees.

Whiteflies on mulberry (several species) Natural predators and parasites keep whitefly Most whiteflies are resistant to most synthetic populations low unless they are sprayed with a insecticides, so use is of limited usefulness. broad-spectrum persistent insecticide, have lots of dust or ants. neem seed extracts Aluminum foil or reflective silver plastic mulches can repel whiteflies. Use yellow sticky traps (sticky side toward tree and away from sunlight) to reduce whitefly populations.

Armillaria root rot on mulberry (Armillaria Use resistant varieties. Trichoderma species mellea) Do not plant mulberry in areas with high chitosan infestation. Dig and dry the soil well before transplanting. If replanting due to infection, remove as many of the infected tree’s roots as possible. Air-dry the soil before replanting. Infected trees, stumps, and roots should be burned at the site or disposed of.

Bacterial blight on mulberry (Pseudomonas Plant resistant varieties. Sprays do not give reliable control syringae) Prune branches showing dieback and severe chitosan blight. Space plants and prune to provide good air circulation. 129

Do not over-fertilize. Prune during the dry season when infection is less likely to occur. Do not wet foliage with overhead irrigation. If the disease is confined to leaves, damage is not usually serious, and trees normally recover. If the disease is systemic or cankers appear on the trunk, the tree will die and should be removed.

Bacterial leaf scorch on mulberry (Xylella Remove and destroy dead and dying trees. Control the leafhopper vector by spraying with fastidiosa) transmitted by a leafhopper insecticides. chitosan

Grapes IPM Uzbek table grapes, raisin grapes, wine grapes

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools

Mites: Natural predators and parasites control large proportions of spider mite horticultural oils Grape erineum (gall) mite, Eriophyes = populations. The western predatory mite, Galendromus (= Metaseiulus) neem seed extracts Colomerus vitis occidentalis, can be purchased and released onto field. insecticidal soaps Grape leaf rust mite, Calepitrimerus = Apply water to reduce dust on roads near the crop. fenpyroximate Epitrimerus vitis Maintain resident vegetation or other cover near the crop to further reduce pyridaben Garden spider mite, Eotetranychus pruni dust. spirodiclofen Irrigate in a manner that will avoid stressing vines. hexythiazox Overhead watering has been shown to reduce mite problems, but it can sulfur increase some diseases. etoxazole Caterpillars: Many natural predators and parasites control these. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Grape berry moth, Polychrosis botrana Use pheromone trapping. European grape berry moth, Eupoecilia Use of mating disruption by substantial pheromone releases ambiguella Citrus mealybug, Pseudococcus citri Natural parasitic wasps and predators such as lady beetle adults and larvae, In the spring, can apply a lacewings adults and larvae, minute pirate bugs and spiders can control delayed dormant insecticide mealybugs. containing: Do regular monitoring, note taking and mapping of mealybug infestations. Control honeydew-seeking ants using tillage and common vetch cover imidacloprid crops.

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Peel back the thin bark on spurs in the current season's pruning and look for In the summer, treatments can the presence of mealybug crawlers (larvae); if 20% of samples show include insecticides crawlers apply a delayed dormant insecticide. containing:

dimethoate buprofezin Phylloxera grapevine aphid, Viteus Use resistant varieties and rootstock. imidacloprid vitifoliae Use hot-water treatment of rootstocks at 45°C for 20 min. thiamethoxam Use only certified Phylloxera-free planting materials and rootstock. Ensure planting material and soil is free from Phylloxera. Flood the vineyard for several weeks. Grapevine powdery mildew, Uncinula necator Monitor in spring to decide when to treat with protectant fungicides. Bordeaux mix Use sanitation: Clean up and destroy crop and pruning residues. chitosan azoxystrobin Bacillus subtilis copper sulfate cyproconazole cyprodinil difenoconazole flutriafol soap mineral oils kresoxim-methyl pyraclostrobin sulfur tebuconazole Grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola The pathogen is dispersed by splashing rain and wind, so use organic Apply preventive synthetic mulches to reduce splashing. fungicides: Plant in well-drained soils or do things to encourage drainage. Bordeaux mix If sprinkler irrigation is used, extend the intervals between sprays. mancozeb Sanitation: remove and destroy fallen leaves which are an important source copper sulfate of inoculum. chitosan Apply curative synthetic fungicides: azoxystrobin pyraclostrobin kresoxim-methyl mefenoxam Grape anthracnose, Elsinoë ampelina Use resistant varieties. cyproconazole Eliminate wild grapes near the vineyard. mancozeb Prune the vines so that air and sunlight can enter the canopy. difenoconazole 131

Prune out and destroy (remove from the vineyard) diseased plant parts dur- chitosan ing the dormant season. This includes infected shoots, cluster stems, and berries. Botrytis bunch rot or Gray mold, Botrytis Use a resistant variety. neem seed extract cinerea Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation. Bacillus subtilis Prune the vines so that air and sunlight can enter the canopy. mineral oils Removal of basal leaves or basal lateral shoots at or immediately after berry chlorothalonil set (on sunrise side of plant). cyprodinil Use sanitation: Clean up and destroy crop residues. fludioxonil iprodione mancozeb boscalid chitosan

Cucurbitaceous Crops IPM Uzbek

Cucumber, Melons, Watermelon, Squashes, Gourds, Pumpkin, Zucchini

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Melon ladybird beetle, Epilachna Sanitation: Destroy crop residues after season. neem seed extracts chrysomelina Do post-season tillage to reduce overwintering sites and beetles.

Baluchistan melon fly, Myiopardalis Remove weeds in and around the field. pardalina Collect damaged and fallen fruits with holes and burry at least 75cm deep, apply pesticide to the soil surface. Use baits containing hydrolysate with a pesticide to trap and kill adults. Ants are natural enemies of melon fly. Use recommended plant spacings, do not plant seeds too close. Winter suppression: Till area under infested melons to kill pupae. Sanitation: Destroy infested melons before larvae emerge. Melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Use resistant varieties. If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Start reproducing, particularly when second and later checking traps after transplanting or when seedlings generation wingless females have started reproduction. 132

emerge. When aphids are observed on traps, begin monitoring crop foliage. Use seed treated with: Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may thiamethoxam control these aphids under low insecticide input imidacloprid situations. Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop neem seed extract residues are important for control of aphid pests or garlic extract leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby acetamiprid crops. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup. Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids, Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide Encarsia species, lady beetles, and minute pirate bugs. program after finding 1 white fly per 10 plants, spraying Yellow sticky traps may be used for monitoring and may be used. reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread. Do intercropping and interplanting crops. neem seed extracts Ensure good growing conditions for the crop. imidacloprid Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer. thiamethoxam After the last harvest, destroy all crop residues. acetamiprid buprofezin pyriproxyfen insecticidal soaps mineral oil Powdery mildews, Sphaerotheca Use resistant varieties. No treatment threshold fuliginea, Erysiphe cichoracearum Use proper plant spacing. chitosan Selectively prune overcrowded plant material. neem seed extract Use soil solarization. azoxystrobin Avoid late-season applications of nitrogen fertilizer. tebuconazole Avoid overhead watering. Remove and destroy weeds, infected plants, and plant residues. Fusarium wilt of cucumber, Fusarium Use resistant cultivars, certified clean seed and seed Seed treatments oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum treatments. mancozeb Avoid planting in heavy, wet soils. thiram Favor good drainage and good soil aeration. chitosan Use treated seeds. neem seed extract Water only when soil is dry. mefenoxam Use lime to raise soil pH. thiophanate-methyl Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost tebuconazole decreases disease symptoms. 133

Use soil solarization, heating under black plastic for 3 months to kill hyphal fragments and spores. Disinfect tools and, if possible, steam clean equipment between uses and fields. In greenhouses, disinfect all surfaces. Use sanitation – remove and burn heavily infected plants and crop residues at season end. Rotate out of cucurbits for 2 to 3 years and use clean seed. Cucurbit angular leaf spot/bacterial leaf Use certified pathogen-free seed of a resistant variety. copper-containing bactericide spot, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Limit the use overhead irrigation. chitosan lachrymans Do not work in fields when they are wet or move from field to field. Pick fruit when the plants are dry to prevent spread in the field. Treat when symptoms first appear if the weather is predicted to be cool and rainy. Rotate out of cucurbits. Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora Resistant varieties are available for control. Apply a fungicide when disease symptoms first occur and cubensis Use only certified disease-free seeds and planting repeat if symptoms worsen. material. chitosan Practice early planting. mancozeb Use proper plant spacing. metalaxyl Selectively prune overcrowded plant material. chlorothalonil Avoid overhead irrigation. propamocarb hydrochloride Ensure that soil is well drained. mefenoxam Remove weed hosts found in the field. famoxadone Remove and destroy crop residues after harvest. cymoxanil Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbits. dimethomorph fosetyl-aluminum mandipropamid famoxadone Cucurbits anthracnose, Colletotrichum Use resistant varieties and clean seed and seedlings. thiram (treated seed) orbiculare Keep nursery bed tops dry. mancozeb Sanitation: Inspect transplants for diseased plants and chlorothalonil remove. mefenoxam Use mulches to reduce rain water splashing. difenoconazole Control irrigation water. tebuconazole Avoid overhead sprinkler irrigation. chitosan Use frequent crop rotation to non-cucurbits. 134

Control weeds, remove and destroy or bury heavily- infected plants and fruits. Use crop rotation of 3 years without Cucurbits. Harvest fruits as soon as ripe. Plow under the crop residues and straw mulches. Cucurbit viral diseases: Use resistant varieties. To control aphid vectors, see above. Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Use only certified disease-free seeds and planting Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) material. transmitted by aphids; Use silver reflective mulches to repel aphids that Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus transmit viruses. Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) Rogue out and destroy infected plants. transmitted by aphids and mechanical Rogue out infected plants. activities like pruning; Control aphids that transmit viruses. Cucumber Necrosis Virus, CNV Weed the plot and around the plot. Disinfect hands and tools with 70% alcohol after contact with infected plants.

Solanaceous Crops IPM Uzbek tomato, potato, eggplant

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools

Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Nursery Management and Clean Propagation Material: Use only No reasonable treatment threshold found. nursery-produced seedlings that are completely free from Tuta leaf infestation. abamectin Mass trapping using light traps or pheromones mixed with small Bacillus thuringiensis/BT quantities of insecticide. chlorantraniliprole Control weeds to prevent multiplication in alternative weed host chlorfenapyr (especially Solanum, Datura). indoxacarb Place pheromone‐baited and yellow sticky traps to monitor all imidacloprid stages of tomato production, i.e. nurseries, farms, packaging, lufenuron processing and distribution centers. neem seed extract/azadirachtin Remove and destroy all host plants of Tuta Crop to rotate to: novaluron Predatory bugs Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus caliginosus and parasitic wasp Trichogramma species can be effective predators of Tuta absoluta eggs and young larvae. Avoid the use of broad-spectrum pesticides in open field tomatoes in order not to

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disturb the development of indigenous population of predatory bugs. Sanitation: Remove and destroy (tillage, deep burial) infested tomatoes and plant residues, especially in greenhouse production, immediately following last harvest. Allow a minimum of 6 weeks from crop destruction to planting the next crop to prevent carryover of the pest from previous crop. Between successive cycles, cultivate the soil and cover with plastic mulch or perform solarization. Rotation: Rotate to non-Solanaceae crops cereals, cassava, sweet potato, soybean, haricot, banana for more than one season. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to abamectin (not present in Uzbekistan in 2019, but monitor adult moths. acephate likely to invade in the coming 1-2 Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg Bacillus thuringiensis/BT years) masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds. chlorantraniliprole Natural enemies include parasitoid Braconid and Cotesia wasps chlorfenapyr and Tachinid flies as well as damsel bugs, ground beetles, indoxacarb lacewings and weaver ants. imidacloprid Monitor and treat with insecticide if one second or third instar larva lufenuron for every 10 plants is found. neem seed extract/azadirachtin Practice proper field sanitation. Destroy weeds from bordering novaluron fields and on field borders. Remove weeds regularly to reduce breeding sites and shelter for armyworm. Remove all plant debris after harvesting. Plow and harrow field thoroughly. Tomato fruitworm / borer / bollworm, Removal of weeds in and around field or greenhouse. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Helicoverpa armigera Use of window and ventilation screens to exclude adult moths from Use proper timing and thorough coverage greenhouse. (once larvae enter the tomato, control with Trichogramma wasps provide some control of tomato fruit worm insecticides is difficult). eggs. Make and use pheromone (with Helilure) or light traps to capture neem seed extract adult moths and determine when females are flying, mating, and Bacillus thuringiensis/BT egg-laying. indoxacarb Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can Pyrethrum extract control large numbers of Helicoverpa larvae. lufenuron Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, chlorantraniliprole to know when to monitor for eggs. Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses.

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Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before sowing seeds to expose pupae to predators. Sow seeds thinly and remove competing weeds to produce vigorous plants, which are more likely to withstand pests and diseases. Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, sorghum, tobacco and soybean. Aphids: Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these If control is needed, treat when aphids are Green peach, Myzus persicae, aphids under low insecticide input situations. However, these found to be reproducing, particularly when Macrosiphum euphorbiae, aphids reproduce quickly and move into protected areas of the second and later generation wingless females Aulacorthum solani, plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of their have started reproduction. Aphid populations Cotton, Aphis gossypii predators and parasitoids in older stage plants. are easier to control before the plants begin to Use resistant varieties. cup. Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps and visual observation on plants. imidacloprid Field disking and destruction of crop resides immediately acetamiprid following harvest are important for control of aphid pests of leafy neem seed extract vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. imidacloprid mineral oil Whiteflies: The nursery should be covered with the simple mesh net to avoid the No reasonable treatment threshold found. Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes infestation by whiteflies during seedling stage. vaporariorum Do intercropping and interplanting of different crops to increase neem seed extract Tobacco whitefly, Bemesia tabaci that diversity and decrease pests. imidacloprid transmit Tomato Leaf Curl Virus Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia acetamiprid (LCV) species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs. mineral oil Yellow sticky traps may be used for monitoring to reduce insecticidal soap populations but cannot prevent the spread. Frequent monitoring of traps and plants. There are no viral controls for LCV. Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Prevention of LCV  Use seed that has been treated to eliminate seed borne inoculum.  Extreme sanitation is needed.  Practice crop rotation.  Destroy infected plants especially before flowering and fruit set.  Control Solanaceae weeds.  Remove possible source of primary inoculums (infected seeds, weeds, tobacco products).

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Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory No reasonable treatment threshold found. other species thrips control thrips in the crop. acetamiprid Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop. thiamethoxam Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues. imidacloprid Blue sticky traps for monitoring. novaluron Good irrigation, drainage, and fertilization. Cutworms: Agrotis spp, Peridroma Natural enemies include larvae of parasitic Braconid wasps and No reasonable treatment threshold found. saucia, Nephelodes minians Tachinid flies. Predators include ground beetles, lacewings, Find ‘hot spots’ (places of high infestation) praying mantis, and weaver ants. and treat only those hot spots. Use crop rotation--plant alfalfa or beans after tomato. Removal of weeds in and around greenhouse. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Use of window and ventilation screens to exclude adult moths from greenhouse. neem seed extract Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can indoxacarb control large numbers of larvae. chlorantraniliprole Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs. Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses. Sunflowers and cosmos can also be planted as a trap crop in or around fields.

Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day hexythiazox intervals. mineral oil Root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants (use appropriate No reasonable treatment threshold found. spp. seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer). Field solarization (a transparent polyethylene film is laid over Not economical or safe for smallholder moist soil for a 6-to-12-week period to heat). farmers to control with synthetic nematicides. Flood the plot. Avoid growing on a known infected plot. Instead, do “biofumigation” of the soil by Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono growing, shredding and plowing under cropping. Rotate with broccoli, cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, crucifers, and covering the soil with mulch or rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes. plastic, if available, until just before planting Sanitation: Remove and compost crop debris. crop. Rotting crucifers produce toxic gasses Use of organic fertilizer particularly chicken manure and composts that kill nematodes and covering with plastic to add organic matter and soil structure to sandy soils increases efficacy. Growing flax, a tropical herb, is good for controlling root knot nematodes. African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and plow into soil 2 months later. Use resistant varieties. Do weed management in field. Use crop rotation, fallow, and intercropping, mixed cropping or cover cropping with non-host crops. Field solarization (a transparent polyethylene film is laid over moist soil for a 6-to-12-week period to heat). Flood the plot. Avoid growing on a known infected plot. Use 2 kilos of compost per plant to enhance soil organic matter and microbial composition. Plant Marigold (pyrethrum flower) and plow under the soil 2 months later. Use Tithonia diversifolia as organic compost. Tomato leaf mold, Passalora fulva Use resistant cultivars. chitosan (Cladosporium fulvum) Where necessary, use hot water treated seed. Treat seed for 25 fosetyl-aluminum minutes at exactly 122°F (50°C). chlorothalonil Keep the relative humidity in the greenhouse below 85 percent and mancozeb keep free moisture from forming or persisting on leaves. copper compounds Provide good ventilation and as much light as possible. Circulate air with fans to eliminate dead-air pockets.

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Keep night temperatures in the greenhouse warmer than outside air temperatures. If leaf mold becomes a problem, some night heating may be needed through late spring and again in early fall. Attempt to avoid wetting the leaves when watering. Water early in the day to allow leaves to dry by mid-afternoon. Maintain a temperature of at least 60° to 65°F (16° to 18°C) throughout the season. Provide adequate plant and row spacing to avoid excessive shading. Sanitation: After harvest, carefully remove and destroy all plant debris. Late blight, Phytophthora infestans Use tolerant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Sterilize seedbed soil. chitosan Use straw or other organic mulch to reduce soil splashing on metalaxyl plants. copper oxychloride Provide good drainage and prevent overwatering. chlorothalonil Follow proper planting date; do not plant late. azoxystrobin Use raised-bed production, which manages soil moisture better cymoxanil than flat bed. famoxadone Use poles and strings to raise tomato plants and fruit into the air to mancozeb aerate the plant and raise the leaves and fruit away from the soil. dimethomorph Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly. kresoxim-methyl Restrict movement in field. thiram (on seed) Uproot and destroy all plant residues after harvest. propamocarb hydrochloride Avoid rotating to Solanaceae plants. mandipropamid Verticillium wilt, Verticillium spp. Use of certified disease-free propagation material. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use resistant cultivars. chitosan Sterilize seedbed soil. Trichoderma spp Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly. thiram (on seed) Need positive identification of Verticillium (to avoid confusion mancozeb with Fusarium wilt). copper Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of inoculum. Restrict movement in field. Use green manure plants. After harvest, uproot all residue plants and destroy by burning. Avoid rotating to Solanaceae plants. Rotate to small grains and maize. Black stem, bacterial wilt, Erwinia Plant resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. carotovora Use certified disease-free/treated seed. copper oxychloride chitosan 140

Intercrop with lentil and maize to reduce the severity of common bacterial blight. Plant in well-drained soils. Control root-knot nematodes since they could facilitate infection and spread of bacterial wilt. Soil amendments (organic manures) can suppress bacterial wilt pathogens in the soil. Do not prune or cut plants when wet or work in fields when plants are wet. Disinfect all field tools between each cut and in between plants while pruning the plants. Tie the plants loosely to stakes with soft ties that do not wound the plant. Control pests which produce wounds through which these bacteria enter the plant. Remove wilted plants from the field throughout the season to reduce spread of the disease from plant to plant. Remove and destroy all strings, lines and plant/fruit supports which may have come into contact with the bacteria leaking from infected fruits. Harvest when the field is dry, minimize handling injury, use proper cool and dry storage. Plow under debris after harvest. Practice a two to three-year crop rotation. Avoid continuous planting of Solanaceae crops. Post-harvest decay can be reduced by harvesting fruits when dry, minimizing injury during handling, washing with chlorine water and storage at cool temperatures. Bacterial canker of tomato, Clavibacter Use of certified disease-free propagation material. copper-containing compounds michiganensis (Corynebacterium Do weed control. chitosan michiganense) Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Plant in well-drained soils and avoid over-irrigation. Use deep well water for irrigation. Remove and destroy diseased plants.

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Allium Crops IPM Uzbek onion, garlic, shallot, green onion, scallions, leeks, chives

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Cutworm / Turnip moth, Agrotis Natural enemies include larvae of parasitic Braconid Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of high infestation) and treat only segetum wasps and Tachinid flies. Predators include ground those hot spots. beetles, lacewings, praying mantis, and weaver ants. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Use crop rotation – plant alfalfa or beans after tomato. indoxacarb Removal of weeds in and around fields will reduce chlorantraniliprole egg-laying sites and will help in the prevention of cutworm infestation. Do this at least 2-3 weeks before planting to reduce the incidence of larvae transferring to newly planted crops. Use pheromone traps. Sunflowers can also be planted as a trap crop in or around fields. Plow and harrow fields properly before planting. Onion fly, Delia antiqua Control soil moisture. neem seed extract Floating row covers exclude onion fly. garlic extract During the growing season, minimize damage to bulbs chili extract caused by insects and diseases. acetamiprid Provide for quick drying following topping, especially malathion if temperatures are high. Rotate 3 to 4 years out of onions, garlic, and leeks. Control other soil insects and foliage diseases that produce wounds entered by onion fly larvae. Harvest only after onion tops are well matured, cure onions properly before storage and store onions at cool temperatures since infection is favored by warm conditions. Sanitation: Clean up all cull and volunteer onions out of fields before planting. Use fall plowing to destroy pupae. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing No reasonable treatment threshold or predatory thrips control thrips in the crop. Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop. Use seed treated with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues.

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neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid

Aphids: Use resistant varieties. No treatment threshold. Onion aphid, Neotoxoptera formosana Avoid early planting. Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae Do not plant down-wind from crops with aphids. Use seed treated with imidacloprid Establish plants (oregano, buckwheat, alyssum, bachelor buttons, and dill) that are favored by neem seed extract hoverflies whose larvae eat aphids. garlic extract Many natural enemies and parasites control aphids. chili extract Eliminate ant colonies near field. horticultural oils Control weeds in and around the field. insecticidal soaps Do not over-apply nitrogen fertilizers. malathion Aluminum foil or gray mulches deter aphids. dimethoate Maintain adequate soil moisture and fertilization thiamethoxam (Plants stressed for water or nutrients, or over- imidacloprid fertilization with nitrogen, are more susceptible to and Pyrethrum extract suffer greater damage from aphids). Use regular monitoring, yellow sticky traps. Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests to reduce their migration into nearby cereals. Downy mildew, Peronospora Plastic mulch covering to avoid plant contact with soil chitosan destructor and minimize weeds that enhance microclimate metalaxyl conditions favorable to disease dispersion. captan (on seed) Heat treatment of bulbs at 35 to 40 °C for 4 to 8h dimethomorph reduces the disease significantly. fosetyl-aluminum Eliminate crop residues, plant during dry season, avoid mancozeb irrigation during heat of the day. mandipropamid Use crop rotation. copper oxychloride Use certified seed and good drainage.

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Food Security: Warehouse Storage of Cereals/Small Grains

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Weevils: Do routine monitoring. Ensure good pest Crack and crevice treatment with: Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), identification; understand pest biology, ecology, and cypermethrin Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) behavior. malathion Cowpea weevil: Callosobruchus Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices, Treat grain storage bags with: maculates; as follows: pirimiphos-methyl Broad bean weevil: Bruchus All grain stored off the floor on palates, with space rufimanus; between palates, well ventilated/aerated and lighted, Bean weevil: Acanthoscelides obtectus dispose of old containers. In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris. Brush, sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect-infested grain and debris. Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible). Remove all debris and vegetation growing within ten feet of the warehouses (preferably the whole storage area). Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required, and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions. Spray cleaned area around bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weedy plants. Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly. Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies. Use sticky traps to monitor for presence and quantity. Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices Crack and crevice treatment with cypermethrin and dominica) (see above). malathion. Treat grain storage bags with pirimiphos-methyl. Grain moth larvae: Indianmeal moth Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices Crack and crevice treatment with cypermethrin and (Plodia interpunctella), Angoumois (see above). malathion. grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) Temperature extremes will kill moths. Treat grain storage bags with pirimiphos-methyl. 144

Use pheromone traps for monitoring. Secondary pests (feed on grain dust, Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices Crack and crevice treatment with cypermethrin and not whole grains): Saw-toothed grain (see above). malathion. beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) Treat grain storage bags with pirimiphos-methyl. Rodents: Rats, Mice Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices Use bait boxes with approved rodenticide cubes inside. (see above). Use sticky traps for capture and disposal by burying. Weevils: Rice weevil (Sitophilus Do routine monitoring. Ensure good pest Crack and crevice treatment with cypermethrin and oryzae), Maize weevil (Sitophilus identification; understand pest biology, ecology, and malathion. zeamais) behavior. Treat grain storage bags with pirimiphos-methyl. Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices, as follows: All grain stored off the floor on palates, with space between palates, well ventilated/aerated and lighted, dispose of old containers. In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris. Brush, sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect-infested grain and debris. Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible). Remove all debris and vegetation growing within ten feet of the warehouses (preferably the whole storage area). Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required, and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions. Spray cleaned area around bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weedy plants. Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly. Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies. Use sticky traps to monitor for presence and quantity. Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices Crack and crevice treatment with cypermethrin and dominica) (see above). malathion. Treat grain storage bags with pirimiphos-methyl.

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Veterinary, Poultry/Fowl: Turkeys, Geese, Ducks, Chickens

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) Practice good sanitation and implement a No chemicals will impact virus. comprehensive biosecurity program. Sodium hypochlorite may be used for cleaning up pens. Use well-designed vaccination schedules, using low- virulence live vaccines. Administer inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines to the parent flock before onset of egg dropping to ensure passive immunity in day-old chicks. Active immunization is induced in the chicks when their passively acquired antibody levels are dropping. A second vaccination four weeks later gives life-long protection if proper vaccination procedures are applied. Gumboro, Infectious Bursal Disease Use the vaccine that is commercially available. No chemicals will impact virus. (IBD) virus Practice good sanitation and biosecurity. Sodium hypochlorite may be used for cleaning up pens. Use vitamin-electrolyte therapy. Fowlpox virus transmitted by Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Spray deltamethrin, malathion to kill mosquitoes. mosquitoes Do not vaccinate unless the disease becomes a problem on a farm or in the area. Chickens may be vaccinated at 4-6 weeks of age using the wing web-stick method, and turkeys older than 8 weeks by the thigh-stick method. Coccidiosis internal protozoan Many poultry gradually become immune to these No controls are approved. parasites, species in the following organisms over time, with repeated exposure. Genera: Cryptosporidia, Histomonas, Trichomonas, Tetratrichomonas, Entamoeba, Eimeria, and Endolimax Chronic respiratory disease, Use the vaccine that is commercially available. No controls are approved. Mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma Practice good sanitation and biosecurity. gallisepticum (MG disease) Pullorum, Bacillary White Diarrhea, Ensure that chicks are from pullorum-free (or pullorum Disinfect the poultry house with sodium hypochlorite. BWD, Salmonella pullorum typhoid clean) hatcheries. Use vaccines and pharmaceutical antibiotics. Maintain parent stock free from infection, especially in commercial production. Flocks can be tested serologically, using the rapid plate agglutination test, 146

Fowl Typhoid (Salmonellosis, confirmed with the tube agglutination test. Colibacilliosis), Salmonellae, Disinfect incubator and hatching units, and if possible, Escherichia coli the hatching operation should be in a pullorum-free area and be quarantined. The entire flock must be culled and the poultry house properly disinfected and left empty for about a month before re-stocking. Keep poultry away from areas frequented by wild fowl. Keep strict control over access to poultry houses. Keep equipment cleaned and disinfected before taking it into poultry houses. Do not keep bird feeders or create duck ponds close to poultry barns as they attract wild birds. Maintain high sanitation standards. Aspergillosis, (Aspergillus fumigatus, It is important to thoroughly clean and disinfect the Clean and disinfect the house and spray it with 1:2000 A. niger, A. flavus) brooding area between broods. Use only clean litter, copper sulfate or other suitable fungicide. preferably soft wood shavings. Do not use sawdust, litter high in bark content, or shavings that have been wet. Move feeders and waterers periodically. The spread can be controlled by improving ventilation, eliminating the source of the infection, and adding a fungistat (mycostatin, mold curb, sodium or calcium propionate, or gentian violet) to the feed and/or copper sulfate or acidified copper in the drinking water for 3 days. The litter can be sprayed lightly with an oil-base germicide to control dust and air movement of fungal spores.

 Recovery: Cases will re-occur if fungi can grow in feedstuffs or litter on the farm because it is not handled properly. If, however, the cause of the contamination is corrected, and/or the source removed, there is no residual risk.

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Veterinary, Livestock: Cattle, Horses, Sheep & Goats for Meat, Milk & Hides

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Use vaccinations. No disinfectants are recommended. Livestock ticks (Boophilus microplus, Use tick resistant cattle, sheep, goat breeds. Preventive vaccination of cattle, sheep, goats against tick- other species) Use clean syringes if blood entry or transfer occurs. borne diseases. Check animals routinely for ticks and remove ticks by Use cattle, sheep, goats ear-tags treated with diazinon. hand. gamma-cyhalothrin (pour-on) Some local aromatic shrubs provide extracts that can be used as tick repellents. Brush removal and mowing the vegetation next to wooded areas. Rotate livestock away from the pastures that are heavily infested with ticks. Sanitation: Where animals are concentrated in night corrals, clean up and remove all weeds and animal waste. Mange mites (Demodex and Sarcoptes Don’t over-crowd animals. Provide animals with Use of miticides is rarely justified. species) sufficient space, so they are not in close contact with each other. Use indigenous knowledge and saltpan dips and washes to reduce mites. Use indigenous plant extracts to reduce mites. Biting flies/Tabanids Eliminate development sites such as decomposing Chemical control is not usually cost-effective. Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) vegetation. Use cattle, sheep, goat ear-tags treated with diazinon. Sanitation: Clean up and remove all fresh animal gamma-cyhalothrin (pour-on) Some biting flies transmit manure and manure pats. trypanosomes to livestock If compost piles of manure are maintained for horticultural use, put fresh grass clippings into them and turn them regularly to disrupt face fly breeding. Use indigenous plant extracts to repel flies. Face flies (Musca autumnalis) Sanitation: Clean up and remove all fresh animal Use of ear tags impregnated with synthetic insecticides like manure and manure pats. diazinon. Find where the face flies hibernate (usually in cracks diflubenzuron (feed-thru formulation) and other spaces somewhere on the south or west sides of buildings warmed by fall or winter sun) and treat them there.

