Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae and Adelgidae) of Hawai'i: Annotated List and Key to Species of an Adventive Fauna1
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Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae and Adelgidae) of Hawai‘i: Annotated List and Key to Species of an Adventive Fauna1 R. G. Foottit,2,5 H. E. L. Maw,2 K. S. Pike,3 and R. H. Messing4 Abstract: We provide a comprehensive compilation of 105 species of Aphidoidea adventive to the Hawaiian Islands based on literature records and a taxonomic analysis of available specimens. Seventeen species are recognized as new to the Islands. For each species information on synonyms, origins, distribution, and hosts is given. The average rate of introduction has been about 0.82 species per year. Approximately 35% of the species originate in East Asia, 35% from Europe and West Asia, and 21% from North America. Hawai‘i has no known native aphid species. species known at the time. The next complete Although some were originally described list of 68 species was compiled by Beardsley from the Islands [e.g., Melaphis bambusae (Ful- in 1979. The current online version of the laway)], they subsequently have been shown checklist of terrestrial arthopods of Hawai‘i to be adventive. The earliest treatments of the ( Nishida 2002c) lists 81 names, but removal of Hawaiian fauna (Kirkaldy 1908a, Fullaway synonyms, species known only as intercep- 1910, 1912) recognized 23 species. Timberlake tions, and one name of uncertain application (1924) listed 37 species, of which seven were leaves 70 species. In recent years there has unidentified and one was a synonym of an- been a focused survey for aphids on the five other. Knowledge then remained static until largest Hawaiian Islands (Messing et al. 2006, the reestablishment of an entomology unit at 2007). the Hawai‘i Agricultural Experment Station Due to increasing globalization of trade in 1937. Additional impetus for study was there is a strong potential for introduction given by the outbreak of World War II and and establishment of additional aphid species an emphasis on making Hawai‘i more self- into the Hawaiian Islands. This is in part due sufficient in food production. This period to their relatively small size, rapid asexual ended with the appearance of Zimmerman’s r eproduction, diverse host-plant preferences, (1948) comprehensive work, which provided and close association with imported horticul- data, illustrations, and keys to the 47 aphid tural and agricultural commodities (Mondor et al. 2006). The moderate climate and varia- tion in altitude provide a range of potential 1 Manuscript accepted 22 May 2011. suitable habitats for a large number of aphid 2 Canadian National Collection of Insects, National species. Aphids can have a substantial impact Environmental Health Program, Agriculture and Agri- on various commodities, through both direct Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Ave- nue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. feeding and transmission of plant diseases. Ef- 3 Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture fective management of these pests requires a Research and Extension Center, 24106 North Bunn sound knowledge of the species and their geo- Road, Prosser, Washington 99350. 4 graphic distributions and host ranges. In addi- Kaua‘i Agricultural Research Center, University of tion, there has also been increased interest in Hawai‘i at Mänoa, 7370 Kuamo‘o Road, Kapa‘a, Hawai‘i 97646. the effects of aphids on the native flora, espe- 5 Corresponding author: (e-mail: Robert.Foottit@ cially on endangered species (Messing et al. agr.gc.ca). 2007). Here, we provide an updated account of the aphid species recorded from Hawai‘i. Pacific Science (2012), vol. 66, no. 1:1 – 30 doi: 10.2984/66.1.1 Notes on the taxonomy, current scientific © 2012 by University of Hawai‘i Press name, plant hosts, and distribution are pre- All rights reserved sented for each species. A comprehensive 1 2 PACIFIC SCIENCE · January 2012 i llustrated identification guide to the aphids is indicated in parentheses for each island; if of Hawai‘i is in preparation (R.H.M., K.S.P., no year is given, we could not confirm occur- and R.G.F., unpubl. data). rence on that island by examination of avail- able slides. Host plant records are given at materials and methods the species level, except in situations where the aphid is broadly polyphagous or where the We examined specimens of aphids on slides host range includes a multitude of species from the following collections: University of within a broader taxonomic category. Addi- Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Bernice P. Bishop Mu- tional plant host records taken from the liter- seum, Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture, ature are indicated separately. Host records Essig Museum of Entomology Collections based only on the presence of alates are con- (University of California, Berkeley), North sidered “accidental” associations and are not Carolina State University Insect Collection included because they do not confirm feeding (Raleigh), U.S. National Museum (Systematic and reproduction on a plant. Clarifying notes Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, Mary- on the taxonomic and distributional