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Livestock screwworm (Cochliomyia Reduce any injuries to the livestock hides, skin or Use of ear tags impregnated with synthetic insecticides like hominivorax) horns. diazinon. Monitor livestock daily for wounds or fly larvae. gamma-cyhalothrin (pour-on) Remove fly larvae manually. Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Use vaccination. No disinfectants are recommended. Use great care so that this zoonotic disease is not transmitted to people. Mastitis bacteria (Streptococcus and Maintain clean technique when milking. No disinfectants are recommended. Staphylococcus species) Clean milking equipment daily.

Locust Plague Control

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Locusts: Natural enemies include locust egg parasitoid Scelio Botanical and homemade water extracts include Italian locust, Calliptamus italicus fulgidus, a black wasp 3-5 mm long, a parasitic neem/azadirachtin. Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus blowfly (Blaesoxipha spp.), a Bee-fly (Trichopsidea maroccanus oestracea) and predaceous nematodes (Amphimermis acetamiprid Asian Migratory locust, Locusta spp.). Predators include birds, spiders, ground beetles diflubenzuron migratoria and reptiles. dimethoate imidacloprid Early locust detection is a method to avert plagues. malathion However, there is no effective cultural control method novaluron known for swarms of locusts. Metarhizium anisopliae var acridium

Ditches can be dug on the locust-attack side of the field to trap migrating locust larvae, which are then dispatched with fire, mechanical control or pesticides, and buried.

Locust adults can be chased from small plots by farmers and their families.

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Construction Site and Building Foundation Termite Control

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Termites (various species) Control can be achieved through improving soil Use synthetic insecticides containing: organic matter. cypermethrin Baits: wood stakes treated with borates. chlorpyrifos-ethyl Deep plowing or hand-digging to dig out queen; lufenuron insecticide poured into nest. Use composted instead of fresh mulch.

References: http://ipmguidelines.org/TreeFruits/content/CH11/default.asp; http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/agriculture/index.shtml; http://www.ipm.msu.edu/; http://ipm.wsu.edu/; http://www.gaipm.org/; http://attra.ncat.org/index.php; http://www.pestmanagement.info/npmt/pesticideinfo.cfm?crop=cumin&search=Crop; http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/diseases.html; http://humagro.com/index.html; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/; http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/about/.

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Annex 2: Guidelines for Pest Management Plans (PMPs) for Uzbekistan Crops and Beneficiaries

Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop, livestock production or project decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM) and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health, and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on pesticides needed when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.

Who are the PMP’s intended audiences and users?

 Farm land preparation and crop production/livestock and project decision-makers  Farmers  Farm managers

Why is a PMP being done?

PMP Objectives:

 Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health  Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers and community members from pesticide risks  Maintain economically sound practices  Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks  Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work environment  Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management practice standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) which include IPM measures, to achieve farm and produce certification  Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and regulations

Organization of the PMP

The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used to build a PMP base

 General information on the crop/livestock/sector  Crop/livestock common/species names:  Crop/livestock developmental stages:  Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc.  Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production  Crop/livestock cultural best practices  Crop/livestock Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) including some IPM (see P-PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations

Individual Pest Prevention and Management Sections for each of the following pest types:

 Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes)  Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other)  Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges, others)  Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other)

For each pest type, first, identify overall priorities for pest prevention and management in the target crop or livestock.

Next, identify individual pest species noting the type of damage incurred; part of plant damaged: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, part of animal affected. 151

To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where, when and on what parts of the plant or animal the pest feeds. For field pests and stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows containing the following information, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails, nematodes):

 Photographs of each pest, life stages  Photographs of plant or livestock damage  Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies45:  Description of damage symptoms  Best Prevention Practices o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM o Country or region-specific information  Best Management Practices o Focus on prevention (above) o Country or region-specific information

Information on PMP-recommended pesticides:

Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the farmer/farm manager has the information at their fingertips and do not need to refer to other documents and tables to find it):

Pesticide essential information needed

 Active Ingredient (AI) name  Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in parenthesis)  Amounts to use per hectare  PHI  Special comments on best application methods and frequency  Specialized training/certification/permits for use of RUPs  Any resistance management strategies needed  Pesticide application record sheet  Guidelines for reducing spray drift  Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying  Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets46  Pesticide precautions with use including  Reading the label  Legal responsibilities and permitted registration use  Permit requirements for possession and use  Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices  First aid and antidotes  Transportation best practices  Storage best practices  Safe use best practices  Container disposal best practices  Leftover pesticide disposal best practices  Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body quality  Protect natural enemies & honeybees: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

45 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.

46 http://www.mrldatabase.com/ 152

 Posting signage in treated fields  Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops  Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops  Documentation and record-keeping on farms

Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests:

Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html and for CAR, http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/about. Genera will likely be the same around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.

Additional Information Needed:

Will there be an IPM Coordinator, an IPM Advisory Committee, Education and Licensing for Applicators, Currency and Approval of the PMP?

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Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program

Although farmers on USAID projects are likely using numerous IPM tactics, without really calling them that, IPM philosophy or planning is not in general an active part of crop production in Uzbekistan plots; thus, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program are addressed below, following FAO’s Farmer Field School methodology used in Asia, parts of which were adopted from USDA’s Extension System Concept47.

Step 1: Learn and value farmers’ indigenous IPM tactics. Most farmers are already using their own forms of GAPs and IPM, many of which are novel, self-created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These local tools and tactics need to be well understood and considered when making PMPs. Accurate assessments of these farmer’s GAP and IPM technologies, as well as an understanding of actual losses due to different constraints in farmers’ fields are required before designing a crop production and pest management program. S&C farmers will have records of historical pesticide use and trends, as well as information on current use of artisanal or local IPM tactics.

Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop. Although up to ten species of pests may impact a crop and yields at different plant growth stages, only two or three are considered serious enough to spend money controlling. Farmers should be encouraged to monitor their population size, their life cycle, the kind of damage they cause and actual losses. Note that crop loss figures based on farmers’ perceptions of damage and loss are often overestimated.

Step 3: Evaluate all management options. Use of best management practices, preventive measures, and “organic” options to control pest impacts may eliminate the need for synthetic pesticides.

Step 4: Choose IPM methods, identify needs and establish priorities. Continue dialog with project field staff, ministry extension staff and farmers when choosing methods to be used. Consider the feasibility of attractive methods, including the availability of resources needed, farmers’ perceptions of pest problems, their abilities to identify pests, their predators, diseases and parasites, and to act upon their observations.

Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM. Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of the needed IPM technology under various project and institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require more adaptation and validation research. Set up an initial planning workshop (with a COP-supported and signed Action Plan) to help define and orient implementation activities and begin to assign individual responsibilities.

Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs The adoption of new techniques by small-, medium- and large-holder farmers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision- making and practice. At first, frequent (usually weekly) sessions are conducted for 10–20 farmers during the cropping season in farmers’ fields by trained instructors or extension agents.

Smallholder support and discussion groups Weekly meetings of smallholders held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems can be useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit).

Educational material In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective.

47 http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html 154

Youth education Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future farmers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.

Food market incentives (especially important in the last decade) Promoting Organic, GlobalGAP, BRC, Fair Trade or other certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing S&C systems-driven international and regional food markets can be, and is, a strong incentive to adopt IPM.

Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers. The following design steps are considered essential.

Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM” – only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is therefore highly important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.

Confirm partner institutions’ commitment The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:

IPM program integration into larger project. The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall goals. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.

Cost sharing. The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment. Participation of key IPM personnel. Organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.

Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly. At minimum twice a week, farmers should monitor their fields for pests, as some pest populations increase rapidly and unexpectedly; this increase is usually related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance.

Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools. A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques, like those presented in the above list. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low, not necessarily eliminate it.

Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers. Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help farmers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods. Hands-on training conducted in farmers’ fields (as opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.

Step 10: Monitoring, Record-Keeping and Evaluation (M&E). Develop data collection forms and checklists, collect baseline GAP/IPM data at the beginning of the project, and set targets. For the use and maintenance of Good Agriculture Practices (that include safe pesticide storage, use and disposal), maintain farm or project files of: farmer and farm employee training records certification; farm soil, water, biodiversity, cropping and pesticide use maps; pesticide purchase and stock records; chemical application instructions including target pest, type of chemical applied, dosage, time of spray, rates at which pesticides were applied, harvest interval days, application machinery, PPE required and used, and any special instructions on mixing, exposure to children or dangers. Further, for project staff, beneficiaries, produce processing facilities, food warehouses, seed multipliers, or farmers that store seed or food and deal with stored seed and food pests, there are warehouse BMPs and monitoring reports that incorporate some IPM tactics. These monitoring forms track, by location or warehouse, use of pallets, stacking, general hygiene and sanitation, damaged packages, actual

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infestations or signs of rodents, molds, insects, drainage, locks and security measures, use of IPM tactics including least toxic chemicals and strict BMPs for use of common but hazardous fumigants like aluminum phosphide.

Annex 4: Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA, WHO and Russian Classifications

General Toxicity

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).

EPA and WHO and Russian Toxicity Classifications

There are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems.

a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients48)

Class Descriptive Mammalian Irritation Aquatic Honey term LD50 Mammalian invert/fish bee acute (LC50 or oral 1 2 Oral Dermal Inhalation Eye Skin EC50) (LD50)

LC50

I Extremely 50 200 0.2 Corrosive Corrosive < 0.1 toxic

II Highly 50- 200- 0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee toxic 500 2000

III Moderately 500- 2000- 2.0-20 No Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 toxic 5000 20000 corneal µg/bee opacity

IV Slightly 5000 20000 20 None Moderate 10.1-100 toxic or slight

Relatively 101-1000 non-toxic

Practically 1001-10,000 > 11 non-toxic µg/bee

48 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/chap-06-jan-2012.pdf 156

Non-toxic > 10,000

1 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation 2 Expressed in ppm or mg/l of water b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient49)

Oral LD50 for the rat Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt) (mg/kg body wt) Class Descriptive term Solids Liquids Solids Liquids

Ia Extremely hazardous 5 20 10 40

Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400

II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000

III Slightly hazardous 501 2001 1001 4001

Unlikely to present acute U 2000 3000 - - hazard in normal use

c) Russian Federation Classification:

According to a German study (https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/capchemru_chemmgmntru_final.pdf), quoted below, we learn how Russia classifies pesticides for acute toxicity:

Matrix to determine the class of danger according to health effects (GOST 12.1.007-76)

Parameter Class of Danger I II III IV Workplace air limit < 0,1 0,1-1,0 1,0-10,0 > 10 value, mg/m3 Oral LD50, mg/kg < 15 15-150 151-5 000 > 5 000

Skin LD50, mg/kg < 100 100-500 501-2 500 > 2 500

Inhalation LC50, < 500 500-5 000 5 001-50 000 > 5 000 mg/m3

Coefficient of > 300 300-30 29-3 < 3 intoxication by inhalation (KVIO) *

Zone of acute effects < 6,0 6,0-18,0 18,1-54,0 > 54,0 **

49 http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard/en/ 157

Zone of chronic > 10+ 10,0-5,0 4,9-2,5 < 2,5 effects ***

* Coefficient of intoxication by inhalation (KVIO): maximum concentration of the substance in air at 20 o C divided by LC50for mice. ** Zone of acute effects: LC50 of the substance divided by LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) at the level of organism as a whole, exceeding the level of normal adaptational physiological reactions. *** Zone of chronic effects: LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) at the level of or- Zone of chronic effects: LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) at the level of or LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) at the level of organism as a whole, exceeding the level of normal adaptational physiological reactions divided by the minimum concentration causing negative effect in chronic tests of the endpoints (exposure 4 hours, 5 days per week in duration not less than 4 months).

“In Russia, the classes of danger serve for classification purposes. They can be regarded as similar to the EU classification system as they have defined criteria and cut-off values to determine the class of danger. The main systematic difference is that the MPC values are used for the determination of the danger class, which includes the use of a coefficient, whereas in the EU system, primary data from testing are used. The danger classes are used to regulate substances in a generic way (not using lists or specific properties): Different legislation refers to “substances belonging to a certain danger class”. For example, substances in the danger classes I or II (regardless for which property) are not to be used in mixtures for consumers. The criteria for falling into a class (cut-off values) are defined usually by national standards (GOSTs, Gosudarstvennyy standard) and are specific for an endpoint and exposure route.

“Hence, if a substance could fulfill the criteria of Class I for acute toxicity and of Class III for chronic toxicity, for the final classification, the lowest danger class is selected. In the case of mixtures, the most toxic substance in the mixture is to be identified and its LC50 or LD50 value is derived for the determination of the hazard class. The GOST 12.1.007-76 is defining hazard classes for the purpose of classification of hazardous substances and general safety requirements based on health effects. Substances are divided into four danger classes. The danger class I is the most hazardous and the danger class IV means that there are almost no hazards at all. The rating is the following: > Class I – extremely hazardous; > Class II – highly hazardous; > Class III – moderately hazardous; > Class IV – low hazard. The parameters considered while defining the danger class are presented in the Table above. For pesticides 5 classes of danger are used. Combined classification according to health and environmental effects in provided in the Table below.

“There is GOST 17.1.3.04-76 (re-issued in 2004) dealing with classification of pesticides. It is using different classification schemes according to certain effects: toxic effects on warm-blood animals are classified, in reversed order compared to hygienic and fishery norms: hazard class 1 is least dangerous, hazard class 4 extremely dangerous; classification for groundwater uses letters: A – practically not hazardous, D – hazardous, being persistent or almost persistent; there is no classification of pesticides for surface water, only division of pesticides by name to hazard classes 2,3, A-D given.”