status of land), Washington State University (Prosser), the aphids are provided where required. Canadian National Collection of Insects (Ot- tawa), and Natural History Museum (Lon- results don, England). New collections have been made by the authors and by the individuals Currently the recorded aphid fauna of the listed in the acknowledgments. All collection Hawaiian Islands consists of one species of records, including host information, and geo- Adelgidae and 104 species of Aphididae, in- referenced locality data were compiled in a cluding 17 species recorded here as new ( but database, available as a Microsoft Excel file note that five of these species were previously from the authors. Species known only from indicated as present in Hawai‘i by Mondor interceptions at ports of entry are excluded. et al. [2006], based on a preliminary version of Names and classification follow Rem- this list). A treatment of each species is given audière and Remaudière (1997), with updates in Appendix 1. A key to the species is provided by Nieto Nafría et al. (1998), Quednau (2003), as Appendix 2. Areas of origin of the H awaiian and Eastop and Blackman (2005). For each fauna through time are shown in Figure 1. species, an abbreviated synonymy and litera- The current persistent fauna, however, ture list is provided. Only references to names may consist of somewhat fewer species. Most that pertain to Hawaiian faunal records are have been recorded over a long period of included. Page numbers are given for com- time, including relatively recent collections, prehensive multipage works but are omitted or are widespread, and may be regarded as where species occurrences are recorded in e stablished. Twenty species, whose status is short items in the minutes of the Hawaiian less certain, are discussed in the next section Entomological Society or in the USDA Co- and summarized in Table 1. operative Economic Insect Reports and other miscellaneous publications. In these cases the discussion relevant page number may be found in the a ppropriate literature citation. Where avail- Of the aphid species currently included in the able in the literature, the year of the first state the Hawaian fauna, three (Coloradoa rufomacu record is indicated. Following a general state- lata, Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi, and Ne ment on origin and world distribution ( based arctaphis bakeri ) are known from one or two largely on Blackman and Eastop [1994, 2000, collections and have not been recollected for 2006], with additions from our own records more than 65 yr. These species have likely and those of colleagues listed in the acknowl- been extirpated because they occur on com- edgments), the Hawaiian distribution is given mon ornamental or crop plants and would by island. The earliest year of occurrence likely have been encountered since the origi- based on the examination of actual specimens nal occurrence if they had become e stablished. Aphids of Hawai‘i · Foottit et al. 3 TABLE 1 Uroleucon pseudambrosiae was collected twice, Status of Hawaiian Aphid Records more than 35 yr ago, also at Haleakalä, on a naturalized weed. These two species may have Number been overlooked by subsequent collectors due Status of Species to their relatively remote habitat. Two other species (Acyrthosiphon malvae, Established (includes one species of 85 on a widespread naturalized weed; and Dysa Adelgidae) No recent records phis aucupariae, collected only twice over a On ornamental plants span of 12 yr as winged individuals unassoci- One or two records; probably not 4a ated with a host but on Plantago spp. else- established where) are considered likely to be encoun- Multiple records; extirpated or repeat 3b introduction tered in agricultural and urbanized habitats if Overlooked (rare or in remote habitats) 4c well established. It is unclear if the records Single collection, recently recognized represent repeated introductions or if they are (after year 2000) persistent in Hawai‘i but rare. d On ornamental plants 5 Among the species recently recognized in On naturalized host plants, possibly 3e established the Hawaiian Islands, four (Coloradoa cam Multiple past records, identity not 1f pestrella, Capitophorus formosartemisiae, Cinara confirmed cupressi, Macrosiphum rosae) are represented by single collections on ornamental plants and Note: Aphid species with a long history, including recent rec- ords, or with widespread distribution on the Hawaiian Islands are may not become established. Sipha elegans was considered established. Species on common ornamental plants collected on an ornamental grass, but it will are likely to be observed if established, so those with no recent records are likely to have been extirpated or the records represent feed on a wide range of grasses and so has a detection of multiple introductions. good chance of becoming entrenched on na- a Coloradoa rufomaculata, Nearctaphis bakeri, Pleotrichophorus tive or naturalized hosts if it finds suitable chrysanthemi, Siphonatrophia cupressi. b Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Sitobion anselliae, S. luteum. c limatic conditions. Three other recent addi- c Illinoia borealis, Uroleucon pseudambrosiae, Acyrthosiphon mal tions also are known from single collections vae, Dysaphis aucupariae.