Matrix to determine the class of danger for pesticides [5] (based on GOST 12.1.005-76)

Parameter Class of Danger

I II III IV V

LD50, mg/kg < 50 50-200 200-1 000 1 000- 5 000 > 5 000

Work zone air < 0,1 0,1-1,0 1,0-10,0 10-30 > 30 limit value, mg/m3 Ambient air limit 0,005 0,0055-0,04 0,05 - 0,45 0,5-0,95 > 1,0 value, mg/m3 Water limit < 0,0009 0,001-0,009 0,01-0,09 0,1-0,9 > 1,0 value, mg/l

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Fishery water Not detected, 0,001-0,009 0,01-0,09 0,1-0,9 > 1,0 limit value, mg/ 0,0009

For additional guidance on Russian pesticide classification, and distinct differences with WHO and EPA, please see the following reference resource: Hygienic Classification of Pesticides in the Russian Federation: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WPT-45M31S2- D&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F1998&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanc hor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1647894319&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_us erid=10&md5=c7a76272398a91ec2c9cf7bae5870651&searchtype=a.

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Annex 5: Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Registered in Uzbekistan

Introduction to Annex 5, below

Annex 5 below compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural/artisanal and synthetic) for which BEO approval is being requested (also compiled in the Executive Summary), and either registered for use in Uzbekistan, or proposed for registration in 2012. Pesticide AIs from the 2012 proposed list are provided in order to be proactive—in case the list is approved within the life of this document. Then the EPA registration/restriction, acute and chronic human toxicity and ecotoxicological information is already researched and provided, in order for USAID projects to use it without needing to do a lengthy and time-consuming amendment or new P- PERSUAP.

What these matrices provide to USAID projects

Annex 5 presents acute human toxicity and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms. Project decision-makers—especially those who interface at the field level with beneficiaries—are encouraged to look at this table as well as at the label and SDS of potential pesticide choices to determine the AIs contained in them and then use this Annex as a quick reference guide to human and environmental acute and chronic attributes and issues with each chemical.

The pesticide attributes include pesticide class (to manage resistance by rotating chemicals from different classes), EPA registration and Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) status (to comply with Regulation 216) and acute toxicity (judged by this document to be safe, or not, for smallholder farmers—most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use). Further, Annex 5 contains basic pieces of human safety and environmental data needed for the various analyses required throughout the PER 12-factor analysis.

Key to Annex 5 matrix, below:

RUP: Few = one or two products; Some = a third of products; Most/All = most or all products containing the AI are labeled RUP by EPA

WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use

EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic

Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; LC = Likely Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Parkinson’s Disease Risk

Ecotoxicity: NAT = Not Acutely Toxic; PNT = Practically Not Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; VHT = Very Highly Toxic

Reference websites used to find pieces of data contained in Annex 5: See references at the end of the report.

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2018 Uzbek Fungicide and Bactericide AIs Approved Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Class Acute E: WHO Factor 216 Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: Factor 216 Reg Toxicity E: Chronic Factor 216 Reg ecosystem, Hydrology): Groundwater Groundwater Hydrology): ecosystem,

Fungicide (F) and Bactericide (B) Reg 216, Factor I (Non-target & H G Factors 216 Reg Active Ingredients proposed for Availability of Other control of crop diseases Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for

rotation to avoid Insects Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans contaminant contaminant development of amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton Plankton worms worms birds birds

resistance, and bees reduction of fish effectiveness (Factor F) Toxicity Toxicity

azoxystrobin strobin U III NL potential MT MT MT MT MT VHT microbial Bacillus subtilis (B) U III, IV NL no data NAT ST NAT NAT NAT captan thiopthalamide U I, II, III PC no data HT NAT PNT MT MT NAT MT MT carboxin oxathin III III RD no data MT MT NAT MT NAT chitosan (B, F, N) PGR NL III NL no data HT chlorothalonil chloronitrile NL I, II, III PC potential VHT HT ST VHT MT MT copper oxychloride inorganic II I, II, III NL no data MT MT MT MT VHT copper sulfate inorganic II I, II, III NL no data MT HT PNT HT HT VHT ST ST cymoxanil cyanoacetamidoxime III III NL no data MT MT ST MT MT MT ST cyproconazole azole II III PC no data MT MT MT MT MT cyprodinil anilinopyrimadine NL III NL potential MT ST MT MT MT MT difenoconazole azole II III PC no data MT MT ST MT MT HT dimethomorph morpholine U III NL no data MT MT MT MT ST famoxadone oxazole U III NL no data HT MT ST HT ferrous (iron) sulfate inorganic NL III NL no data MT MT MT fludioxonil phenylpyrrole U III NL potential MT MT MT MT MT flutriafol triazole II III ED potential MT MT LT MT MT folpet thiophthalimide U II, III PC no data HT PNT ST HT MT ST HT MT fosetyl aluminum organophosphate U III NL potential NAT ST ST MT NAT MT humic acid, substances organic biological NL NL NL no data indole-3-butyric acid PGR III III NL no data iprodione dicarboximide U III PC, ED potential MT NAT ST HT kasugamycin (B) antibiotic U NL NL no data ST ST MT ST ST kresoxim-methyl strobin U III PC potential ST ST ST MT MT VHT Lantana leaves, Lantana camara (B) botanical NL NL NL no data Malabar nut, Adhatoda vasica (B) botanical NL NL NL no data mancozeb dithiocarbamate U III PC, ED, RD no data MT MT ST HT NAT mandipropamid mandelamide U III NL no data MT MT ST MT MT mefenoxam/metalaxyl-M phenylamide II II, III NL no data MT NAT MT MT MT 161 metalaxyl benzanoid III II, III NL potential ST PNT PNT ST metiram dithiocarbamate U III PC, RD no data ST PNT ST MT MT MT picoxystrobin strobin NL III NL no data HT NAT NAT HT HT NAT propamocarb hydrochloride carbamate U III NL potential MT MT MT MT MT propiconazole azole II II, III PC, RD potential MT MT ST MT MT prothioconazole triazolinthione U III NL no data MT MT MT MT MT pyraclostrobin strobin NL II, III NL no data ST MT MT MT HT pyrimethanil anilinopyrimidine III III PC, ED no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT salicylic acid, derivatives inorganic PGR NL III NL no data sulfur (M, F) Inorganic III III NL no data HT NAT NAT NAT HT NAT tebuconazole azole II II, III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT HT thiabendazole azole III III PC, RD no data ST NAT MT ST ST thiophanate-methyl benzamidazole U III PC, RD potential MT PNT NAT ST thiram diothio carbamate II III ED, RD no data HT NAT PNT VHT HT NAT HT HT Trichoderma spp microbial NL III NL no data triforine piperazine U II, III RD no data NAT MT NAT MT MT triticonazole azole III III NL no data MT MT MT MT MT ziram dithiocarbamate III III PC, ED, RD no data HT NAT MT HT MT HT

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2018 Uzbek Herbicide and Plant Growth Regulator AIs Approved Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Class Toxicity Acute E: WHO Factor 216 Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: Factor 216 Reg Toxicity E: Chronic Factor 216 Reg

Herbicide and Plant Growth Reg 216, Factor I Groundwater Hydrology): ecosystem,

Regulator (PGR) Active Availability of Other (Non-target & H G Factors 216 Reg Ingredients proposed for Pesticide Options: AI control of crop weeds chemical classes for rotation to avoid development of Insects Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans contaminant contaminant amphibians amphibians Mollusks Mollusks resistance, and Plankton worms worms birds birds bees bees

reduction of fish effectiveness (Factor F)

bensulfuron methyl sulfonyl urea U II, III NL no data NAT MT ST MT ST NAT bentazon benzothiazinone II III NL no data NAT MT MT MT ST MT benthiocarb thiocarbamate II III NL potential MT ST NAT MT MT MT MT HT bispyribac acid unclassified U III NL no data MT ST NAT MT MT bispyribac-sodium unclassified U III NL no data MT ST NAT MT MT bromoxynil octanoate hydroxybenzonitrile II II, III RD potential HT ST MT MT HT MT VHT carfentrazone (ethyl) triaolinone NL III NL no data MT NAT NAT MT MT MT chlorsulfuron sulfonyl urea U III RD potential ST MT ST MT ST HT clethodim cyclohexenone NL II, III NL potential MT MT MT MT MT clodinafop/propargyl a propionic acid III II, III PC, RD no data HT MT MT cyhalofop-butyl phenoxypropionate U II NL no data MT MT NAT MT MT dicamba a benzoic acid II II, III RD potential ST MT MT NAT MT NAT ST fenoxaprop-p-ethyl propionic acid NL II, III NL no data MT ST PNT ST MT MT florasulam triazolopyrimidine U II, III NL potential MT MT MT NAT NAT fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid III II, III NL no data MT ST PNT ST flucarbazone sulfonyl urea U III NL no data MT MT MT flumetsulam triazolepyrimidine U II, III NL no data NAT MT ST ST NAT fluometuron urea U II, III PC potential ST ST MT glufosinate ammonium phosphonic acid NL II, III NL no data NAT NAT MT MT NAT ST glyphosate phosphonoglycine III II, III NL potential ST ST NAT PNT MT ST glyphosate, potassium salt phosphonoglycine III III NL potential PNT MT PNT MT NAT imazapyr imidazolinone U III NL no data ST MT ST MT NAT imazethapyr amidazolinone U II, III NL potential NAT HT NAT NAT NAT iodosulfuron methyl NaCl sulfonylurea NL III NL no data NAT PNT PNT ST mesosulfuron-methyl NaCl sulfonylurea NL II, III NL no data MT MT MT MT MT metamitron triazinone III III RD potential NAT MT MT MT MT metribuzin triazinone II II, III ED potential MT NAT MT MT ST ST metsulfuron-methyl sulfonyl urea U III NL potential NAT MT NAT MT NAT 163 oxyfluorfen diphehyl ether U II, III PC no data HT PNT PNT HT HT HT pendimethalin dinitroanaline II III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST MT MT penoxsulam triazolopyrimidine U III PC potential MT MT MT NAT NAT pinoxaden unclassified NL II, III NL no data MT MT NAT MT prometryn triazine III III RD potential MT NAT PNT ST NAT NAT ST ST prosulfuron sulfonylurea NL III NL no data NAT MT MT MT NAT pyrothiobac-sodium pyrimidinyloxybenzene U II PC potential NAT MT NAT NAT quinclorac quinolinecarboxylic U III PC, RD potential MT NAT MT MT rimsulfuron sulfonylurea U III NL potential NAT MT NAT MT NAT sethoxydim cyclohexadione III II, III NL potential ST MT ST MT MT ST ST ST sulfosulfuron sulfonylurea NL III PC no data ST MT NAT MT NAT NAT thifensulfuron-methyl sulfonylurea U III NL potential MT MT NAT NAT NAT tribenuron methyl sulfonylurea NL III PC no data ST MT ST MT trifluralin dinitroanaline U II, III PC, ED no data HT PNT PNT MT HT ST ST ST MT

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2018 Insecticide and Miticide/Acaricide AIs Approved Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Class Toxicity Acute E: WHO Factor 216 Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: Factor 216 Reg Toxicity E: Chronic Factor 216 Reg

Insecticide (I) and Miticide/Acaricide Reg 216, Factor I Groundwater Hydrology): ecosystem,

(M/A) Active Ingredients proposed for Availability of Other (Non-target & H G Factors 216 Reg control of crop pests Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for rotation to avoid

development of Insects Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans contaminant contaminant amphibians amphibians Mollusks Mollusks resistance, and Plankton worms worms birds birds bees bees

reduction of fish effectiveness (Factor F)

abamectin (I, M) microbial extract NL I, II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT acephate organophosphate III III PC potential MT HT MT ST ST ST acetamiprid neonicotinoid NL III NL no data NAT MT HT NAT aluminum phosphide inorganic NL I NL no data HT HT HT MT amitraz (I, M/A) formamidine III II PC, RD no data MT PNT ST ST NAT ST Bacillus thuringiensis/BT microbial III III NL no data MT PNT NAT NAT ST ST buprofezin (I, M) insect growth regulator III III PC no data MT ST MT NAT MT chili pepper extract botanical NL III NL no data chlorantraniliprole anthranilic diamide NL IV NL no data NAT MT MT MT HT chlorfenapyr (I, M) pyrazole II III PC no data HT HT HT citronella grasses, Cymbopogon spp (M) botanical NL II NL no data MT clothianidin neonicotinoid NL III NL no data ST HT ST ST cypermethrin (M) pyrethroid NL II, III PC, ED, RD no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT deltamethrin (I, M) synthetic pyrethroid II II, III ED no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT diazinon (I, N) organophosphate II III RD potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT diflubenzuron insect growth regulator III III NL no data ST NAT PNT NAT NAT NAT ST MT dimethoate organophosphate II II PC, ED, RD potential MT VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT emamectin benzoate (I, M) abamectin derivative NL I, III NL no data HT MT HT HT HT etoxazole diphenyl oxazoline NL III NL no data MT NAT MT MT HT MT eucalyptus, Eucalyptus globulus extract botanical essential oil NL II, III NL no data fenpyroximate (M) pyrazole II II NL no data HT NAT MT HT MT gamma-cyhalothrin pyrethroid III III, IV ED no data HT HT ST HT garlic extract botanical NL III NL no data VHT HT HT MT MT MT VHT VHT ST Helicoverpa armigera NPV biological baculovirus NL NL NL no data hexythiazox (M) insect growth regulator U III PC no data HT NAT MT MT MT imidacloprid neonicotinoid II II, III NL potential MT HT HT MT HT HT VHT indoxacarb (HH, other) oxadiazine O III NL no data MT HT HT NAT MT insecticidal soap fatty acids NL II, III NL no data MT 165 lufenuron (I, M) benzoyl urea NL III NL no data MT ST MT MT HT ST malathion (I, M) organophosphate III II, III PC, ED potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT Metarhizium anisopliae var acridium microbial NL III NL no data NAT NAT NAT mineral oil (I, M) petroleum/paraffin NL III NL no data NAT botanical extract Neem seed extract (azadirachtins) NL III NL no data ST NAT NAT MT MT novaluron insect growth regulator U II, III NL no data MT MT MT MT HT pirimiphos-methyl organophosphate II II, III NL no data MT HT MT MT VHT VHT Pyrethrum flower extract (pyrethrins) botanical II III PC no data HT HT ST MT HT Millettia pinnata oil tree extract botanical artisanal NL NL NL no data HT pyridaben (M, I) pyridazinone II II, III NL no data VHT HT ST MT HT VHT pyriproxyfen insect growth regulator U II, III NL no data MT MT MT MT MT VHT spirodiclofen keto-enol NL III PC no data MT HT NAT NAT MT MT MT sulfur (M, F) Inorganic III III NL no data HT NAT NAT NAT HT NAT thiamethoxam neonicotinoid NL III PC no data PNT MT PNT PNT PNT PNT MT

2018 Rodenticide AI Approved Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Class Toxicity Acute E: WHO Factor 216 Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: Factor 216 Reg Toxicity E: Chronic Factor 216 Reg

Rodenticide Active Ingredients Reg 216, Factor I Hydrology): ecosystem, target Reg 216 Factors G & H (Non- & H G Factors 216 Reg proposed for control of crop diseases Availability of Other contaminant Groundwater and thus proposed for Reg 216 Pesticide Options: AI

analysis chemical classes for Insects Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans rotation to avoid amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton Plankton worms worms

development of birds bees bees resistance, and fish reduction of effectiveness (Factor F)

brodifacoum coumarin Ia III none no data MT MT

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Approved Natural Artisanal/Homemade Agriculture Pesticides

Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G) Class Acute Toxicity WHO E: 216 Factor Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: 216 Factor Reg Toxicity Chronic E: 216 Factor Reg Natural homemade pesticide Reg 216, ecosystem, Hydrology): Groundwater Groundwater Hydrology): ecosystem, Reg 216 Factors G & H (Non-target H (Non-target & G 216 Factors Reg

Active Ingredients proposed Factor I for control of crop pests and Availability of thus proposed for Reg 216 Other analysis Pesticide Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic contaminan Crustaceans Crustaceans Options: AI amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton

chemical worms birds birds bees bees classes for fish rotation to avoid t development of resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F) allicin (garlic extract) botanical NL III NL no data VHT HT HT MT MT MT VHT VHT ST azadirachtin/neem tree extract botanical NL III ED no data ST NAT NAT MT MT canola oil botanical NL III NL no data capsaicin/chili pepper extract botanical NL III NL no data ST cinnamaldehyde botanical NL III NL no data citronella oil botanical NL II NL no data MT MT eucalyptus oil extract botanical NL II, III NL no data geraniol (geranium extract) botanical NL II NL no data MT limonene/lemon oil botanical NL III NL no data MT MT ST Millettia pinnata: oil extract botanical NL III NL no data pine (tar) oil botanical NL III NL no data Pyrethrum (flower extract) botanical II III PC no data HT HT ST MT HT quassin (Quassia amara) botanical NL NL NL no data soap, insecticidal fatty acids NL II, III NL no data MT

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Approved Warehouse Insecticides Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)

H: Non- G & Factors EPA Acute Toxicity Classes (Reg 216 (Reg Classes Acute Toxicity EPA WHO Acute Toxicity Class (Reg 216 216 (Reg Class Toxicity Acute WHO Active Ingredients Chemical Class: Reg 216, 216 (Reg contaminant Groundwater Chronic Toxicity Risks (Reg 216 (Reg Risks Toxicity Chronic proposed for control of Factor I Availability of pests and thus proposed Other Pesticide Options: for Reg 216 analysis AI chemical classes for Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans

rotation to avoid amphibians Hydrology) Hydrology) Factor E) E) Factor E) Factor E) Factor Mollusks Mollusks Plankton

development of worms birds birds bees bees resistance, and reduction fish

of effectiveness (Factor F) ecosystem, target

cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid NL II, III PC, ED, RD no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT malathion organophosphate III II PC, ED potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT pirimiphos-methyl organophosphate I, II, III NL NL no data MT HT MT MT VHT VHT

Approved Veterinary Insecticides, Acaricides Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G) Chronic Toxicity Risks (Reg (Reg Risks Toxicity Chronic EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Classes Acute Toxicity EPA WHO Acute Toxicity Class Class Toxicity Acute WHO Groundwater contaminant contaminant Groundwater

Active Ingredients proposed for control Chemical Class: Reg & G H: Factors (Reg 216 Non-target ecosystem, ecosystem, Non-target

of pests and thus proposed for Reg 216 216, Factor I E) Factor (Reg 216 E) Factor (Reg 216 Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic

analysis Availability of Other E) 216 Factor Crustaceans Crustaceans amphibians amphibians Hydrology)

Pesticide Options: AI Mollusks Plankton worms worms birds birds bees bees chemical classes for fish rotation to avoid development of

resistance, and reduction of

effectiveness (Factor F) deltamethrin synthetic pyrethroid II I, II, III ED no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT diazinon (use in cattle, sheep, goats ear tags) organophosphate II II, III ED, RD potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT 168 diflubenzuron (cattle, sheep, goats feed- insect growth thru) regulator III III NL no data ST NAT PNT NAT NAT NAT ST MT gamma-cyhalothrin (pour-on) pyrethroid III III, IV ED no data HT HT ST HT

Approved Water Disinfection Pesticides (Microbicides) Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Toxicity Class Class Toxicity Acute WHO E: 216 Factor Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: 216 Factor Reg Toxicity Chronic E: 216 Factor Reg ecosystem, Hydrology): Groundwater Groundwater Hydrology): ecosystem, Reg 216 Factors G & H (Non-target H (Non-target & G 216 Factors Reg

Reg 216, Factor I Availability of Other Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic contaminant contaminant Crustaceans Crustaceans Pesticide Options: AI amphibians

Microbicide Active Mollusks Plankton chemical classes for worms birds birds bees bees Ingredients proposed for fish rotation to avoid control of water microbes development of and thus proposed for Reg resistance, and 216 analysis reduction of effectiveness (Factor F)

bromine inorganic disinfectant none I, II none no data HT MT bromine chloride inorganic disinfectant none I none no data HT HT MT HT chlorine dioxide inorganic disinfectant none III none no data NAT NAT NAT copper inorganic disinfectant none I, II, III none no data MT VHT HT HT MT MT HT hydrogen peroxide inorganic disinfectant none I, III none no data MT NAT ST HT iodine inorganic disinfectant none I, III none no data MT HT sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) inorganic disinfectant none I, III none no data HT ST MT MT MT HT MT

Approved Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Disinfectants/Microbicides.

These are presented on an EPA website, and are thus for brevity (there are 100 chemicals) not repeated here: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/avian_flu_products.htm.

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Approved Mosquito Insecticides Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)

(Reg contaminant Groundwater 216 Factors G & H: Non- & G 216 Factors Chronic Toxicity Risks (Reg (Reg Risks Toxicity Chronic EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Classes Acute Toxicity EPA

Active Ingredients proposed for Chemical Class: Class Toxicity Acute WHO

control of mosquitoes and thus Reg 216, Factor I Hydrology) ecosystem, proposed for Reg 216 analysis Availability of E) Factor (Reg 216 E) Factor (Reg 216 Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic 216 Factor E) E) 216 Factor Crustaceans Crustaceans Other Pesticide amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton

Options: AI worms birds birds bees bees chemical classes fish for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and

reduction of target effectiveness (Factor F) deltamethrin synthetic pyrethroid II I, II, III ED no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT malathion organophosphate III II PC, ED potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT permethrin synthetic pyrethroid II III PC, ED no data HT HT ST ST ST HT MT MT

Approved Locust Control Insecticides Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)

(Reg contaminant Groundwater 216 Factors G & H: Non- & G 216 Factors Chronic Toxicity Risks (Reg (Reg Risks Toxicity Chronic EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Classes Acute Toxicity EPA

Active Ingredients proposed for Chemical Class: Class Toxicity Acute WHO

control of locusts and thus Reg 216, Factor I Hydrology) ecosystem, proposed for Reg 216 analysis Availability of E) Factor (Reg 216 E) Factor (Reg 216 Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic 216 Factor E) E) 216 Factor Crustaceans Crustaceans Other Pesticide amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton

Options: AI worms birds birds bees bees chemical classes fish for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and

reduction of target effectiveness (Factor F) malathion organophosphate II PC, ED potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT

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Approved Construction Termiticides Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)

(Reg contaminant Groundwater 216 Factors G & H: Non- & G 216 Factors Chronic Toxicity Risks (Reg (Reg Risks Toxicity Chronic EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Classes Acute Toxicity EPA

Active Ingredients proposed for Chemical Class: Class Toxicity Acute WHO

control of termites and thus Reg 216, Factor I Hydrology) ecosystem, proposed for Reg 216 analysis Availability of E) Factor (Reg 216 E) Factor (Reg 216 Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic 216 Factor E) E) 216 Factor Crustaceans Crustaceans Other Pesticide amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton

Options: AI worms birds birds bees bees chemical classes fish for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and

reduction of target effectiveness (Factor F) chlorpyrifos-ethyl organophosphate II II, III ED no data HT HT HT MT MT HT HT MT cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid NL II, III PC, ED, RD no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT lufenuron benzoyl urea NL III NL no data MT ST MT MT HT ST

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Approved Rights of Way Herbicides, Defoliants Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts

Class Toxicity Acute WHO E: 216 Factor Reg Classes Toxicity Acute EPA E: 216 Factor Reg Toxicity Chronic E: 216 Factor Reg target ecosystem, Hydrology): Hydrology): ecosystem, target Herbicide Active Reg 216, Factor I H (Non- & G 216 Factors Reg Groundwater contaminant contaminant Groundwater Ingredients proposed for Availability of Other control of weeds in rights Pesticide Options: AI Aquatic Insects Insects Aquatic Crustaceans Crustaceans of way (ROW) and thus chemical classes for amphibians Mollusks Mollusks Plankton proposed for Reg 216 rotation to avoid worms birds birds bees bees analysis development of fish resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F)

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl propionic acid NL II, III NL no data MT ST PNT ST MT MT fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid III II, III NL no data MT ST PNT ST glyphosate phosphonoglycine U II, III NL potential ST ST PNT MT ST imazapyr imidazolinone U III NL no data ST MT ST MT NAT metsulfuron-methyl sulfonyl urea U III NL potential NAT MT NAT MT NAT pendimethalin dinitroanaline III III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST MT MT quinclorac quinolinecarboxylic U III PC, RD potential MT NAT MT MT

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Annex 6: Training Topics on IPM and Safe Pesticide Use

Recommendations for 2019 USAID projects-sponsored trainings including IPM and pesticides

Since this Programmatic PERSUAP is intended to be used by several USAID Uzbekistan projects, in addition to AVC, it applies to sectors outside of AVC's current purview. This section breaks down training recommendations by sector, as has been done above with approved pesticides, and uses as a guide P-PERSUAP Annex 6: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources.

Approved Seed Treatment Insecticides and Fungicides

For projects that are approved to provide treated seed, or support for seed treatment services for open-pollinated, untreated and farmer-saved seeds. Seed treatment with fungicides provide germinating seed and seedling protection from soil-borne fungal diseases. Seed treatment with the one systemic insecticide provide plants with at least 30 days of protection from most piercing, rasping and sucking insect pests (aphids, white flies, thrips, scales, mealybugs, plant hoppers, stink bugs) as well as some chewing, tunneling and boring insect pests (soil white grubs, wireworm larvae, and mole crickets; stem and stalk boring moth, fly and beetle larvae; and leaf miner larvae) that are difficult to reach with contact insecticides once they begin to chew and bore into plant tissues.

Training should first provide discussions on pests of seeds/seedlings and preventive non-chemical tools/tactics to reduce pest loss risks. These can include use of:  certified clean seed free from pathogens or pests, and  use of resistant hybrids or varieties that suffer lower damage from pests and diseases due to natural or bred-in resistance. They can also include cultural and agronomic practices that help clean soil:  solarization with plastic and sunlight, and  use of soil bunding, mounding and raised-bed techniques so that soil dries out properly. Training can emphasize and demonstrate use of tactics to reduce the levels of certain pests and diseases:  inter-planting several crops, and  use of crop rotations. Training can provide information on proper basic PPE to use when planting treated seed:  rubber gloves to protect hands from seed coating,  dust mask to protect mouth and nose from inhalation of seed treatment dust. If a project decides to provide resources for seed treatment services, they will need to ensure that such services have and know how to use seed treatment equipment/machines as well as PPE required and listed on the pesticide bottle labels and SDSs referenced above.

For projects that are approved to provide pesticides, including treated seed, use the following training regimen of GAPs, IPM tools and SPU topics is mandatory:

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 Do pest, predator and parasite monitoring, survey and proper identification to understand the risks of spraying pesticides.  Natural parasites, predators and diseases attack and control many pests, diseases, and weeds of project crops/livestock. Over-applications of pesticides can kill these beneficial organisms, leading later to outbreaks of the pests as well as outbreaks of secondary pests.  Frequent monitoring of the crop is one of the most-recommended tactics for identifying and preventing outbreaks of pests/diseases and reducing the amount of pesticides needed.  Use treated and certified clean (pest/disease/weed-free) seed from pest/disease-resistant or tolerant cultivars, hybrids or varieties.  Do soil tests for soil structure, pH, macronutrient & micronutrient levels for precision soil amendment targeting.  Regularly test soil moisture levels to manage soil-borne diseases and potentially reduce amount of irrigation water used.  Use raised-bed or bund production to better manage water use, soil moisture and speed seedling growth.  Use minimum and no-tillage, cover crops, terracing and contour plowing to conserve soil.  Maintain a vigorous plant by properly watering and fertilizing following soil test and moisture results.  Rotate crops and intercrop different crop types.  Use organic mulches and cover crops to suppress weeds, conserve irrigation water, manage soil moisture, and thus protect soil from rapid salinization.  To add organic nitrogen and structure to the soil, use green manures or rotate with nitrogen-fixing legume crops, use inter-planting with legumes and agroforestry techniques.  Use manures and compost to increase soil organic matter and nutrition, decrease soil-borne pathogens, sequester carbon, hold moisture and decrease need for increasingly more expensive synthetic nitrogen fertilizers derived from fossil fuels.  Sanitation: After harvest, destroy crop residues and weeds in and near field.  Have a pest management plan, organized chronologically by season or crop stage, which combines all or parts of these preventive and curative tactics with other production tactics.  Weeds can be managed by smallholder farmers by hoeing, or hand-pulling.  Greenhouse use of window and ventilation screens to exclude adult moths from greenhouse.  PMPs – Pest Management Plans: Creating and using these farm crop-management tools.

Safe Pesticide Use Topics  Always read and follow instructions and risk-reduction measures printed on the pesticide label and SDS, if available. Labels and SDSs should also have crops, pests and dosage recommendations (but some do not).  To reduce the risk of pests/diseases/weeds gaining resistance to a certain pesticide or type of pesticide, always rotate among classes of pesticides with different modes of action, if possible.  Herbicides are primarily registered for larger-scale commercial farmers. Most herbicides are too expensive for smallholder farmers, who manage most weeds by hoeing, or hand-pulling.  For how and when to use each pesticide, train farmers to read and follow the label instructions.  Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes and acute toxicities of common pesticides  Regulations: USA and Uzbekistan laws that guide pesticide registration and use  Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)  REI – Re-Entry Intervals: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation  PHI – Pre-Harvest Interval: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down  MRL – Maximum Residue Level: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food  Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying  Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides  When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain  Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used  Safe Use: How to transport, store and use pesticides safely

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 Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers  Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance  Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinseate and empty pesticide containers (EPCs)  The use of pesticide spray buffer zones near schools, water resources, organic crop production, apiaries, bird sanctuaries, biodiversity enclaves, national parks or other sensitive areas.  How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity  Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present  Water Pollution: Raise awareness of herbicides with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach  Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry  Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings  Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

Approved Food Security or Grain Storage Warehouse Insecticides

Food security or grain storage warehouse insecticides approved for use on USAID projects, primarily Food for Peace (FFP) projects, are only approved for use by highly-trained and PPE-protected professional companies' staff following guidance contained in USAID's Fumigation Programmatic Environmental Assessment.

Beneficiary farmers shall not be trained on use of fumigants like aluminum-phosphide or magnesium-phosphide, due to exceptionally high risks of death. On-farm food storage may only be treated by use of powder insecticides like Actellic.

The following warehouse storage best practices shall be taught during training:

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices, as follow:  Keep the warehouse well ventilated/aerated and lighted.  All grain stored off the floor on palates, with space between palates, dispose of old containers.  In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris.  Brush and sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect-infested grain and debris.  Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible).  Remove and dispose of all beans and debris remaining in planting machine or harvester, cull beans for animal feed, small piles of beans in field and close partial sacks of bean planting seed.  Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly.  Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies.

 Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions.

Approved Water/Sanitation and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Disinfectants/Microbicide AIs

Water, sanitation and HPAI microbicides must only be used with respiratory, eye, hand and splashing protection since most disinfectants are highly corrosive to skin, lungs and eyes. Training should teach how to sample water for presence of contaminants and how to mitigate these risks:  Promote sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation services, and the adoption of key hygiene behaviors.  Encourage the sound management and protection of freshwater resources.  Strengthen water sector governance, financing, and institutions.

Approved Malaria Mosquito Control Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Insecticides All approved malarial mosquito control training shall follow Global Health Bureau guidelines for safe use, as follow:

Approved Locust Control Insecticides

Any funds and training provided for locust plague management would come from FAO and/or USAID's Transboundary Pest Management Program. Training would follow all the above best practices under field use of pesticides.

Approved Construction/Termite Management Insecticides

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Approved Rights of Way (ROW) Treatment Herbicides

Risks from Herbicide Use

Mitigation of Herbicide Risks

In the place of using herbicides, mechanical weed/brush/tree control can be done using mowers and tractor-pulled cutting devices, on a regular basis.

General Topics

GAP/IPM  Pest, predator, parasite, disease identification: How to recognize common important pests and diseases, as well as the predators, parasites and diseases that attack and control them  Monitoring: The importance of frequent crop monitoring for pests, diseases and weeds  GAP and IPM concepts, tactics and tools found in Annex 1 that can reduce pesticide use and associated risks on specific pests of IP target crops  PMPs – Pest Management Plans: Creating and using these farm crop-management tools

Pesticides  Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes and acute toxicities of common pesticides  Regulations: USA and Uzbekistan laws that guide pesticide registration and use  Natural pesticides: Raise awareness of and promote the use of natural pesticides found in Annex 1 as well as green-label synthetic pesticides with lower risks  Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)  SDS: How to use SDSs for pesticide-specific information on risks and risk reduction measures  REI – Re-Entry Intervals: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation  PHI – Pre-Harvest Interval: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down  MRL – Maximum Residue Level: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food  Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying  Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides (use information from SDSs and Annex 5)  When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain  Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used (see product SDSs, product labels and web reference below)  Safe Use: How to transport, store and use pesticides safely  Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers 177

 Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance  Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinseate and packaging (see disposal web reference below and SDSs)  The use of pesticide spray buffer zones near schools, water resources, organic crop production, apiaries, bird sanctuaries, biodiversity enclaves, national parks or other sensitive areas.  How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity (found in PER factors E and G)  Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present  Water Pollution: Raise awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach (use Annex 5 and SDSs)  Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry  Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings (see first aid web reference and SDSs)  Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

Warehouse Storage Best Practices

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices, as follow:  Keep the warehouse well ventilated/aerated and lighted.  All grain stored off the floor on palates, with space between palates, dispose of old containers.  In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris.  Brush and/or sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect-infested grain and debris.  Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible).  Remove and dispose of all beans and debris remaining in planting machine or harvester, cull beans for animal feed, small piles of beans in field and close partial sacks of bean planting seed.  Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly.  Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies.

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Annex 7: Monitoring for Best Practices on Uzbekistan Beneficiaries

1. Name of NARS Staff Responsible for Monitoring Demonstration Farms:

2. Name of Demonstration Farmer: Crop: Date:

3. What are the major pests encountered by the farmer?

4. Which of the attached below Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM tools and tactics are used by farmer?

5. Are pesticides used by demo farmer? Yes__ No__

6. How are pesticides applied? backpack sprayer__ other__

7. What are the names of the pesticides used?

8. Which PPE does farmer have and use? gloves__ overalls __ boots__ mask__ goggles__

9. Has the farmer had Uzbekistan IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training? Yes__ No__

10. Are there any empty pesticide containers scattered in the field? Yes__ No__

11. Are there signs that the backpack sprayer has leaks? Yes__ No__

12. Does the farmer understand the pesticide label information? Yes__ No__

13. Is the pesticide stored safely out of the house or away from kids? Yes__ No__

14. Does the farmer use gloves for mixing the pesticide with water? Yes__ No__

15. What time of the day is/are the pesticides applied? ______

16. Are pesticides applied during rain or windy conditions? Yes__ No__

17. Are women or children permitted to apply pesticides? Yes__ No__

18. Is there any evidence that empty pesticide containers are used to store water? Yes__ No__

19. Does the farmer rinse equipment away from streams and open water? Yes__ No__

20. Does the farmer wash clothes after applying pesticides? Yes__ No__

21. How does the farmer dispose of empty pesticide containers? puncture/burry__ burn__

22. Is there any evidence that pesticides are becoming less effective? Yes__ No__

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Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM options referred to in question 4, above:

Preventive Preventive Curative Soil nutrient, texture and pH testing Farmer ability to correctly identify Mechanical insect control by hand pest predators, parasites and picking diseases Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant Weekly field scouting to assess pest Farmers make & apply local variety levels/damage artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethroid, garlic, chili, other) Early/late plantings or harvestings to Use of trap crops to trap and destroy Weed control by machine avoid pests pests cultivation, hoe or hand Seed treatment with pesticides Removal/pruning of diseased or Purchase and release of predators or heavily infested plants/tree parasitoids to control major pests branches Soil moisture testing Planting parasite-attracting plants on Use of pheromone traps to reduce field margins overall pest levels Raised-bed production or mounding Put baits and use other practices to Use of pheromone inundation to encourage predator/parasite build- confuse pest mating up Irrigation and drip irrigation Use of pheromone traps to monitor Spot treatment of pest hotspots with pest levels insecticides, miticides or fungicides Use of natural fertilizers (manure, Inter-planting crops with aromatic Area spraying (complete field compost) herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill coverage) using synthetic and or local plants) that repel pests natural insecticides, miticides or nematicides Use of purchased mineral fertilizers Mulching with organic materials or Use of synthetic and natural plastic to control weeds fungicides or bactericides Combinations of organic and mineral Plant living barriers or bamboo/tree Use of herbicides for weed control fertilizers barriers on windward edge of field Crop rotation Exclude insect pests by using Farm use of a locked storage vegetable tunnels and micro- building for pesticides tunnels Use of green manure crops Use of biodiversity or energy Farmer use of pesticide in-ground conservation practices compost trap for depositing and capturing spilled or leftover pesticides Farmer ability to correctly identify Crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit Farmer use of receptacle for empty pests and their damage destruction or composting at end of pesticide bottle disposal season

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Annex 8: Farm and Project Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use

Weather details Contact details Agricultural pesticide application details (If product is being sprayed outdoors) Date of Product Application Crop/commodit Extent of use Locatio Wind Wind Name and Name and address application trade rate y treated, OR (area/volume n where speed direction address of of person for name situation /weight) product applicator and whom the product was was (if applicable) application was applied used supervisor carried out

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Annex 9: P-PERSUAP References

Baker EL, Zack M, Miles JW, Alderman L, Warren M, Dobbins RD, Miller S, Teeters WR (1978) Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. The Lancet, January: 31–33. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74508)

Websites: Website references used to develop the Programmatic P-PERSUAP International Treaties and Conventions: POPs website: http://www.pops.int PIC Website: http://www.pic.int Basel Convention: http://www.basel.int/ Montreal Protocol: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php Pakistan malaria poisonings: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf. Pesticide poisonings: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/200000-die-year-pesticide-poisoning-170308140641105.html IPM and PMP websites: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_pest_management Pesticide Research Websites: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html (Extoxnet Oregon State database with ecotox) http://www.greenbook.net/ (pesticide Material Safety Data Sheets) https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1 (EPA Registration) Ecotoxicity: http://alamancebeekeepers.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Hazardous-Pesticides.pdf (pesticide toxicity to honeybees) http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm (pesticide toxicity to earthworms) Safety: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides (EPA regulated biopesticides) http://ipm.ucanr.edu/index.html (IPM, PMPs and pesticide recommendations) https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/restricted-use-products-rup-report (Restricted Use Pesticides) https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/citizens-guide-pest-control-and-pesticide-safety (EPA Health & Safety) http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/PPISdata/ (EPA pesticide product information) Personal Protection Equipment (PPE): http://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/personal-protective-equipment/chemical-protective- garments/brands/tyvek-protective-apparel.html http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/565206O/3m-cartridge-and-filter-replacement-faqs.pdf Pesticide Container Disposal Options: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/pesticide-containers

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Annex 10: Donor-Supported IPM and Pesticide Projects in Uzbekistan

USAID

In September of 2013, the IPM Collaborative Research Support Project (CRSP), supported by USAID, presented its final workplan (to September 2014) for implementing IPM activities in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. IPs included Michigan State University (MSU) in partnership with University of California- Davis, Kansas State University, ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas), and several local research and academic institutions and NGOs is implementing a regional IPM program in Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, the project worked on wheat, tomato and potato IPM. For wheat, the project focused on the Sunn Pest, cereal leaf beetles, rust diseases and weeds. For potato, the focus was on the Colorado Potato Beetle, nematodes, viruses, Late Blight disease and weeds. The new tomato and potato leafminer pest, Tuta absoluta, and wheat disease, wheat blast, Magnaporthe grisea, had not yet been found in Uzbekistan. The IPM CRSP missed both pests during their study, and they repeated the same training materials from one country to another. IPM tools were developed by this P-PERSUAP for each of these pests and are presented in Annex 1 of this 2019 P-PERSUAP.

ICARDA has a number of other agricultural initiatives in Uzbekistan, found here: http://www.icarda.org/search/node/Uzbekistan.

International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA)

As noted above, ICARDA has worked in Uzbekistan, and across the regions with a Central Asia and the Caucasus Regional Program (CACRP)50 focus. This program, now finished, focused on crop diversification (away from cotton) and in 2008 ICARDA produced the Emergency Seed Relief to Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, for improved germplasm and to study the seed industry (which will improve IPM). In addition, ICARDA was screening wheat varieties for resistance to cereal leaf beetle and doing Sunn Pest monitoring but did not mention wheat blast. And, they have promoted conservation agriculture techniques like intercropping of cotton with legumes, maize with legumes, or sainfoin with barley and leaving crop residues on sloping land and terraces to successfully reduce erosion and increase moisture content in the topsoil.

ICARDA, in association with sister center CIMMYT (the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) have the joint and shared responsibility for the improvement (drought, salt and heat tolerance) of bread and durum wheat within Central Asia and Caucasus (CAC). The center studies the conservation, evaluation and utilization of plant genetic resources from CAC countries. ICARDA activities will, for the time being, be on hold, due to insecurity at its headquarters in Aleppo, Syria.

World Bank (WB)

According to the WB, during 2014, they invested USD 150 million on the “Horticulture Development Project for Uzbekistan.” This project enhances the productivity and profitability of horticulture sector in the project area. A 2018 Project Paper seeks the approval of the Executive Directors to provide Additional Financing (AF) in the amount of USD 500 million for the Horticulture Development Project (HDP) and 24-month extension of the closing date of the parent project. The AF will support the scaling up of the original project’s credit line under Component 2: Access to Credit, by providing funds through selected participating financial institutions (PFIs) for investment and working capital sub-loans and lease financing to beneficiaries. The overall project design and institutional arrangements will remain the same. The AF does not trigger any new safeguard policies and its environmental category will remain ‘B.’ The Results

50 http://www.icarda.org/central-asia-and-caucasus-regional-program

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Monitoring Framework has been adjusted to reflect the additional credit, introduce new sector indicators, and revise some target values given changes in circumstances both within and outside of the project. The project area, however, will be expanded from nine to 13 regions (full coverage of the country) and the closing date is proposed to be extended a further two years to 2023.

During 2017, WB funded a Livestock Sector Development project for USD 150 million, which will work with primarily smallholder farmers, private farms and firms working in the sector’s production and processing.

The project aims at improving capacity and bringing modern technologies and husbandry practices, better access to animal health and advisory services and improved disease control, food safety and quality of animal products. The project will give priority to investments that promote climate resilience and emission reduction such as climate-smart technologies and practices and renewable energy supply (bio and solar energy) systems.

The WB also funds projects on energy efficiency, emergency medical services, market economy, Ferghana Valley water management, railway, education, infrastructure, roads, electricity, and water.

United Nations (UN) FAO

Since 2001, FAO cooperation with Uzbekistan has been growing, with technical assistance to further develop the agricultural sector, sustainable management of natural resources and increased resilience of rural populations to climate change.

The FAO’s presence in Uzbekistan was reinforced in June 2014 with the host country agreement signed between FAO and Government of Uzbekistan and inauguration of an FAO country office in Tashkent by Uzbekistan Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev and FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva.”

According to UN, http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=UZB, FAO's current assistance in Uzbekistan centers on five thematic priority areas: Diversification of cropping systems and sustainable production intensification; Promotion of efficient locust control techniques, integrated pest management, conservation agriculture and other good agricultural practices; Livestock production and disease control, and beekeeping; Aquaculture and inland fisheries development; and Sustainable natural resource management.

For locust control, FAO funded and conducted trials with the naturally occurring fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae acridum, against nymphs of the Italian locust, Calliptamus italicus, in Uzbekistan and in Georgia during 2010 and 2011. Trials proved promising. With two applications against locusts in young sunflower crops, declines reached 66-83% by day 14. During 2011, at two sites with moderately dense pasture, locusts declined by 74% and 83% after 14 days. Overall, locust mortality was substantial in all of the trials even though the weather was quite hot, with maximum temperatures often near 40°C.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

In Uzbekistan EBRD funds several agribusiness projects found on https://www.ebrd.com/work-with- us/project-finance/project-summary-documents.html?c37=on&keywordSearch. Some loans support work on food production facilities, construction and operation of a cold storage and processing facilities for frozen fruit and vegetables, warehouse management and inventory control, among other things that require large sums of investment.

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Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ, German International Cooperation, formerly GTZ)

In Uzbekistan, GIZ has been involved in health, tourism, cross-border trade, economic development and protection of natural resources. The aim is to support the diversification of the economy and expand the upstream and downstream sectors of agriculture in order to create jobs and income-generating opportunities, particularly in disadvantaged regions.

GIZ supports a sustainable economic development component in selected regions of Uzbekistan to promote selected value chains. This component aims to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises by improving their production and marketing strategies. Agricultural enterprises producing fruit, fish and milk.

This component supports the promotion of energy efficiency and alternative energies and the introduction of modern, innovative agricultural concepts which conserve water and the soil. The focus is on establishing an information center for green economy and on implementing pilot projects in the value chains supported by the program. Information campaigns are also conducted to raise awareness of compliance with international trading standards, such as GlobalGAP and Label STEP for export promotion.

In agriculture, improved production methods have already led to significant success. For example, fish production in the Surchandarya region almost doubled after 40 new enterprises were set up. In the fruit cultivation value chain, three demonstration orchards – operating under what can be extremely difficult climatic conditions – have been established and are used for highly popular training measures. Following the introduction of modern production management systems, milk production in the region of Andijan has already increased by around 30 per cent. The prices paid for this higher-quality milk have also risen by one third.

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

ADB currently supports a Livestock Value Chain Development project. This project will finance the establishment of three holistic wholesale markets for livestock in three proposed locations Tashkent, Fergana, and Samarkand. Developed infrastructure will provide facilities and services, one-stop shopping, under one roof: storage, auction, food safety certification, transport, shipping, expert market advice, trade finance and commercial banking etc. As a result, it is expected that significantly larger volumes of products with improved quality will be marketed with better post-harvest logistics, mostly cold storage and transport integrated with quality and certification of safety standards provided through wholesale or export processing facilities in and around the production areas. ADB has also proposed a Horticulture Value Chain Infrastructure Project, but it is not yet approved or funded.

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Annex 11: USAID Uzbekistan 2019 Relevant Project Backgrounds

Agriculture and Food Security (AFS)

Under AFS, https://www.usaid.gov/uzbekistan/agriculture-and-food-security, USAID has accomplished the following:

 In 2011 alone, USAID introduced 3,000 farmers to new production techniques that, at a minimum, doubled crop yields and resulted in up to six-fold increases in sales. Our agricultural assistance will increase farm incomes by 80 percent through improved agricultural techniques in 16,000 rural households.  USAID trained over 1,000 farmers, farm workers and agribusiness staff on plant pest identification, agronomic best practices, orchard pruning, cold storage management, fruit and vegetable drying, and post-harvest techniques.  USAID offered cold chain workshops to over 200 farmers, allowing them to adapt this powerful income-generating technology for local use.

Uzbekistan Agriculture Value Chain (AVC, May 2015-May 2020)

The Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) activity is a five-year (2015-2020), $17 million program focused on improving the quality and volume of agricultural production, improving post-harvest handling and production, facilitating market linkages, and linking the education sector with the private sector. The project’s goals are to support expanded diverse and competitive trade and markets, and to enhance agricultural competitiveness and food security. As part of project start-up, and as required by the AVC Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Asia 15-04751, the project used an Uzbekistan Agricultural Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)52 approved on July 16, 2012 by Asia Bureau Environmental Officer to ensure the safety of project staff, participants, and local communities in cases where working with pesticides is required. This new 2019 document replaces that.

Economic Growth and Trade (EGT)

Under EGT, https://www.usaid.gov/uzbekistan/economic-growth-and-trade, USAID has recently accomplished the following:

 USAID created several Export Partnership Groups that assist Central Asian firms in exporting their goods to the U.S. Department of Defense and to Customs Union countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia).  USAID held trainings to educate both Uzbek suppliers and U.S. Department of Defense/Defense Logistics Agency staff on export opportunities in Uzbekistan.  USAID convened a roundtable that brought together an Uzbek Businesswomen’s Association, Uzbek government officials, local companies and regional trade experts for a frank and rare exchange about how to improve export prospects and practices for Uzbek firms.

51Environmental Compliance Database - Record Details Asia15-047 52 Environmental Compliance Database - Record Details Asia - PERSUAP

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Global Health (GH)

Under GH, https://www.usaid.gov/uzbekistan/global-health, USAID has recently accomplished the following:

 USAID has delivered outreach on prevention, detection and treatment of TB and HIV/AIDS to more than 4,700 vulnerable people.  USAID trained over 1,000 medical workers and community leaders to increase community awareness of TB symptoms, prevention, infection control and treatment.  USAID strengthened the ability of laboratories to identify new TB cases through training for laboratory specialists from all 14 regions of Uzbekistan.  In collaboration with the Uzbek National TB Program, USAID developed a three-year action plan that will enable the Ministry of Health to more effectively prevent and control MDR TB.

If there were to be an HPAI or malarial mosquito outbreak, GH Bureau would become involved in managing these, along with regional programs and the local mission. Issues with rare locust outbreaks would be managed by DCHA, with grants to FAO.

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Annex 12: Pesticide Regulations and Import from Neighboring Countries

Tajikistan

A 2004 list of 160 Tajikistan registered pesticides is the only standing approved (legal) list available. The Committee on Chemical Protection (CCP) of the Republic of Tajikistan is responsible for updating the list of registered pesticides but has still not done so since 2004. In 2012, there were additional pesticides which were being considered for registration, but as of now, the CCP has not yet done so. Tajikistan does not consider microbial disinfectants and microbicides to be pesticides, and therefore does not legally register them in the same way it registers pesticides.

China

After the United States, China is the second largest producer of pesticides. Chinese factories and pesticide companies produce the active ingredients for both the top and bottom ends of the sector. Some of the well-known multinational companies now sub-contract Chinese companies to produce active ingredients for their pesticides. However, many of the remaining Chinese companies flood developing world markets with the most popular generic chemicals that are easy to make but may have contaminants or less active ingredient (AI) than advertised, and that are not formulated optimally. Multinational pesticide companies recognize this problem and are using all means to combat it. The FAO panel of pesticide experts makes recommendations for the UN on the code of conduct for distribution and use of pesticides53. The World Bank has also done studies on pesticide quality and finds low quality to be an issue in most developing countries54.

In China, since 1963, the manufacture and sale of agricultural pesticides is regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture’s (MOA) Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of the Ministry of Agriculture (ICAMA). Numerous Chinese products, some appearing with copied brand names and pirated identical international labels, can be found in the eastern CAR region. None of the pirated products were discovered during 2018 visits to retail markets in Uzbekistan; however, many Chinese products copy or approximate the product names of the most popular chemicals.

Pakistan

Pakistan has a well-developed pesticide sector with some chemical companies that produce pesticides, but most are imported. Quality of these pesticides is variable, with numerous sub-standard and aldultered products being produced and sold. In Pakistan, before 1971, pesticides to be imported were standardized by the Federal Government of Pakistan through Department of Plant Protection (DPP), since no rules and regulations were in place. In 1971, the Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance (APO) was promulgated to regulate import, manufacture, formulation, sale, distribution, use and advertisement of pesticides. At least once a year Pakistan analyzes and releases a new list of registered pesticides.

Afghanistan

Due to years of conflict and no functional government, Afghanistan had no approved list of pesticides registered for manufacture, import and use. Finally, in 2015, the Pesticide Law was signed by the President on 19 October 2015, Gazette # 1190 (www.moj.gov.af). To counter the use of sub-standard pesticides entering from China and other countries, donors in Afghanistan are encouraging MAIL, input stores and farmers to import and use only name-brand pesticides from established international

53 http://www.fao.org/3/a-a0220e.pdf 54 http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01004/WEB/0__CO-57.HTM

188 companies. Pesticide exports from Afghanistan importers/distributors to Uzbekistan from 2011 to 2018 have remained unchanged as a percentage of total imports to Uzbekistan. Kyrgyzstan

In 1999, Kyrgyzstan produced a law on “Chemicalization and Plant Protection” for registration and safe use of pesticides. At present, Kyrgyzstan has produced a 2010 list of pesticides registered for import and use. To do this, the Government of Kyrgyzstan has relied heavily on pesticide registrations in Kazakhstan. For instance, if a certain desired pesticide is already registered in Kazakhstan, then only one year of testing is required to register the same product for use in Kyrgyzstan. Pesticide testing and registration would require a minimum of three years. Kyrgyzstan, which has no VAT tax, imports pesticides in large quantities and then re-packages them into smaller quantities affordable by farmers in Uzbekistan. Thus, Kyrgyzstan is a potential source of pesticides entering Uzbekistan. As a member of WTO, Kyrgyzstan is supposed to better manage movement of good across its borders and respect property rights, but full enforcement is lacking.

Russia

Each year, Russia produces an annually-updated list of pesticides registered for production, import, export and use. A copy of the list is found at http://www.mcx.ru/documents/document/show/13153.133.htm. In 2012, only two Russian pesticide products were found available in Uzbekistan, and both were natural or botanical extracts. In 2018, however, the previous PERSUAP study participants found numerous pesticide products available on Uzbek markets that had been either formulated in Russia with Chinese- made AIs, or were being imported from China, through Russia. They are smuggled across the international border, without specific knowledge of the customs service.

Kazakhstan

A 2002 Law on Crop Protection stipulates plant protection through the application of pesticides and other chemicals but does not include norms on monitoring the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of chemicals in the soil. Measures that do have environment-related components, most are quite recent and long-term, and will take time to produce concrete results. The impacts of pesticide use on human health and ecosystems do not appear to have been assessed. Most regional pesticide importers and distributors have offices in Tashkent and Almaty, and it is likely that some pesticides imported to Uzbekistan enter through these companies and countries. They are both traded and smuggled across the international border, without specific knowledge of the customs services.

Iran

Since 1967, Iran has had rules and regulations concerning registration, production, transportation, usage, storage, import and export of pesticides. Based on this law, which has been amended several times since 1967, a special committee called A Pesticides Supervision Board (PSB) composed of members from Plant Protection Organization, Plant Pest and Diseases Researches Institute, Ministry of Health, Hygiene Research Institute of Tehran University, Veterinary Organization and some other concerns bodies, is legally responsible for registration of pesticides. During the 2018 study, numerous pesticide products from Iran were found in pesticide stores in Uzbekistan, especially Green Market in Dushanbe, and sold primarily by ethnic Iranian shopkeepers. This is a large increase from what was found in 2012, when only two Iranian pesticide products were found. They are smuggled across the international border, without specific knowledge of the customs services. As well as lack of GOU oversight in the markets and of retailers.

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Turkmenistan

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, environmental regulation is unchanged in Turkmenistan. The new government created the Ministry of Natural Resources Use and Environmental Protection in July 1992, with departments responsible for environmental protection, protection of flora and fauna, forestry, hydrometeorology, and administrative planning. However, Turkmenistan is rated very low for pesticide regulations compared with all other countries. No pesticides from or entering through Turkmenistan were found in Uzbekistan, and none were referenced by any of the people interviewed for this P-PERSUAP. Turkmenistan is a very closed country that purchases all its manufactured inputs from other countries, primarily Turkey and Iran.

EuroAsian Interstate Council for Standardization, Meteorology and Certification (EASC)55

The EASC provides former Soviet Union states an information repository and forum for decision-makers. The EASC’s modality and resources ensure that all CIS standards are coordinated on the issues of human health and environmental protection. Thus, even if Uzbekistan or another CIS country currently does not have pesticide regulations or lists of approved and registered pesticides; they will look to Russia or EASC for standards to emulate, adopt and follow. Clearly, since Uzbekistan has not produced a new list of registered pesticides since 2004, this mechanism leaves to be desired.

Another Factor: Future Markets for Uzbek Produce

Trade with western countries and mature Russian markets will further drive the direction of pesticide registration, as certain pesticide products are permitted on imported produce and others are not. Those that are not will be dropped from use by countries seeking trade opportunities with Western Europe or certified produce markets in Russia.

55 http://www.easc.org.by/english/mgs_org_en.php

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Annex 13: Biodata of P-PERSUAP Author Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA

Alan Schroeder was raised on a small family farm where the beautiful Susquehanna and Unadilla River valleys meet in upstate New York, the same place where the powerful and wise Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse) Iroquois Confederacy held sway for over 600 years prior to European invasion and colonization. While the First Nations peoples grew the “Three Sisters” crops of corn, beans and squash, Alan’s father, Electrical Engineer Samuel Schroeder, grew every vegetable, fruit, spice and cut flower crop growable in the seasonal temperate upstate NY climate, and his mother, Registered Nurse Betty Dowling used the produce to cook and bake an assortment of northern and eastern European delicacies. The menu occasionally included poultry as well—chickens and ducks and their eggs were often fine table fare, hand- raised on the homestead.

At a very young age, Alan and his brother Daniel, true entrepreneurs, set up a roadside stand to sell garden vegetables, fruits and cut flowers to passersby. The income earned, plus numerous scholarships, helped put Alan and Daniel through college. This wonderfully rich bucolic rural agricultural environment and entrepreneurial spirit served as a powerful inspiration to Alan as he pursued his life’s dream: To work with producers on diverse and exotic crops in other countries.

With this upbringing, Alan made the decision to train as a Crop Protection and Agribusiness Specialist. With over 29 years of experience gaining knowledge, skills and abilities researching, writing, analyzing and reducing pest/disease risks to agriculture production, chemical and pesticide risks to humans/natural resources, and now risks from climate changes, Alan continuously learns from others. Alan takes great pride to assist developing country producers with expertise in agriculture, an understanding of USAID regulations, as well as formal training and practical experience in entomology, plant pathology, chemistry and agriculture business around the world. Producers in some 60 to 70 countries in all regions have taught Alan how they survive with their agricultural skills in challenging and ever-changing environments. NGOs have taught him how they make a difference every day in the lives of these producers, by introducing and applying new crop production tools and techniques.

Alan began his career in international development by being selected in 1989 as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center near Texcoco, Mexico. In 1990, he won a prestigious Science and Diplomacy Fellowship through the American Association for the Advancement of Science, working with USAID’s Bureau for Africa on agriculture research networks across Africa, and during which time he lived in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He next served for nine years as an International Program Leader through USDA Agriculture Research Service, where he provided policy advice, technical leadership, risk-taking, vision and management input on invasive trans-national locust, armyworm, bird and rodent plagues, as well as complex and sensitive international environmental challenges. He provided integrated pest management expertise as well as pesticide safety, management and disposal advice for upper-level USDA and USAID administrators, US Ambassadors, and United Nations officials often saving the US government hundreds of thousands of dollars. During this time, he has been recognized by both of his universities, Delaware and Illinois, as a Distinguished Alumni for his strong focus on using technical information and sharply-honed critical thinking skills to take well-calculated risks, making common-sense decisions on multi-million dollar technical and political development challenges.

During 2001, Dr. Schroeder founded E-NoeTec Consulting, from which he has worked as an International Consultant on agriculture and environmental compliance issues ever since. He recently spent two years living in Belgium, where his wife, Dr. Sonia Ortega, served as the Science Attaché to our USA Embassy to the EU, and during which time he developed a European arm to his consulting business. In his free time and with a lifetime focus on high-quality farming and food—from production through processing to the kitchen tabletop—he volunteers with the Arlington Food Assistance Center, a community-based non-profit that grows and provides nutritious produce and food for Arlington neighbors in need. He is also a certified

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Master Gardener and Private Pilot, and a student of the martial art, Taijiquan. He can be reached at [email protected].

Annex 14: Central Asia Forms for Implementing Partners: Pesticide Inventory and Environmental Authorization to Purchase Pesticides

IP Form 1: Pesticide Inventory

Within 45 days of approval of this P-PERSUAP, agricultural projects must report existing pesticide inventories to their AOR/COR using this form. If products in inventory are compliant with 2013 P- PERSUAP, they may be used, otherwise they must be appropriately disposed of (consultation with MEO required). No new procurement can be made that is not compliant with this P-PERSUAP.

Project Date______

Contractor Chief of Party

Active Product Name Concentration Formulation 2019 P-PERSUAP Ingredient compliant?

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IP Form 2: Environmental Authorization to Procure Pesticides

Projects seeking approval to purchase pesticides must submit this form, with an attached copy of the label of the product to be procured, for AOR/COR review and clearance.

Note: this form is additional to and not in lieu of other compliance and clearance requirements for pesticide purchases

Name of Project

Staff Member Responsible

Pesticide Product to be Procured: Name of Product

Activity Ingredient (AI)

Formulation

Concentration

Purpose of procurement:

Indicate, for what pests and diseases:

Language of Label (attach label) Packaging (type and volume)

Quantity to be Procured

Is the crop and pesticide covered by the 2018 PERSUAP Update as accepted for smallholder farmers?

Toxicity class for:

--Active ingredient (USEPA/ WHO from PERSUAP) --Product from label (normally, WHO classification) --Product according to Russian/CIS classification if applicable

Can a product be used for household conditions?

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Name of Manufacturer

Country of Origin

Source and Mode of Procurement Is there a completed IPM and PMP plan designed to prevent the pests in question before curative pesticides are needed?

Is there a safer use plan for this specific pesticide that specifies how the pesticide is to be used and safety measures?

What circumstances require use of this pesticide?

Is a project to promote, procure or use recommend the pesticide?

Where and when will the pesticide be used? (be specific)

How will the project know that safety equipment is present? How many days after last treatment may a product be harvested (Pre-Harvest Interval) or consumed?

For pesticides procured by a project who will review that the pesticide is stored, used and monitored according to plan?

Will training in safe application, safe storage, and safe disposal of waste be

194 done prior to use?

Quantity of pesticide to be purchased for each farmer. Area on which purchased pesticide will be used

Explain frequency of application.

Explain appropriateness of amount to be purchased and applied. Is the quantity being purchased appropriate for the area to be treated?

Certifications and explanations YES NO If “No,” explain

AI is authorized by 2019 P-PERSUAP Training carried out

PPE Provided

Chief of Party Date

Approved by C/AOR Date

Approved by MEO______Date______c) Form 3. Pesticide Monitoring Tool

1. Farmer name 2. Crop name 3. Pest/Disease name 4. Pesticide or Active Ingredient Name 5. Pesticide is/is not controlling Pest in farmer’s opinion (yes or no)* 6. Quality of Pesticide is assured by the Ministry of Agriculture? (yes or no)** 7. Does Farmer do Pesticide Dosing and Calibration property (yes, or no)(***)

*Note 1: If more than 50% of farmers believe that the pesticide is not controlling the pest or disease, resistance is possible, note this to the Ministry of Agriculture and USAID If more than 95% of farmers believe that the pesticide is not controlling the pest or disease, resistance is significantly probable, note this to the Ministry of Agriculture and USAID

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**Note 2: If pesticide retailer and the Ministry of Agriculture cannot assure the quality of the pesticide, the pest or disease may not be resistant, the pesticide may not have enough Active Ingredient ***Note 3: If farmer is not dosing or calibrating their pesticide application properly, the pest or disease may not be resistant, the pesticide may not be in the correct dose/amount

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Annex 15: Action Plan Format: Actions by IPs and USAID/Uzbekistan to increase awareness of and mitigate pesticide risks on Uzbekistan assistance projects sites

On the following Action Plan Matrix, COP or delegate insert the start and end dates for each activity or action or groups of sub-actions or activities to complete the action with the names of those responsible for each action, and a budget. Once this action plan is completely filled, and actions are under way or done, it can be transmitted to AID to show Regulation 216 compliance progress reducing pesticide risks on your project.

Actions/Activities Start End Who Budget

Mandatory Safer Use Conditions for Implementing Partners

1. Only pesticides with approved active ingredients can be procured, used or recommended for use with USAID funds. These pesticides are listed in Table 4.2. Support must be in compliance with (1) the listed use(s) and (2) any specific conditions enumerated in section 4.2. NOTEs: Where a pesticide product contains more than one AI, the product can only be used when all its AIs are approved by this PERSUAP. Products procured with USAID funds must be of a formulation, standard and quality comparable to those approved for use in the US by US EPA.

197 completion must be determined by a satisfactory score on an individual assessment instrument.

5. Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Projects must provide and assure the correct use of appropriate PPE (per label) for all pesticide use under their direct control. Otherwise, projects must assure access to, proper use and maintenance of appropriate PPE to the greatest degree practicable. Normally this will consist of: • eye protection • hat • overalls • respirator or disposable mask • rubber gloves (solvent resistant) • rubber boots (solvent resistant).

6. Observance of label instructions and safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. Similarly, for pesticide use under their direct control, projects must assure use per label (including re-entry intervals) as well as safer pesticide transport, handling and disposal practices.

7. Existing pesticide inventory reporting. Within 45 days of approval of this PERSUAP, projects must report existing pesticide inventories to their AOR/COR using Form 1 (Annex 14). If products in inventory are compliant with this 2019 PERSUAP, they may be used subject to other conditions in this section. All other products in inventory must be appropriately disposed of (consultation with MEO required). No new procurement can be made that is not compliant with this 2019 PERSUAP.

8. Pre-procurement planning requirement. Prior to requesting authorization to procure pesticides (see condition 10, below), projects must conduct pesticide

198 planning with reference to their work plan and project activities that require pesticides. Specifically:

• Agricultural projects will identify crops involved and develop pest management plans.

9. Pesticide procurement authorization. Prior to procuring pesticides, projects must submit Form 2

(Annex 14) to the AOR/COR and receive his/her clearance for the subject procurement.

10. Record-keeping & resistance monitoring. Projects procuring and using pesticides must ensure that beneficiaries:

• maintain records (Annex 8) of their stocks (type and quantity) and record and monitor their use (including date of use, application method, and location.)

• monitor pesticide effectiveness for development of resistance. See Form 3 (Annex 14) for a suggested form for monitoring and record keeping. Projects providing pesticide related training and certification must maintain records of their trainings, certifications and trainees.

11. Regular implementation reporting. The status of implementation of the above-listed conditions must be addressed in regular project implementation reporting. (E.g. quarterly or 6-month reports.) This reporting must include stocks and use reporting, and summary reporting of pesticide trainings, including purpose, dates and type of training, number and type of trainees, and number successfully completing the training.

12. Pass-down to subcontractors and grantees. All above-listed conditions must be passed down to subcontractors and (sub)grantees. Prime contractors

199 and grantees must assure that sub-contractors/sub- grantees have capacity to implement these conditions.

In addition to the record on implementing the above conditions, the following action plan should be filled out and signed by the Activity (project) chief.

Action Plan Goals: Decrease the number of beneficiary farmers unaware of pesticide safety, environmental and natural resource protection, and IPM concepts

Action Plan Discussion:

Action Plan Final Sign-off: COP ______, date: ______

Once filled and signed by COP, this Action Plan can be sent to USAID for project management monitoring purposes, so USAID staff can see the degree to which PERSUAP recommendations are being implemented, issue with implementation, and to set future targets for impacts of pesticide safety activities.

Action Plan for USAID/CA/Uzbekistan Program Management Actions on Compliance

On the following Action Plan Matrix, A/COR or delegate insert the start and end dates for each activity or action or groups of sub-actions or activities to complete the action with the names of those responsible for each action, and a budget. Once this action plan is completely filled, and actions are under way or done, it can be transmitted to AID MEO/REA to show Regulation 216 compliance progress reducing pesticide risks on projects under your responsibility.

Mandatory USAID/CA/Uzbekistan Program Management Actions on Compliance

13. USAID/CA/Uzbekistan put in place effective internal procedures to review pesticide use plans and pesticide procurement requests submitted by IPs. The MEO must review and approve all procurement requests.

14. Per ADS 204.3.4, AORs/CORs must assure that the requirements established by section (IP

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Conditions, summarized above, IP Requirements Numbers 1 - 12) are funded, implemented, and monitored.

15. Technical Offices, working with OAA, must ensure that contract and award language requires compliance with the conditions established by this PERSUAP for each relevant project.

16. USAID/CA/Uzbekistan must assure that all relevant mission staff receive an internal short-format (~1–2 hour) training on the requirements established by this PERSUAP.

17. At such time that new pesticides are registered under Uzbekistan’s National Pesticide Registration,

USAID/CA/Uzbekistan must update this PERSUAP.

18. Annual review of the approved pesticides list in this 2019 PERSUAP: The lists of pesticides approved by Uzbekistan and analyzed for approval by EPA was dated January 2019. To ensure that this PERSUAP stays current & compliant with US EPA registration status, the list of chemicals should be reviewed annually, in January. Thus, the next review will be due in November of 2019.

19. Substantial update every 3-5 years of the PERSUAP. In order to distill lessons learned and ensure that all requirements are up-to-date, this document should be substantially updated at least every 3-5 years. Thus, the next major update should occur not later than January 2020, by which time Uzbekistan may produce a new list of registered pesticides, and EPA registrations will have changed significantly.

20. Regular training for USAID/CAR and USAID/Uzbekistan, IPs, GOT officials. Do regular

201 annual training on use of this PERSUAP for all stakeholders so that they understand how to interpret and use it. The next training will be due no later than June 2016.

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Annex 16: Prohibited Materials Analysis: Pesticide Active Ingredients Registered in Uzbekistan but NOT to be used on USAID/Uzbekistan projects or by beneficiaries

Pesticides Rejected by this P-PERSUAP Analysis

The following are pesticide AIs and Products registered in 2004 for import and use in Uzbekistan but Rejected by this P-PERSUAP for use by USAID projects, along with the reason each is rejected. This list is to be used to IPs so that they can clearly see which Uzbekistan-registered pesticides are rejected, and so that they know, specifically, which ones they cannot promote or use. And, active ingredients are placed in alphabetical order, for IPs to more easily and quickly locate them.

Fungicides (F) and Bactericides (B)

benomyl/benlate not EPA registered bronopol Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers calcium hydroxide no EPA registered products, just AI colloidal silver (nanoparticles, B, F) heavy metal pollutant diniconazole not EPA registered dithianon not EPA registered dodine Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers epoxiconazole not EPA registered flumorph not EPA registered flusilazole not EPA registered formaldehyde (B) Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers guazatine not EPA registered imazalil Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers isopyrazam not EPA registered lime sulfur/calcium polysulphid (also M) Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers oxadixyl not EPA registered penconazole not EPA registered prochloraz not EPA registered propineb not EPA registered Pseudomonas putida (B) not EPA registered spiroxamine not EPA registered triadimefon not EPA registered for food crops triadimenol not EPA registered for food crops tricyclazole not EPA registered triforine not EPA registered for project crops

Herbicides (H) and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

acetochlor RUP azimsulfuron not EPA registered cloquintocet-mexyl not EPA registered diclofop-methyl not EPA registered fluroxypyr not EPA registered flurtamone not EPA registered

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haloxyfop R methyl not EPA registered metsulfuron not EPA registered molinate not EPA registered propaquizafop not EPA registered pyrazosulfuron-ethyl not EPA registered pyribenzoxim not EPA registered quizalofop-p-ethyl Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers quizalofop-p-tefuryl not EPA registered tritosulfuron-ethyl not EPA registered

Insecticides (I) and Miticides (M)

alpha-cypermethrin RUP aversectine not EPA registered beta-cypermethrin RUP bromopropylate (M) not EPA registered carbosulfan (also N) not EPA registered diafenthiuron (I, M) not EPA registered esfenvalerate RUP fenitrothion AI only fenoxycarb not EPA registered fenpropathrin (I, M) RUP fenvalerate (I, M) not EPA registered fipronil RUP fluakripyram not EPA registered flubendiamide not EPA registered flufenzin not EPA registered isoprocarb not EPA registered lambda-cyhalothrin RUP lime sulfur/calcium polysulphid (M) Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers methomyl RUP methyl bromide RUP, Montreal Protocol chemical oxamyl (also N) RUP phosalone (I, M) not EPA registered profenofos (I, M) RUP propargite (M) RUP teflubenzuron not EPA registered tefluthrin RUP thiacloprid not EPA registered thiodicarb RUP triazophos (I, M, N) not EPA registered zeta cypermethrin RUP

Rodenticides

isopropylfenatsin not EPA registered

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Nematicides (N)

ethoprop(hos) RUP fosthiazate RUP oxamyl (also I) RUP

POPs and PIC Chemicals NOT to be used on USAID/Uzbekistan projects or by beneficiaries

Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int)

PIC Chemicals (40 chemicals, composed of: 29 pesticides—including 4 severely hazardous pesticide formulations—and 11 industrial chemicals)

Pesticides

 2,4,5-T and its salts and esters  Aldrin  Binapacryl  Captafol  Chlordane  Chlordimeform  Chlorobenzilate  DDT  Dieldrin  Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium salt)  Dinoseb and its salts and esters  1,2-dibromoethane (EDB)  Ethylene dichloride  Ethylene oxide  Fluoroacetamide  HCH (mixed isomers)  Heptachlor  Hexachlorobenzene  Lindane  Mercury compounds including inorganic mercury compounds, alkyl mercury compounds and alkyloxyalkyl and aryl mercury compounds  Monocrotophos  Parathion  Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters  Toxaphene  Tributyltin compounds

Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulations

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 Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of: benomyl at or above 7 per cent, carbofuran at above 10 per cent, thiram at or above 15 per cent.  Methamidophos (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l)  Phosphamidon (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1000 g active ingredient/l and mixtures of (E)&(Z) isomers, (Z)-isomer, and (E)-isomer  Methyl-parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) at or above 19.5% active ingredient and dusts at or above 1.5% active ingredient)

Industrial Chemicals

 Asbestos Crocidolite  Asbestos Actinolite  Asbestos Anthophyllite  Asbestos Amosite  Asbestos Tremolite  Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs, hexa- octa- and deca-)  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)  Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT)  Tetraethyl lead  Tetramethyl lead  Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)

Pesticides

Aldrin Chlordane Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT)* Dieldrin Endosulfan Endrin—not on PIC list Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Mirex—not on PIC list Toxaphene Lindane

Industrial Chemicals

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane Beta hexachlorocyclohexane Chlordecone Hexabromobiphenyl Hexabromobiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether) Pentachlorobenzene Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooactane sulfonyl fluoride

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Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether)

Combustion Products

Dioxins—not on PIC list (formed by burning chlorine-based hydrocarbon chemical compounds, like any of the above chemicals) Furans—not on PIC list (formed by burning pentose compounds, especially plastics)

* DDT may continue to be used for malaria control in interior residual spraying (IRS)

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